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DAMPAK KEBERADAAN PENYAKIT PADA PROSES PENYIMPANAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PEDAGANG CABAI MERAH BESAR DI KABUPATEN ALOR
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Trichoderma of Coffee Roots From Alor: Morphological characteristic and in vitro Efficacy to Inhibit Colletotrichum Causing Anthracnose
Trichoderma is a fungus capable of intimate associations with plant root systems including on coffee plants. This aim of study is to determine the characteristics of Trichoderma morphospecies from coffee roots of Alor origin, East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) and its ability to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum causing anthracnose disease in-vitro. Root samples of healthy coffee plants were taken from the location of coffee plantations in Alor District, NTT. Isolation of Trichoderma fungi from coffee roots was done by incubating the sterilized coffee roots in a layer of moist filter paper in a Petri dish for seven days. Identification of Trichoderma by observing the characteristics of the colony on the medium of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and microscopic media using microcultures (slide culture). Inhibition of Trichoderma fungi against Colletotrichum was tested by multiple culture methods on PDA media. The results of root incubation in humid conditions showed that there was four morphospecies of Trichoderma fungi, each of which had different characteristic specifications. In vitro antagonism in test on PDA medium, the first three morphospecies against Colletotrichum showed that each Trichoderma could inhibit 70.2%, 65.8%, and 63.3%, respectively, five days after inoculation. This data shows that Trichoderma isolated from coffee roots from Alor has the potential to suppress the growth of anthracnose pathogens.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pendapatan usahatani cabai merah, struktur biaya usahatani cabai merah, harga pokok produksi cabai merah, dan sensitivitas usahatani cabai merah di Kecamatan Metro Kibang Kabupaten Lampung Timur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei. Lokasi penelitian menggunakan dua desa yang dipilih secara sengaja (purposive) yaitu Margototo dan Kibang. Sampel dari penelitian ini adalah 65 petani cabai merah yang dipilih simple random sampling. Pendapatan usahatani cabai merah dianalisis dengan menggunakan nisbah R/C, stuktur biaya usahatani cabai merah dianalisis dengan persentase dari biaya produksi, harga pokok produksi dianalisis dengan metode full costing, serta sensitivitas usahatani cabai merah dengan simulasi terhadap penurunan produksi, penurunan harga, dan peningkatan total biaya produksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendapatan rata-rata atas biaya total usahatani cabai merah di Kecamatan Metro Kibang Kabupaten Lampung Timur yang diterima petani sebesar Rp85.617.642,88 per hektar. Besarnya nilai R/C atas biaya total adalah 2,83 yang berarti setiap penambahan Rp100,00 biaya total yang dikeluarkan akan menghasilkan penerimaan sebesar Rp283,00. Nilai R/C yang lebih besar dari satu berarti bahwa usahatani cabai merah di Kecamatan Metro Kibang menguntungkan untuk diusahakan dan layak untuk diusahakan kembali.. Struktur biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk biaya variabel lebih tinggi dibandingkan biaya tetap, dengan struktur biaya yang terbesar yaitu biaya tenaga kerja sebesar 44,01%. Harga Pokok Produksi (HPP) cabai merah perkilogram di Kecamatan Metro Kibang Kabupaten Lampung Timur sebesar Rp6.327,30 lebih kecil dari harga jual rata-rata cabai merah sebesar Rp17.868,72. Hasil analisis sensitivitas usahatani cabai merah terhadap penurunan produksi, penurunan harga, dan peningkatan total biaya produksi memberikan nilai pendapatan yang positif pada usahatani cabai merah.
Anthracnose is a major disease that causes low productivity of red pepper plant in Indonesia. Anthracnose from Colletotrichum genus as the main cause of damage to the red pepper. This study to determine the response of red pepper to the infection of Colletotrichum capsici and C. acutatum. The experiments are conducted using a randomized block design with two factors and two replications. The first factor is the two species of fungi that cause anthracnose disease of C. capsici and C. acutatum whereas the second factor is 18 of genotype number of red pepper. The results showed that the development of C. capsici on red pepper are seen from the average of diameter growth of lesions more rapidly than C acutatum. The red pepper with genotype number 10 is the most resistant and genotype number 12 is the most susceptible to C. capsici infection.. The red pepper with genotype number 16 is the most resistant and genotype number 7 is the most susceptible to C acutatum infection.
Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum species is a common postharvest disease of banana fruit. We investigated and identified Colletotrichum species associated with anthracnose in several local banana cultivars based on morphological characteristics and sequencing of ITS regions and of the β-tubulin gene. Thirty-eight Colletotrichum isolates were encountered in anthracnose lesions of five local banana cultivars, 'berangan', 'mas', 'awak', 'rastali', and 'nangka'. Based on morphological characteristics, 32 isolates were identified as Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and 6 isolates as C. musae. C. gloeosporioides isolates were divided into two morphotypes, with differences in colony color, shape of the conidia and growth rate. Based on ITS regions and β-tubulin sequences, 35 of the isolates were identified as C. gloeosporioides and only 3 isolates as C. musae; the percentage of similarity from BLAST ranged from 95-100% for ITS regions and 97-100% for β-tubulin. C. gloeosporioides isolates were more prevalent compared to C. musae. This is the first record of C. gloeosporioides associated with banana anthracnose in Malaysia. In a phylogenetic analysis of the combined dataset of ITS regions and β-tubulin using a maximum likelihood method, C. gloeosporioides and C. musae isolates were clearly separated into two groups. We concluded that C. gloeosporioides and C. musae isolates are associated with anthracnose in the local banana cultivars and that C. gloeosporioides is more prevalent than C. musae.
Cruciferous vegetables are very important agricultural commodities for increasing farmers income. The main obstacles in their cultivation involved among others high level of pathogen infestation that may cause reduction in farmer’s income. This research was conducted to determine the main pathogens and their impact on farmer income in Agropolitan area of Cianjur Regency, West Java Province. The research was conducted through three activities, i.e. farmer survey, identification of the main pathogens, and measurement of disease intensity. The results showed that there were three main pathogens on assessed cruciferous vegetables, i.e. Alternaria brassiccicola (alternaria leaf spot), Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot), and Xanthomonas campestris (black rot), with disease intensity of 16.7%, 18.7%, and 15.1%, respectively. Clubroot disease was the most affecting disease in decreasing the production of cruciferous vegetables and the farmer income. Incidence of clubroot disease with an average disease intensity of 16.67% might lead to the decrease of farming income about 24%–28%.
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