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The Image of the New
Johar
Market –
Aloon-Aloon
District, Semarang
To cite this article: MDN Kiswari
et al
2023
IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.
1218 012001
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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1218/1/012001
1
The Image of the New Johar Market – Aloon-Aloon District,
Semarang
MDN Kiswari1, N Yuliastuti2 and B Sudarwanto3
1 Doctoral Program of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
2 Doctoral Program of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
3 Doctoral Program of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Diponegoro University, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
Email: 1nestri_kiswari@unika.ac.id , mdnestrikiswari@students.undip.ac.id
Abstract. Revitalization efforts showed a “new image”, namely as a resilient economic area,
able to withstand environmental changes, safe and comfortable, which was part of sustainable
development in urban areas. Semarang has been a trading city since the colonial era. One of the
famous trading areas in Semarang is the Johar market district. The district has historical value.
Up to now, this area is the largest traditional market in Semarang city. The Johar market building
is one of the cultural heritage buildings in Semarang. There was such a big open space called
Aloon-Aloon, near the Johar market. A big mosque,
Kauman Grand Mosque, lies near the open
space. The open space and the mosque have historical
value in Semarang’s socio-cultural life. In
May 2015, a big fire destroyed the buildings of Johar and Yaik markets. The building was
reconstructed and renovated becoming a new Johar Market. In accordance with Aloon-Aloon’s
concept, the former Yaik Market site was returned to be a public open space adapting to the
current environmental and social conditions of society. In early 2022, the new market and the
new public open space have been operated. This paper aims to describe images of the new Johar
and Aloon-Aloon district. The paper implements a qualitative descriptive method for describing
the current condition and using the theory of place related to the image of the district. The
analysis utilizes pictures, and diagrams and is supported by the interview with the stakeholders.
The results are a description of the new Johar – Aloon-Aloon district.
Keywords: urban public open space; revitalization, Johar market; Aloon-Aloon; image of the
city; Semarang
1. Introduction
Area’s image which is a mental picture belongs to an area that focuses on its visual quality[1]. The
image is important for the area’s identity, which distinguishes it from other areas in the city[1][2][3].
The Johar market – Aloon-Aloon Semarang area needs to be preserved as a historical area that has a
role in the development of Semarang city. The revitalization of the Johar and Aloon-Aloon markets is
an effort to rebuild the building, economy, society, culture, and environment as well as pay attention to
the historical value of urban areas that are experiencing a decline in quality, and left behind[4].
Revitalization in the historic area intends to improve the area's quality and people's ability to live by
providing opportunities and attracting employment, shopping, and social activities[5]. Revitalization
efforts that show the “new image”, namely as a resilient economic area, able to withstand environmental
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changes, safe and comfortable, are part of sustainable development in urban areas[6]. Citizens are
interested and more comfortable visiting the Johar market area, and the vendors also feel more
comfortable and safer in their activities.
Semarang is one of the big cities in Indonesia and has developed into a trading city since the colonial
era. One trading area that has historical value and plays a role in the city’s development is Johar area
which is close to the Kauman Grand Mosque Semarang [7]. In the Local Regulation of Semarang
Municipality no. 5 in 2021, Johar market area is s a heritage area in Semarang, and is developed as a
shopping tourism area [8]. The Johar area is marked by the Johar market building which is a modern
tropical masterpiece of a Dutch architect, Thomas Karstenv[9]. The Johar market building was officially
operated in 1939. The location of Johar market is a convergence of the city's transportation routes
(nodes). Located in a strategic location, Johar market area grew continually; the number of traders
increased, sol in the 1970s a new building called Pasar Yaik (Yaik Market) was built to accommodate
those traders. Yaik Market was built on an open space (Aloon-Aloon) located on the east side of Johar
Market. The number of traders in Johar more increased and they occupied spaces in corridors of the
building, between the masses, and around the building to the edge of the street area. Johar Market was
prone to flooding because of the garbage that pooled in the northern Semarang River, and the high water
discharge around the market, plus the ground elevation in Johar Market is lower than its
surroundings[10]. These situations made Johar congested, shabby, and disorganized, giving the
impression of being uncomfortable and unsafe. Activity nodes located in the Johar – Aloon-Aloon area,
attract many people and have the potential to provide increased crime opportunities[11].
A massive fire incident that occurred in May 2015 destroyed two buildings, Johar market, and Yaik
market, as well as their surroundings. The total number of traders about 6000 were relocated [12]. The
moment became the beginning of Johar area revitalization which was developed as a shopping tourism
area. The Johar market building was reconstructed and reorganized, and the public open space (Aloon-
Aloon) that previously was used for the Yaik market building was restored and developed. In early 2022,
Johar Market building, which has been completely revitalized, was inaugurated by President Joko
Widodo as one of the heritage buildings and as a center of community economic activity in Semarang
City [13]. This paper aims to describe the image of the new Pasar Johar district including the urban
public open space (Aloon-Aloon) which has started operating. What is the image of the new Johar and
Aloon-Aloon district, with the restored market building and new public open spaces, as a shopping
tourism area?
It is necessary to elaborate related topics of Johar market district in order to get the paper’s novelty.
There are some articles related Johar market district after the fire incident. The conservation of Old
Johar Market Building [12] was related to efforts to preserve the Johar market building after the massive
fire incident. The market building was expected to be able to accommodate the number of traders who
initially exceed the building's capacity. Conservation approach and adaptive reuse theory was applied
to answer the problem of the heritage building’s capacity. Resilient design in the conservation of Johar
market heritage building[14], provided an evaluation of the new design of Johar market building, which
is the south building. In order to conserve Johar Market as a heritage building, the design of the south
building should implement design resilience, and take a distance of the new building with the
surroundings. The paper concluded that space between the heritage buildings and the new building is
narrow, so it made them vulnerable to damage, especially fires. The Future in the past: colonial
modernity as urban heritage in contemporary Indonesia discussed Indonesian heritage advocates who
seek to map the future of the city through the city's past with an ethnographic analysis approach [9].
Colonial modernity's tangible traces can further encourage supporters of cultural heritage to think
critically about the conservation of Pasar Johar after the fire incident. In addition to the infrastructure
and building aspects, the aspect of the actors, namely educated and organized traders, needs to be
considered in development of the building. Old Semarang City: the sustainability of traditional city
patterns in Java [15] discussed a pattern of the Semarang’s city center during the Islamic sultanate in
Java, which is similar to Banten and Cirebon. The city center connected the North - South axis, there
was an open space (Aloon-Aloon) surrounded by government and religious buildings. Semarang city
should have a North-South axis, but that axis was cut off due to the development of the city at that time
which also built a large postal road and rail transportation route. The construction of the Johar Market
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in the area where the square is located as the North–South axis. This paper explained that the Johar
Market’s location has become a city node, and Semarang Square as the North-South axis already exists,
and plays a role in the morphology of the city area. Thus, there has been no article discussing the image
of new Johar market and Aloon-Aloon district after the fire incident.
2. Methods
The purpose of this paper is to describe the image of the new Johar Market area and Aloon-Aloon
(Semarang City Square) which have been revitalized and have started operating. The discussion method
uses a qualitative approach that describes the image of the district in the natural setting conditions of the
Johar and Aloon-Aloon areas on a daily basis[16]. Data related to the image of the area obtained through
observing the condition of the Johar market area including indoor and outdoor spaces are narrated along
with photographs and tables [17]. The results of observations are grouped according to the category of
Regional Image theory from Kevin Lynch [1] which consists of five aspects, as follows:
1. Path: vehicle path and pedestrian path.
2. Edges: the boundaries of the area in the form of buildings are dominated by economic functions
3. Districts: areas in the area that give the character of the area as a shopping tourism area.
4. Nodes: strategic points or places in the area. It is a confluence of circulation paths in the area.
5. Landmark: is a physical object located in the area, has a characteristic visual form that shows
the identity of the area.
These five elements cannot be seen separately[18]. The five are interrelated to form the image of the
new Johar and Aloon-Aloon distrct as a shopping tourism area. Thus, there is a table created to
summarize the discussion of the five elements of regional imagery and explain their relationship in
forming the image of the new Johar Market and Aloon-Aloon district as a shopping tourism area in the
city of Semarang which have historical value.
3. Discussion
In this part the discussion about the district’s image is divided into three sub chapters, as follows:
3.1. The journey of the development of the Johar area and Aloon-Aloon (Semarang City Square)
Johar market building occupied a site of the square in the east. At that time the site of the square was
overgrown with Johar trees. So, the market building that was established was named Pasar Johar [19].
The building was designed by a Dutch architect, Thomas Karsten. Karsten designed a market building
that responds to the tropical climate, which provides good air circulation, incorporates natural light and
can drain rainwater. The market building is a two-story building with high ceilings resting on columns
with a distinctive shape, often called mushroom-like [20]. The building applied concrete material
because of consideration to the durability and resistance to fire [9]. Johar Market was built from 1933
to 1936, uniting the Sebandaran market, Pedamaran market and the traditional Johar market [14]. The
building consists of 3 masses, which include the north and center buildings, as well as the south side
buildings. The South building was built following in 1956, after the north and central buildings.
The number of traders in the Johar Market area grew continually so that in 1970 the Semarang
Municipal government developed the west side of the Johar market building. At that time, the site was
a public open space (Aloon-Aloon). The new market building occupied the public open space is called
New Yaik market (Pasar Yaik Baru). Many buildings related to economic functions were developed
such as shops, department stores, banks and hotels in the Johar market area. The Semarang square
(Aloon-Aloon) has disappeared, including the Kanjengan area which used to be the residence of the
Regent, which was converted into a parking building and the Kanjengan Market building[14]. This area
is well known as the Pasar Johar district.
Historically, the Aloon-Aloon already existed before Johar Market. In the concept of Javanese space
Aloon-Aloon or public open space was part of the deepest circle of Javanese power[21]. The existence
of colonialism in Java at that time did not eliminate it, but there were modern modifications to maintain
the concept of the Aloon-Aloon which became the landmark of the city center from the pre-colonial
tradition[22]. Semarang Aloon-Aloon was the city center and there are mosques, the Great Mosque of
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Kauman, and the residence of the regent in the Kanjengan area around it [14][15]. The square in front
of the Great Mosque of Kauman was utilized for social and cultural activities for the people of Semarang.
While the Johar district’s development as the center of economic activity in the city of Semarang
took the space of the square into a built area, the square disappeared. However, the community still
considers the square to exist, namely by continuing to hold Dug Der activities, namely community
activities ahead of the month of Ramadan, marking the beginning of Ramadan fasting, which was
previously carried out in the Semarang Square area [23].
3.2. Revitalization of the Johar Market and Aloon-Aloon district
Johar Market was ever known as the biggest trade center in Semarang. The number of traders increased
fastly, so they could not be accommodated in the market. Before the revitalization and the massive fire
incident, the condition of the building and the environment of the Johar market was overcrowed,
disorganized, dull, not attractive. Figure 1 shows the outside conditions of the Johar market in 2007; the
north side which is full of trader stalls. While figure 2 shows the view of the north building of Pasar
Johar which has been already restored in 2022.
The moment after the market fire incident marked the beginning of efforts to revitalize the Johar
market and Semarang City Square. The Johar Market revitalization project was a collaboration between
the Ministry of PUPR and the Semarang Municipal Government. The Ministry of PUPR worked on the
revitalization of the Pasar Johar heritage building, namely the north and middle buildings[24].
Meanwhile, the southern building of the Johar market, which is a new 4-storey building, and the Aloon-
Aloon were done by the Semarang Municipal Government. The southern building of Johar was
developed to accommodate and facilitate other traders [25]. The Johar market revitalization consisted
of rehabilitating the burned building parts, including making arched roof trusses, electrical mechanical
work, paving installation, floor tile installation in the butcher's area, painting the stall table frame and
making a drainage system for the market environment. The Johar's environmental conditions, where the
street’s elevation is higher than the Johar’s site, make this area very vulnerable to flooding. Floods in
the area due to the tidal phenomenon and high rainfall are a threat to the revitalization, so that it becomes
an important concern for the preservation of this cultural heritage building. The drainage system in
Figure 5 and 6, indicates the existence of a retention pond equipped with pumps and generators,
connected to existing channels in the market location. So that if excess water enters the location, it will
be directed into the retention pond and pumped out directly to the Semarang River. The new Johar
building is also equipped with generators, light fire extinguishers and CCTV in every corner of the
building.
The Aloon-Aloon revitalization (Semarang City Square) developed some facilities that can be used
by the general public, consisting of green fields, merchant shelters, parks, and benches [26], as well as
the public transportation stops. In addition to public facilities, the square has a basement that is used for
traders, can accommodate 200 traders, and a parking area [27].
Figure 1. View of the northern building of
Pasar Johar in 2007
Figure 2. View of the northern building of
Pasar Johar in 2022
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Figure 3. The shop area situation in the Aloon-
Aloon's basement
Figure 4. Parkir area in basement
Figure 5. Johar Market area drainage map, north and central building
Figure 6. Retention pond, and building houses for generators and pumps
3.3. New image of Johar area and Semarang City Square
The Johar and Aloon-Aloon (Semarang City Square) districts have started operating with a different
look and new atmosphere. The discussion of the new image of the district implementing Image of the
City theory by Kevin Lynch explained as follows:
3.3.1. Path
Path or circulation path in the area. Circulation paths include paths for pedestrians and for vehicles. The
circulation path in the Johar market area is in the form of paving pavement which is also a vehicle
parking area, and PC tiles along the hallways of small shops. This Tuesday, which was originally
intended for pedestrian circulation, is mostly used by traders to display their wares. Figures 7 and 8
show the pedestrian path inside the Johar Market area. Figure 10 shows an alley between the mass of
market buildings. This alley is the entry point for vehicles to the market area, which is in steep decline.
Figure 10 shows the pedestrian path adjacent to the vehicle lane in the square area, both using different
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sized tiles, and Figure 11 shows the pedestrian path that is shaded by a transparent roof leading to the
basement of the Square. The circulation path surrounds the square outer area.
Figure 7. Pedestrian path at the Johar
Market
Figure 8. Pedestrian path inside
connecting the other building
Figure 9. Circulation lanes in the Aloon-Aloon for pedestrians and vehicles
Figure 10. One of the vehicle
entrances to Johar Market
Figure 11. Pedestrian path in the
Aloon-Aloon to the basement area
3.3.2. Edges
Edges are some border area of the district. The edges are a row of shops, markets, department stores,
hotels and religious buildings of the Great Mosque of Kauman. The appearance of thosee buildings is
different in form and quality, one that looks majestic is the Great Mosque of Kauman from figure 13,
which is also on the same axis as the east side of the center building of the Johar market. However, there
is also something that looks shabby and not well maintained, namely the SCJ (Shopping Center Johar)
building shown in figure 12, which is a 5-6 story high building, which is located opposite the north
building of Pasar Johar, as well as several empty shops not around the area.
Figure 12. SCJ building as the edge of the
area that stands out
Figure 13. The Great Mosque of Kauman
as a significant edge of the square area
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3.3.3. Districts
Districts are the areas within the Johar and Aloon-Aloon. The majority are trading areas of different
types. The trading district in Pasar Johar is shown from the layout of the space for small shops and stalls
that are orderly and of the same size, in figure 14. The shop units are located on the outer sides of the
market, while inside the market are stalls made of lacquered wood. Figure 15 shows the stalls within the
market, which are arranged among the columns of the iconic market building, shaped like mushrooms.
Meanwhile, in the southern part of the market building, which is a new building, the trading district is
in the form of traders' booths which are arranged more openly, with minimal bulkheads. The Aloon-
Aloon area, the basement area shown in figure 3, is a trading district with a shop size that looks bigger
than in Pasar Johar. While the square, which is a public open space, has shelter facilities that can also
be used for selling, but when the survey was conducted the shelters were still empty, figure 16. Shelters
have aesthetic elements, namely the floor with graphic motifs, Islamic ornaments. District public open
space in the form of a pavement area, figure 17 and a green area. The pavement area is used for various
kinds of community activities. Meanwhile, the green space, because it is the roof of the basement area,
tends to be unused, figure 18. There is a prohibition on playing football in the green area. The open
space district of the square tends to be quiet during the day, starting to get busy with visitors in the
afternoon until the evening.
Figure 14. Layout of shops and stalls inside Johar
Figure15. Inside of the market
Figure 16. the shelters in the
Square area
Figure 17. Grey space of the
Square
Figure 18. Green space of the
Square as the basement roof
3.3.4. Nodes
Nodes are converging points, the strategic areas within the region. Nodes are places where there is a
feeling of “in” and “out” in an area[18]. Figure 19 is an aerial photo of the area showing the nodes in
the area. Nodes a and b are the exit or entry points from the market to the square and from the square to
the Great Mosque of Kauman. Between a and b, an axis is drawn between Pasar Johar and the Great
Mosque of Kauman. The two nodes are the confluence of circulation for pedestrians and vehicles. There
is a public transport bus stop on this road. Nodes C is the entry and exit point for the Johar and Aloon-
Aloon areas, where vehicles are dominant. Nodes d and e are meeting points between the mass of market
buildings, namely the north building and the middle building (d), and the middle building and the south
(e). These two nodes are also traversed by vehicles and humans, as well as for loading and unloading
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vehicles carrying goods. While (f) is a node of the city of Semarang, so it is a strategic place to be able
to mark entry or exit to the Johar - Aloon-Aloon dsitrict. A place that has the potential to strengthen
regional identity.
Figure 19. Aerial photo of Johar – Aloon-Aloon district showing the nodes
3.3.5. Landmark
The Johar area is known for its typical market building column shape resembling a mushroom. The
faade of the Johar market building is easily recognizable by its characteristic columnar shape and flat
roof, figure 20. The mushroom-shaped column supports the roof of the building which is a flat roof with
a center that is higher than the roof on both sides. As for the Square area, the icon with the words
ALOON-ALOON Semarang Great Mosque is placed on the west and north side of the area, figure 21.
Figure 20. The façade of Pasar Johar as a
landmark
Figure 21. Aloon-Aloon writing icon marks
public open space on the north side
From the discussion of each element of the five elements of regional imagery for the new Johar and
Aloon-Aloon district. They are summarized in table 1, as follows:
Table 1 Summary of image elements of the new Johar – Aloon-Aloon (Semarang City Square)
No
Elemen citra
kawasan
Pasar Johar
Aloon-Aloon
(Semarang City Square)
1
Path
A ledge in front of a row of shops,
an alley between the mass of
buildings.
A wide pedestrian path surrounds
the square.
2
Edges
Surrounded by multi-story
buildings with economic function;
SCJ 5-6 floors high
Multi-story buildings with
economic and hotel functions, as
well as the Kauman Great Mosque.
3
District
Trade: small shops and stalls
Trading: basement; Public open
spaces, green spaces and grey
spaces have shelters with Islamic
ornaments.
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4
Nodes
The point between market
buildings, the entry and exit points
of the market, one of which goes
to the Square.
The point from the market to the
Aloon-Aloon, and the Square to the
Great Mosque of Kauman. The
square includes the Semarang city
node, the entry/exit point from/out
of the Johar-Aloon-Aloon area.
5
Landmark
Façade: Column of mushroom
shape and flat roof
Icon writing ALOON-ALOON
Great Mosque of Semarang
The elements of the image of the new Johar and Aloon-Aloon district are related to three aspects, namely
the first, identification of the morphology of the area that affects the usability and vitality of public
spaces, namely Johar Market and Aloon-Aloon. The second is the operational relationship between the
usability and the system of paths and nodes, the structure of the built-up area, urban green infrastructure,
land use and transportation systems. Third, recognition and formalization of the effects of system
configuration paths and nodes on movement patterns within the region[28]. The land use of the area is
indicated by the district and edges elements, namely the majority are trading activities, which can be
seen from the configuration of shops and kiosks. The operational relationship of paths and nodes has the
potential to strengthen the image of the area as a shopping tourism area that has a cultural heritage
building, namely Pasar Johar. The position of landmarks on regional nodes can further strengthen the
image of the region. In the city's public open space hierarchy, the square is a city transportation node so
it needs to be developed to have high performance, namely the availability of facilities that provide
comfort and meet the level of ecosystem service [29]. Aloon-Aloon as a n urban public open space, it is
necessary to develop the concept of urban green infrastructure, considering the thermal comfort of the
area, shade facilities can also preserve the Johar plant as a place name, but it can no longer be found at
the location.
4. Conclusion
The image of the new Johar and Aloon-Aloon district as a place to do shopping looks strong from the
appearance of the building and the arrangement of the spaces. Johar Market as a cultural heritage
building currently looks much better than before. The iconic building facade has the potential as a
regional landmark to be seen more clearly. However, the proportion of the buildings has become smaller
due to the buildings as the edge of the area getting higher and the elevation of the Johar market footprint
being lower than the road elevation. there needs to be a setback setting and the height of buildings around
the area, especially the Johar market so that it doesn't sink further. Johar Market and Alun-alun are one
unit that has morphological and regional linkages. The Pasar Johar and Aloon-Aloon nodes need to be
strengthened so that the experience in the area developed as a shopping tourism can be felt even more.
Considering that the square is a node of the city of Semarang, the markers for entering or leaving the
area need to be clarified. As a tourist area, aspects of attractiveness and amenities need to be considered
and developed.
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Acknowledgment
We gratitude for the support from Doctoral Program of Architecture and Urban Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Diponegoro University, and Architecture Program, Faculty of Architecture and Design,
Soegijapranata Catholic University. Sriwati Purnomo supported the data and the valuable information
of Johar market rehabilitation. Hanung Habsoro assisted with the photograph. Eventually all the vendors
in the location who are welcome and able to be interviewed.
