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Self‐Generated Displacement Current of Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Cancer Therapy: Theory and Application

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Advanced Materials Technologies
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Meihua Chen
Meihua Chen
Meihua Chen
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Xin Cui
Xin Cui
Xin Cui
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Yaming Zhang at University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Yaming Zhang
Pingjin Zou
Pingjin Zou
Pingjin Zou
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Abstract and Figures

Wearable and implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) convert mechanical energy to electricity in the daily movements of the human body. Self‐generated dynamic electric field or displacement current of TENGs can operate from micrometers to centimeters, which offers a key technology for TENG‐based therapy systems for precision medicine on both tissues and cells. TENGs have low‐current and high‐voltage properties, which reduce damage to normal tissues, and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. In this work, the dynamic electric field from TENG directly inhibits the cellular proliferation behavior of cancer cells. The work paves a new way for the self‐generated electric field of TENG for cancer therapy.
Schematic diagram of TENG with self‐generated electric field systems for cancer therapy. a) TENG‐based electric field therapy system. b) Cell division and mitochondria function of cancer cells under TENG‐driven electric stimulation.
Schematic diagram of TENG with self‐generated electric field systems for cancer therapy. a) TENG‐based electric field therapy system. b) Cell division and mitochondria function of cancer cells under TENG‐driven electric stimulation.
… 
Electrical output performance of TENG. a) Schematic structure of the TENG. b) The working principle of TENG. c) The potential distribution is simulated by COMSOL. d) Open‐circuit voltage and e) short‐circuit current of TENG with various rotation rates. f) The stability of open‐circuit voltage over 2 h.
Electrical output performance of TENG. a) Schematic structure of the TENG. b) The working principle of TENG. c) The potential distribution is simulated by COMSOL. d) Open‐circuit voltage and e) short‐circuit current of TENG with various rotation rates. f) The stability of open‐circuit voltage over 2 h.
… 
Optimization of electric field distribution. a) Optical photograph of a copper electrode array in a 24‐well plate. b) Schematic illustration of the 24‐well plate. Cells are seeded on the bottom of the pink chamber. c) Structural design of the copper electrode array. d) Electric field distribution under different electrode arcs. e) Electric field distribution and potential distribution of the electrode array at 600 V.
Optimization of electric field distribution. a) Optical photograph of a copper electrode array in a 24‐well plate. b) Schematic illustration of the 24‐well plate. Cells are seeded on the bottom of the pink chamber. c) Structural design of the copper electrode array. d) Electric field distribution under different electrode arcs. e) Electric field distribution and potential distribution of the electrode array at 600 V.
… 
TENG‐based self‐generated electric fields inhibit tumor growth in vitro. a) Schematic of the in vitro experimental setup for TENG‐based self‐generated electric field systems. b) Relative cell viabilities of B16F10 cells 24 h after treatment with TENG‐based self‐generated electric field systems (n = 4). c) The inhibition ratio of different treatment times of TENG with self‐generated electric fields in B16F10 cells (n = 4). d) The inhibition ratio of different electric field intensities of B16F10 cells (n = 4). e) Representative flow cytometry profiles and apoptotic cell percentage for B16F10 cells under TENG‐based self‐generated electric fields (n = 4). f) Levels of 8‐hydroxy‐20‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), and protein carbonyl (PCO) content after different treatments (n = 4). g) Calcein AM and PI double‐stained images of B16F10 cells treated with TENG‐based self‐generated electric fields (n = 4). h) Fluorescence images and the ratio of fluorescence intensity of JC‐1 monomers and JC‐1 aggregates of the B16F10 cells under different treatments (n = 4). i) Representative fluorescent images and quantification of H2DCFDA staining for intracellular ROS (n = 4). j) Representative fluorescent images and quantification of staining for intracellular Ca²⁺ and the intensity of fluorescence (n = 4). Statistical significance was calculated via Student's t‐test compared with the control or the ordinary one‐way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Asterisk (*) denotes statistical significance between bars (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001); ns, not statistically significant.
TENG‐based self‐generated electric fields inhibit tumor growth in vitro. a) Schematic of the in vitro experimental setup for TENG‐based self‐generated electric field systems. b) Relative cell viabilities of B16F10 cells 24 h after treatment with TENG‐based self‐generated electric field systems (n = 4). c) The inhibition ratio of different treatment times of TENG with self‐generated electric fields in B16F10 cells (n = 4). d) The inhibition ratio of different electric field intensities of B16F10 cells (n = 4). e) Representative flow cytometry profiles and apoptotic cell percentage for B16F10 cells under TENG‐based self‐generated electric fields (n = 4). f) Levels of 8‐hydroxy‐20‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), 4‐hydroxynonenal (4‐HNE), and protein carbonyl (PCO) content after different treatments (n = 4). g) Calcein AM and PI double‐stained images of B16F10 cells treated with TENG‐based self‐generated electric fields (n = 4). h) Fluorescence images and the ratio of fluorescence intensity of JC‐1 monomers and JC‐1 aggregates of the B16F10 cells under different treatments (n = 4). i) Representative fluorescent images and quantification of H2DCFDA staining for intracellular ROS (n = 4). j) Representative fluorescent images and quantification of staining for intracellular Ca²⁺ and the intensity of fluorescence (n = 4). Statistical significance was calculated via Student's t‐test compared with the control or the ordinary one‐way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Asterisk (*) denotes statistical significance between bars (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001); ns, not statistically significant.
… 
Antitumor effect of the self‐generated electric field of TENG in vivo. a) Schematic illustration of the in vivo experiments of TENG with self‐generated electric field. b) Photographs for treated tumors and control tumors of B16F10 tumor‐bearing mice during the observation period. c) Tumor volume curve of each group after tumor inoculation (n = 5). d) Tumor volume of each group of B16F10‐bearing mice on the 14th day after tumor inoculation (n = 5). e) HE staining for tissues of untreated side and treated side in B16F10 tumor‐bearing mice. Scale bars, 500 µm. f. Ki‐67 staining for tissues of untreated side and treated side in B16F10 tumor‐bearing mice. Scale bars, 100 µm, bars in high‐magnification panels, 50 µm. Statistical significance was calculated via Student's t‐test, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Asterisk (*) denotes statistical significance between bars (***p < 0.001) conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.
Antitumor effect of the self‐generated electric field of TENG in vivo. a) Schematic illustration of the in vivo experiments of TENG with self‐generated electric field. b) Photographs for treated tumors and control tumors of B16F10 tumor‐bearing mice during the observation period. c) Tumor volume curve of each group after tumor inoculation (n = 5). d) Tumor volume of each group of B16F10‐bearing mice on the 14th day after tumor inoculation (n = 5). e) HE staining for tissues of untreated side and treated side in B16F10 tumor‐bearing mice. Scale bars, 500 µm. f. Ki‐67 staining for tissues of untreated side and treated side in B16F10 tumor‐bearing mice. Scale bars, 100 µm, bars in high‐magnification panels, 50 µm. Statistical significance was calculated via Student's t‐test, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Asterisk (*) denotes statistical significance between bars (***p < 0.001) conducted using GraphPad Prism 8.
… 
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.advmattechnol.de
Self-Generated Displacement Current of Triboelectric
Nanogenerator for Cancer Therapy: Theory and Application
Meihua Chen, Xin Cui, Yaming Zhang, Pingjin Zou, Ling Xiao, Mengzhe Kang,
Junyang Chen, Junjin Ren, Zengyi Fang, Lijie Li, Jinyi Lang,* Yan Zhang,*
and Zhong Lin Wang*
Wearable and implantable triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) convert
mechanical energy to electricity in the daily movements of the human body.
Self-generated dynamic electric field or displacement current of TENGs can
operate from micrometers to centimeters, which offers a key technology for
TENG-based therapy systems for precision medicine on both tissues and
cells. TENGs have low-current and high-voltage properties, which reduce
damage to normal tissues, and kill rapidly dividing cancer cells. In this work,
the dynamic electric field from TENG directly inhibits the cellular proliferation
behavior of cancer cells. The work paves a new way for the self-generated
electric field of TENG for cancer therapy.
M. Chen, X. Cui, Y. Zhang, P. Zou, L. Xiao, M. Kang, J. Ren, Z. Fang,
J. Lang, Y. Zhang
Department of Radiation Oncology
Radiation Oncology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province
Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Cancer
Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute
Sichuan Cancer Center
School of Physics
Aliated Cancer Hospital of University of Electronic Science and
Technology of China
Chengdu , China
E-mail: langjy@.com;zhangyan@uestc.edu.cn
J. Chen
School of Clinical Medicine
Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
Chendu , China
L. Li, Y. Zhang
College of Engineering
Swansea University
Swansea SA EN, UK
Y. Zhang, Z. L. Wang
Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing , China
E-mail: zlwang@gatech.edu
Z. L. Wang
College of Nanoscience and Technology
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing , China
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article
can be found under https://doi.org/./admt.
DOI: 10.1002/admt.202301225
1. Introduction
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ap-
proved tumor treating fields (TTFields) to
use in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM),
which have been found to improve
survival in patients. TTFields use low-
intensity (1–3 V cm−1) and intermediate-
frequency (100–300 kHz) electrical fields
to treat cancers.[1]TTFields selectively
interrupt mitosis and kill rapidly divid-
ing tumor cells by delivering continu-
ous alternating electric fields to the tu-
mor site.[2]As an innovative and noninva-
sive therapy, TTFields selectively affects
dividing cells while quiescent cells are left intact. However, the
treatment costs of TTFields are ≈$21 000 per month for pro-
longed treatment. The patients need to wear the TTFields device
continuously with minimal interruption, for more than 18 h a
day, this inevitably requires lifestyle modifications which leads to
lifestyle drawbacks.[3]
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)[4]based precision
medicine systems have been a wide application prospect in
the medical and health field.[5]TENGs convert electricity from
human biomechanical energy.[6]TENGs have been applied
on peripheral nerves to modulate gastric, sciatic, and blad-
der function.[7]Biomechanical systems based on TENGs are
effectively applied for cell modulation,[8]and direct muscle
stimulation.[9]TENG-based precision medicine systems have
been used as prostheses for the auditory,[10]visual,[11]and ol-
factory systems.[12]A self-powered magnet TENG-based drug
delivery system (DDS) was developed in preclinical research.[13]
TENGs can control the drug release, which is used for the DDS
that transports chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin by red blood
cells (RBCs).[13]
Wearable TENGs offer novel therapeutic with self-generated
fields that directly treat cancer by human biomechanical energy.
Yao et al.[14]developed a human self-driven catalysis-promoting
system (TENG-CatSystem) by self-generated electric field for cat-
alytic cancer therapy. TENG-based devices can directly treat can-
cer for flexible time antitumor treatment. The lower frequency
and higher intensity of TENG driven by daily movement can be a
great strategy for tumor treatments. In this study, we investigate
that self-generated field from TENG directly treats cancer in can-
cer cells and murine tumors. Figure 1is the schematic diagram
of TENG with self-generated electric field systems for cancer
Adv. Mater. Technol. 2024,9,  ©  Wiley-VCH GmbH
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