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Beschattungsrahmen für die Fenster‐Außenbeschattung im Denkmalbereich
Abstract
Im Kontext der steigenden Durchschnittstemperaturen und Hitzeinselbildung in Ballungsräumen, kommt der effektiven Beschattung von Fensterflächen zunehmend größere Bedeutung zu. Während an Neubauten Beschattungslösungen im Planungsprozess integrativ behandelt werden, ist die Nachrüstung an Bestandsgebäuden oftmals technisch, aber auch gestalterisch herausfordernd. Gerade bei denkmalgeschützten Gebäuden ist die Anbringung von Beschattungselementen problematisch, da der gestalterische und konstruktive Eingriff in die historische Bausubstanz geringgehalten werden muss. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird ein neuartiger Beschattungsrahmen für die Fenster‐Außenbeschattung von denkmalgeschützten Gebäuden vorgestellt und messtechnisch charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich das Beschattungselement gut an bestehenden Fensterkonstruktionen montieren lässt und die Ausführung mit verschieblichen Lochblechen eine gute Anpassung der Beschattungsleistung erlaubt, welche sich durch zusätzlich angebrachte Hitzeschutzfolien erheblich erhöhen lässt. Zudem zeichnet sich die Beschattungslösung im Sinne des Simple Smart Building‐Gedankens durch eine einfache, leicht zu wartende Konstruktion aus.
... A striking example is the hydraulic ram pump, which uses the kinetic energy of flowing water to self-regulate and pump water upwards, functioning maintenance-free for decades without operational costs. In construction, intermediate technologies such as pulleys and adjustable wooden shutters [4] were prevalent until well into the 20 th century ( Figure 1). ...
Current conditions pose a significant challenge for the European construction industry in producing high-quality buildings that are both resource-efficient and cost-effective. Various issues overlap, such as land scarcity, disproportionately rising energy and raw material prices, extensive legal and regulatory requirements, increased environmental standards, growing consumer comfort demands, and declining real incomes of the middle class. This situation can also lead to unconventional solutions, such as the approach presented here, which focuses on analyzing and evaluating historical crisis situations, deriving strategies from them, and disseminating research findings in an accessible manner.
... Kain et al.[16] an einem südseitigen Einfachfenster im Erdgeschoß zur selben Jahreszeit gemessen wurden. Anfang November ist der solare Wärmeintrag, bedingt Die Kontrollmessstelle gegenüber im Scheibenzwischenraum bestätigt diese Größe in erster Näherung. ...
In der laufenden Debatte zur Reduktion von CO 2 ‐Emissionen, aber auch der Kosten im Bauwesen, rückt die Sanierung von Bestandsbauten immer mehr in den Vordergrund. Die Verbesserung der energetischen Performance historischer Fensterkonstruktionen ist dabei ein wesentlicher Faktor zur energetischen Optimierung von Bestandsgebäuden. Dazu werden vielfach historische Doppelfenster durch meist industriell gefertigte Fensterkonstruktionen ersetzt. Doppelfenster sind wesentliche Bestandteile unseres baukulturellen Erbes und haben sich aufgrund ihrer über einen langen Lebenszyklus stabilen schall‐ und wärmedämmenden Eigenschaften über Jahrhunderte bewährt, während der Lebenszyklus rezenter Standardfenster oft nach wenigen Jahrzehnten endet. Eine Handlungsoption zum Erhalt des Fassadenbildes und zur Verbesserung des Wärmedurchgangskoeffizienten bei Erhalt des historischen Fensterstocks ist der Einbau von isolierverglasten Innenflügeln und der Erhalt oder die Neuanfertigung baugleicher Außenflügel. Um die Energieeffizienz dieser Maßnahmen sicher bewerten zu können, wurden umfangreiche bauphysikalische Messungen an einem Bestandsfenster in situ durchgeführt.
... Transforming this approach for modern buildings offers an interesting field of research with future potential. Therefore, in the course of the 2022 window research project, the development of a variable external shading system, based on empirical knowledge, was also tackled (Kain and Idam 2023b). With the help of the validated in-situ measurement method, it should also be possible to determine the effect of different shading systems non-destructively. ...
The unbridled consumption of resources in the construction sector will cost us dearly in the near future. Technical innovations are generally propagated as a promising solution strategy for this problem, the development goal of which is fully automated "intelligent" buildings, so-called "smart buildings". However, due to a lack of assessment of the consequences of technology, it is overlooked that technical innovations in particular can increase resource consumption overall. The so-called "Jevons paradox" [1] was formulated as early as the second half of the 19th century, according to which technical innovations that allow more efficient use of resources subsequently lead to increased use of these resources and not to a reduction in consumption. So if innovation without sufficient technology assessment is problematic, targeted exnovation can prove to be successful. This path can be taken as a re-implementation and moderate further development of historically proven technologies.
For the generations before us, it was a matter of course to create durable buildings with simple means and minimal use of energy. In a tough evolutionary process, building structures and building types that are well adapted to the specific climatic conditions have developed regionally from locally available building materials. On this basis, sustainable action strategies can be developed methodically, with the combination of empirical knowledge and applied building research, the long-term consequences of which are already available as real findings.
Im Rahmen der Kulturhauptstadt Europas 2024 Bad Ischl – Salzkammergut werden mit dem Projekt "Simple Smart Buildings" die Zukunftspotenziale der Bautechniken unseres baukulturellen Erbes ausgelotet. Die weltweit laufenden klimatischen Veränderungen und die wirtschaftliche Krise erfordern einfache, resiliente, vor allen Dingen aber kostengünstige Bautechniken, Gebäudetypen und Gebäudebetriebssysteme. Dieses ambitionierte Anforderungsprofil wird von unserem baukulturellen Erbe bereits umfassend repräsentiert. Es bildet die Grundlage für einen Paradigmenwechsel im Bauwesen der Industriegesellschaften. Im Gegensatz zu kurzlebigen und teuren Hightech-Gebäuden sind traditionelle Bautechniken aber auch für die Bevölkerung unterentwickelter Regionen zugänglich. Das Konzept der „Simple Smart Buildings“ geht von einem möglichst offenen und weiten Blick in andere Zeiten und zu anderen Orten aus, dem Lernen aus dem baukulturellen Erbe der Menschheit. Aus den bewährten Strategien jener Regionen, in denen bereits seit Jahrhunderten ein Klima herrscht, wie es auf uns zuzukommen scheint, können wir lernen, auf einfache Weise kühle Gebäude zu errichten
Past studies have demonstrated the remarkable energy-saving effect of vertical greenery systems. The vast majority of these works focus on opaque building walls. While external shadings on windows are
more effective than these on walls. Inspired by the climbing plants (vines) raised outside windows by residents, the present study proposed the design of movable green window shading systems (MGWSS) that can shade beam solar radiation but allows soft daylighting. On the basis of simplified MGWSS models, experiments were conducted in summer to evaluate the shading performance with three plant species. First, the energy-saving effect and climatic data were measured for test rooms with west-facing windows. The results indicated that the presence of green shading reduced the impact of solar radiation on the cooling energy consumption with the correlation coefficients from 0.94 to 0.61. Then, the shading coefficient, which is a key parameter for energy saving, was measured by a new technique using photovoltaic panels. The correlation between the coverage rate and the surface-averaged shading coefficient was established. The results showed that when the coverage rate of the MGWSS with Dishcloth gourd was 80%, the shading coefficient was 0.28, and the cooling energy consumption and heat flux transferred through the window glass were reduced by 11.5% and 64.8%, respectively. The shading characteristic was investigated using the instantaneous data. It found that stronger ambient solar radiation resulted in better shading performance (lower shading coefficient). For a west-facing window, the best shading performance was found at oblique solar incidence angles.
Active shading systems in buildings have emerged as a high performing shading solution that selectively and optimally controls daylight and heat gains. Active shading systems are increasingly used in buildings, due to their ability to mainly improve the building environment, reduce energy consumption and in some cases generate energy. They may be categorized into three classes: smart glazing, kinetic shading and integrated renewable energy shading. This paper reviews the current status of the different types in terms of design principle and working mechanism of the systems, performance, control strategies and building applications. Challenges, limitations and future opportunities of the systems are then discussed. The review highlights that despite its high initial cost, the electrochromic (EC) glazing is the most applied smart glazing due to the extensive use of glass in buildings under all climatic conditions. In terms of external shadings, the rotating shading type is the predominantly used one in buildings due to its low initial cost. Algae façades and folding shading systems are still emerging types, with high initial and maintenance costs and requiring specialist installers. The algae façade systems and PV integrated shading systems are a promising solution due to their dual benefits of providing shading and generating electricity. Active shading systems were found to save 12 to 50% of the building cooling electricity consumption.
The building sector is one of the largest consumers of natural resources and energy in the world. Strategies to improve the energy efficiency are a solution to improve the performance of a building. However, in most cases, such strategies are assessed only at the operational phase of a building. The life-cycle energy analysis can be an important tool to allow choosing the best strategy. The objective of this paper is to assess the energy performance of four window shading systems in a house using life-cycle energy analysis. Life-cycle cost analysis was also used to determine not only the most energy-efficient strategy, but also the most economically feasible one. A house located in Florianópolis, southern Brazil, was evaluated based on a 63-year lifespan. The four window shadings analysed were: punctured concrete blocks, aluminium double sliding shutters, PVC roller shutters and wooden double open shutters. The EnergyPlus computer programme was used to estimate only the annual energy consumption for air-conditioning with and without the shading strategies. National and international databases were used to perform the life-cycle analysis. For the life cycle cost analysis, the cost of each strategy was obtained through a survey in local stores. The average inflation rate in the last ten years in Brazil was used to estimate the future costs. The results showed that the use of wooden double open shutters and PVC roller shutters are the most suitable solutions for window shading, both in terms of energy and costs, if they are not replaced during the lifespan of the building. This paper pointed out the need of using the proposed methodology to assure the right choice of strategies for energy efficiency in buildings.
Sun-shading systems have to provide thermal and visual comfort both reliably and economically. At the same time, they should prevent unwanted solar gains in summer and permit high solar gains in winter. This paper describes a method to assess the overheating protection offered by different types of sun-shading systems, together with the associated control strategy. The objective of the new method is to provide a simple but reliable and realistic approach to evaluate the effectiveness of internal and external shading devices in combination with glazing, which is independent of the building type. The new method consists of the angle-dependent determination of the total solar energy transmittance, g, based on ray-tracing methods, which has been validated using calorimetric measurements. Combination with annual irradiance distributions allows for the evaluation of different control strategies, This paper shows that it is essential for the reliability of calculated cooling and heating loads, that the calculation is based on a control strategy, which reflects the priorities of the users of the building.
Es ist allgemein bekannt, dass die Energie- und CO2-Einsparung im Gebäudebereich eine zentrale Rolle auf dem Weg zur Erfüllung des Kyoto-Protokolls und zur Einhaltung der Klimaziele spielt. Während man im Wohn- und Bürobereich schon am Plusenergielevel arbeitet, waren bis vor Kurzem alle Optimierungen und Verbesserungen in den Museen nur auf den Haustechnikbereich begrenzt. Der ständig steigende Einsatz von technisch gestützter Klimatisierung hat jedoch im Vergleich mit konventionellen, “passiven“ Klimakonzepten nicht zu der erwarteten signifikanten Verbesserung im historischen Baubestand geführt, dafür aber zu einer enormen Kostensteigerung im Bereich der Haustechnik sowie im laufenden Betrieb. Im Rahmen der hier präsentierten Untersuchungen wurden am Beispiel eines realen Objektes (Neue Burg in Wien) verschiedene Maßnahmen zur Verringerung der Transmissions- und Lüftungswärmeverluste sowie zur Reduktion der sommerlichen Wärmeeinträge durch Fenster durchgeführt und deren Auswirkung bewertet. Es hat sich gezeigt, dass durch relativ einfache Maßnahmen das thermische Verhalten von historischen Kastenfenstern um mindestens 25 % verbessert werden kann
Good shading device settings would adjust their form and dimensions to adapt to the facade facing and fenestration system. The main function of the shading device proposed in this study is to provide shelter from solar heat gain and energy saving in Taiwan. This study provides a methodical procedure to establish summarized correlation for evaluating shading performance of horizontal shading devices based on the shading ratio and shading coefficient via the simulation of shading variables of 22–25° latitude north in Taiwan. These values have both been used to indicate and analyze shading effectiveness. Three main independent variables, the ratio of device depth to window height, the width to height ratio of an opening, and the facing azimuth, are used to determine a correlation to generate shading ratio models for a whole year. Furthermore, the yearly correlation models between shading ratio and shading coefficient for Hengchuen (22°N), Tainan (23°N), Taichung (24°N), and Taipei (25°N), respectively, are established as well. Summarized correlation models of the shading performance of horizontal shading devices can be useful under general condition for buildings. Most importantly, an optimal design and strategy regulations could be chosen to enable more suitable utilization and peak effectiveness of shading device systems for sustainable and energy-savings buildings.
Sun-shading systems have to provide thermal and visual comfort reliably and economically. At the same time, they should prevent unwanted solar gains in summer and permit high solar gains in winter. This paper describes a method for the assessment of the heat barrier effect of different types of sun-shading systems together with the associated control strategy. The starting point for the performance assessment is adequate characterization, appropriate to the size and complexity of the facade of the assessed building. The thermal characterization consists of the angle-dependent determination of the Total Solar Energy Transmittance g with a calculation method, which is validated with calorimetric measurements. The combination with typical irradiance distributions allows the evaluation of different control strategies. This paper shows that it is essential for the reliability of the calculated cooling and heating loads, that this calculation is based on a control strategy, that fits with the priorities of the building users.
Fenster im Kunsthistorischen Museum in: Technologische Studien. Konservierung - Restaurierung - Forschung - Technologie 6 S
- A Huber