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POLİTİK PSİKOLOJİ ALANININ ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER DİSİPLİNİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMETHE EVALUATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FIELD OF POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY AND THE DISCIPLINE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
Abstract
Politik psikoloji alanı, Psikoloji Bilimi ile Politika Biliminden köklerini alan disiplinler arası bir akademik çalışma alanıdır. Her iki bilimden yaklaşımları bünyesinde barındıran bu alan incelenen meselelerin çok yönlü bir bakış açısıyla analiz edilmesine imkân sunabilmektedir. Özellikle Uluslararası İlişkiler gibi başarılı tespitler sunabilmek için analiz düzeyinde derinleşme ihtiyacı olan bir disiplin bu alandan ziyadesiyle faydalanabilecektir. Bu bağlamda, politik psikoloji alanı ile Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini arasında gelişmekte olan ilişkiler mevcuttur. Bu çalışma, Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplinine dair araştırmalarda politik psikoloji alanına duyulan gereksinimi göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu çerçevede, politik psikoloji alanının niteliği ve gelişimi açıklanmış, alanın disiplinler arası bakış açısının ve yaklaşımlarının Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplinine giren konularda yapabileceği katkılar incelenmiş ve bu alana yapılan akademik eleştirel tartışılmıştır.
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ZET Toplumsal bellek, geçmişle bugün arasında kurulan bir köprü gibidir. Kültürel, siyasal, eko-nomik vb. değişmelerin, sonraki kuşaklara aktarılmasında aracı işlev görür. Bu çerçevede toplumsal bellek kavramı, konuyla ilgili yapılan çalışmaların yükselişinin nedenleri ve medya ve toplumsal bellek arasındaki ilişkinin nitelikleri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada yöntem olarak literatür taraması ve dizi üzerinden inceleme yapılmıştır. ABSTRACT Social memory is like a bridge between past and present established. Cultural, political, economic, and so on. changes functions that tool in the next generation transfer. In this context, the concept of collective memory, the rise of the studies on the issue of the relationship between the causes and characteristics of the media and collective memory are discussed. In the study, literature review and out of sequence analysis are performed as methodology .
Political psychology applies what is known about human psychology to the study of politics. It examines citizens’ vote choices and public opinion as well as how political leaders deal with threat, mediate political conflicts, and make foreign policy decisions. The second edition of the Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology gathers together a distinguished group of international scholars to shed light on such questions as: To what extent are people’s political choices influenced by information outside of conscious awareness? Does personality affect leadership style? Do strong emotions distort the political process and worsen or enhance political decisions? Focusing on political psychology at the individual level (genes, early childhood, personality, decision-making, emotions, values, ideology) and the collective (group identity, social justice, mass mobilization, political violence, prejudice reduction), this interdisciplinary volume covers models of the mass public and political elites and addresses both domestic issues and foreign policy. The volume provides an up-to-date, comprehensive, and expertly distilled account of cutting-edge research within both psychology and political science.
Politik Psikoloji üzerine eleştirel bir değerlendirme
Political psychology is an interdisciplinary academic field drawing on various disciplines in the social and natural sciences. Political psychologists attempt to understand, explain, and predict the effects of psychological dynamics, political structures, and political processes in broad social and historical contexts on political behavior, decision-making processes, intergroup relations, and other political phenomena, such as terrorism, conflict, and peace. This chapter traces the history of the field, provides an overview of the main topics and central tendencies that have characterized the modern era of political psychological research, and identifies some emerging and promising lines of inquiry in political psychology.
Key Words error and bias, tradeoff reasoning, prospect theory, accountability pressures, internalization s Abstract Organized around several major theoretical traditions in international relations, this essay suggests which literature in psychology should be of greatest interest to different kinds of international relations scholars. New work in cognitive social psychology and behavioral decision theory simultaneously expands on and qua-lifies earlier error-and-bias portraits of the foreign policy maker, thereby enriching our understanding of internal divisions within the realist camp. Work on bounded rationality in competitive markets and mixed-motive games, as well as the literature on the power of human emotions to shape judgments of what represents an equitable allocation of scarce resources or a just resolution of conflicts of interest, can inform neo-institutionalist and constructivist theories. Developments in cross-cultural social psychology shed light on constructivist arguments about the creation and maintenance of international social order that typically rest on assumptions about decision making that are qualitatively different from realist and institutionalist approaches to world politics.
This chapter traces the history and evolution of foreign policy analysis (FPA) as a subfield of international relations (IR) from its beginnings in the 1950s through its classical period until 1993. It begins with a discussion of three paradigmatic works that laid the foundation of FPA: Decision Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics (1954), by Richard C. Snyder, H. W. Bruck, and Burton Sapin; ‘Pre-theories and Theories of Foreign Policy’ (1966), by James N. Rosenau; and Man–Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics (1956), by Harold and Margaret Sprout. These three works created three main threads of research in FPA: focusing on the decision making of small/large groups, comparative foreign policy, and psychological/sociological explanations of foreign policy. The chapter also reviews classic FPA scholarship during the period 1954–1993 and concludes with an assessment of contemporary FPA’s research agenda.
In this 2002 volume, political psychologists take a hard look at political psychology. They pose and then address, the kinds of tough questions that those outside the field would be inclined to ask and those inside should be able to answer satisfactorily. Not everyone will agree with the answers the authors provide and in some cases, the best an author can do is offer well-grounded speculations. Nonetheless, the chapters raise questions that will lead to an improved political psychology and will generate further discussion and research in the field. The individual chapters are organised around four themes. Part I tries to define political psychology and provides an overview of the field. Part II raises questions about theory and empirical methods in political psychology. Part III contains arguments ranging from the position that the field is too heavily psychological to the view that it is not psychological enough. Part IV considers how political psychologists might best connect individual-level mental processes to aggregate outcomes.
The election of President Trump has led to interest in his mental health and has resulted in heightened scrutiny regarding the American Psychiatric Association's Goldwater Rule, with its prohibition on opining psychiatrically on the mental health of public figures whom one has not examined in person. This article highlights the historic, methodological, forensic, and ethics challenges regarding psychiatric approaches to leadership analysis, and how these can offer policy makers options regarding national security decision-making.
The aim of our Handbook is to discuss theoretically, methodologically and empirically what political psychology has become in a European and global context, how it investigates its core subject matter and what some of the main findings have been. Theoretically, the Handbook seeks to pluralise political psychology as a field by discussing how historical and contemporary approaches and ways of defining political psychology have depended on context and discipline. In particular, the book shows how moving beyond the state of the discipline as traditionally defined opens up novel theoretical discussions as well as alternative methodological approaches and empirical focuses. The content of the book further illustrates how political psychology needs to expand in terms of theoretical depth, methodological diversity and European-specific examples and approaches to account for a broad variety of work that is currently being undertaken across universities in Europe and elsewhere. The Handbook takes an interdisciplinary approach and aims at understanding how political, economic and social forces interact with psychological dynamics and how these are mutually researched and reinforced across a number of relevant empirical cases.
Held provides a succinct introduction to critical theory and the Frankfurt School. Many critical theorists saw Marx's theories as insufficient both to explain societal forces and to offer scholars a way forward. Traditional Marxists underscore the role that subjectivity and consciousness plays in preventing revolutionary actions. For critical theorists, theory should reveal the differences between the actual and the possible. It must attempt to develop a consciousness that enables conditions for political change. Critical theorists also rejected Kant's transcendental method, parts of Hegel, and a philosophy of identity. Despite their thorough examination of what they saw as problems in the political environment around them, they did not put forward a series of demands or solutions to ameliorate the problems they outlined.
Social-psychological concepts and findings have entered the mainstream of theory and research in international relations. Explorations of the social-psychological dimensions of international politics go back at least to the early 1930s.
If psychology is the science of the experience, the behavior, and the interaction of individuals and groups, then political psychology is the science of the political experience, the political behavior, and the political interaction of individuals and groups. Science attempts to objectively study certain phenomena: it tries to transcend an author’s idiosyncracies and reach a larger consensus. Experience, behavior, and interaction constitute the subjective elements of individuals and groups: they are part and parcel of one’s unique existence in history and society. In this sense, political psychology attempts to make an objective study of political subjectivity.
The author describes how political psychology, an emerging field that explores the intersection of political science and psychology, can help in conducting evaluations. For example, an evaluator might examine the validity of behavioral assumptions of programs, policies, or organizational mechanisms and people's motivations and subjective experiences within these contexts. An evaluator might also explore the normative orientations of programs and policies, for example, how target goals and implementers are politically framed in a positive or negative light. The author describes a framework for political psychology as applied to evaluation, a brief review of relevant literature and discussion of methodology, and an example of an evaluation informed by political psychology. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association
I begin this essay with some general conceptual issues confronting the application of psychological variables to foreign policy and international relations. After a brief survey of the historical evolution of applications of social psychology to the study of foreign policy, I examine the role of psychological variables in some of the leading paradigms of foreign policy analysis during the last half-century. I argue that psychology had little direct influence on early decision-making models in international relations, and that the turning point in the systematic development of a cognitive paradigm of foreign policy analysis came with Jervis's (1976) seminal study of perceptions and misperceptions in international politics. Jervis's emphasis on the cognitive biases that distort judgment and decision-making have particularly important implications for the study of threat perception, which I discuss in some detail. I examine the concept of misperception and describe common psychological biases and the cognitive heuristics and emotional factors that give rise to them. I then look at the impact of framing effects and loss aversion on decision-makers' evaluation of outcomes and on risk propensities. I conclude with a brief discussion of some other areas of foreign policy analysis that would benefit from greater attention to political psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
First published in 1930, this classic study of personality types remains vital for the understanding of contemporary public figures. Lasswell's pioneering application of the concepts of clinical psychology to the understanding of powerbrokers in politics, business, and even the church offers insights into the careers of leaders as diverse as Adolf Hitler and Richard Nixon.
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