The Role and Status of International Humanitarian Volunteers and Organizations: The Right and Duty to Humanitarian Assistance
... However, the motivations of state efforts to provide volunteer assistance are often suspect by scholars and historians. The developmentalnature of foreign assistance, including the efforts of volunteer troops to aid refugees and restore infrastructure, has been challenged as an attempt to continue engaging and controlling the independent colonies (Beigbeder, 1991;McBride & Daftary, 2005). ...
... Foreigners may also be the best source for foreign language acquisition (Chelikani & Khan, 1990;UNV, 2002b), health education, and health services Area Statement International Volunteering for Development (Beigbeder, 1991). On the other hand, volunteering-particularly in the short-term, is seasonal, and recipients that rely on sporadic services from volunteers could actually be worse off than they would under programs supported by full-time local providers. ...
The purpose of this literature review is to explore the impacts of international volunteerism and service (IVS) on intended beneficiaries. To properly understand the dynamics of IVS, the review provides a historical overview of theories driving these practices and the empirical impact of volunteer interventions. Although many areas related to international volunteerism are still vaguely understood, the key areas being explored in this review include the role of volunteer interventions in social and economic development, the degree to which these activities are helping or harming intended beneficiaries, and the relevance of this knowledge for social work practice and social policy.
... However, the motivations of state efforts to provide volunteer assistance are often suspect by scholars and historians. The developmentalnature of foreign assistance, including the efforts of volunteer troops to aid refugees and restore infrastructure, has been challenged as an attempt to continue engaging and controlling the independent colonies (Beigbeder, 1991;McBride & Daftary, 2005). ...
... Foreigners may also be the best source for foreign language acquisition (Chelikani & Khan, 1990;UNV, 2002b), health education, and health services (Beigbeder, 1991). On the other hand, volunteering-particularly in the short-term, is seasonal, and recipients that rely on sporadic services from volunteers could actually be worse off than they would under programs supported by full-time local providers. ...
Statement of Area Specialization Toward Fulfillment of the Requirements for Doctor of Philosophy in Social Work Area Statement Committee. The purpose of this statement is to explore the impacts of international volunteerism and service (IVS) on intended beneficiaries. To properly understand the dynamics of IVS, the statement will provide a historical overview of theories driving these practices and the empirical impact of volunteer interventions. Although many areas related to international volunteerism are still vaguely understood, the key areas being explored in this statement include the role of volunteer interventions in social and economic development, the degree to which these activities are helping or harming intended beneficiaries, and the relevance of this knowledge for social work practice and social policy.
... When considering the role(s) of the civil society in this particular stance we started by situating our research in the functionalist framework, for which relief is directed to the greatest needs (Beigbeder, 1991). The advantages of NGOs involvement in humanitarian crisis are significant: quicker response and more flexibility, although the reliance on unpredictable financial flows and difficulty for long-term planning, represent weaknesses. ...
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to the largest refugee movement in Europe since World War II (Bathke, 2023). It is estimated that around a third of Ukraine’s population has either fled the country or was displaced internally (UNHCR). However, contrary to the other significant humanitarian crisis in Europe, the refugee crisis in 2015, the literature for the current one is still under development (Näre, Abdelhady, Irastorza, 2022). Its implications are massive and yet to fully grasp. Directions of research also differ: whilst for the 2015 crisis, many papers underlined its racialized treatment, the underdoing crisis is particularly explored in relation to the role of the civic society in its management. Taking this into account, we aim to draw a comparison between the reception of the Ukrainian refugees in Poland and Romania, with a particular focus on the role(s) undertook by NGOs to support the activities taken by the state. This is especially important for illustrating the significant – and crucial role of NGOs in providing aid to the victims of this armed conflict.
... Natural disasters, such as earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes, as well as humanitarian crises due to conflict or pandemics, place immense strain on affected communities and organizations aiming to provide aid. Non-profit organizations, including the Red Cross, UNICEF, and Doctors Without Borders, play vital roles in providing rapid, effective response to such emergencies [44]. ...
Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, capable of understanding and generating human-like text based on extensive training data. These models are trained on vast datasets that encompass various topics, languages, and styles, enabling them to perform a wide range of language-related tasks, such as translation, summarization, content creation, and even complex question answering. Their versatility makes them invaluable tools across different industries, and recently, their application in non-profit and humanitarian sectors has garnered attention for its potential to make a significant positive impact.To understand the role of LLMs in these sectors, it is essential to first grasp the fundamentals of how they work. LLMs like GPT-3, BERT, and T5 operate using neural networks that mimic certain aspects of human cognitive processes. When given a prompt, these models analyze the input and generate responses based on learned patterns in language and context.
... Various international organisations, countries and leaders are involved in promoting peace negotiations between conflicting parties. In the Ukraine-Russia Conflict, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Normandy Format (Germany, France, Ukraine, Russia), European Union (EU), United States (US) and United Nations (UN) have been involved in the peace negotiations (Dorosh & Ivasechko 2020 (Beigbeder 2023). These organisations and leaders work to broker ceasefires and reduce violence, address humanitarian needs, promote dialogue and understanding, and support economic development and cooperation. ...
The Zion Christian Church is one of the largest, most powerful and influential African Independent Churches (AICs). Its membership of about 6 million makes up about 50% of the total membership of AICs. The church has been preaching peace from its inception which became one of the cores of its theology and practice. Thus, the church is known for its peace talk rhetoric expressed in Northern Sotho, ‘Kgotso ebe le lena’ which means ‘Peace be with you’ or even ‘kgotso ebe le batho’ which means ‘peace be with the people’. This peace talk rhetoric is usually used by the church’s leaders and the church’s ordinary members. Through this rhetoric, the church played a meaningful role in moving South Africa towards peace and reconciliation in 1994. This article argues that the theology of peace and reconciliation should be constructed by transcending the peace talk rhetoric to meaningful works of justice. The wrongs of the past should be corrected rather than just a mere talk about peace. The theology of peace and reconciliation should not only be a ‘peace be with you’ rhetoric but also a ‘justice be with you’. The reviewed literature in this article focussed on peace and reconciliation in the Zion Christian Church, peace talks and peace theology. A case study method was used for the selection of the Zion Christian Church.Contribution: The theology of peace and reconciliation is discussed by incorporating justice in addition to the peace talk rhetoric in the Zion Christian Church.
... The involvement of NGOs in refugee support spans a wide range of activities, including the provision of basic necessities such as food, water, and shelter; healthcare services; education and vocational training; legal aid; and psychosocial support [6]. Beyond direct service provision, NGOs also play a crucial role in shaping refugee policies through advocacy, research, and direct engagement with policymakers at local, national, and international levels [7]. ...
The global refugee crisis has placed unprecedented demands on humanitarian systems, with international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) playing a crucial role in supporting refugees and influencing related policies. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted impact of international NGOs on refugee support and policy influence across diverse global contexts. By synthesizing current research, policy documents, and case studies, this paper aims to enhance understanding of NGO contributions to essential services for refugees, their strategies for policy advocacy, and the complex dynamics between NGO activities and government initiatives. The review examines the effectiveness of NGO interventions in key areas such as healthcare, education, and livelihood support, analyzing their methods of policy influence through advocacy, research, and direct engagement with policymakers. It also evaluates refugee perceptions of NGO support compared to government assistance, revealing varied experiences across different contexts and types of aid. Furthermore, the paper investigates the alignment between NGO activities and official government policies on refugee management, highlighting both collaborative successes and areas of tension. The analysis reveals that while NGOs have made significant contributions to refugee welfare and policy development, challenges remain in coordination, sustainability, and adapting to diverse cultural contexts. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions and recommendations for enhancing NGO effectiveness in refugee support and policy advocacy, emphasizing the need for improved coordination, cultural sensitivity, and evidence-based practices in addressing the global refugee crisis.
... As before, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) chose to uphold its neutrality in order to retain that access. After World War II, the ICRC faced severe criticism for this moral stance (Beigbeder 1991). We can ask however, what humanity demands in this situation, what events demand taking sides in order to uphold humanity? ...
This chapter focusses on the moral value humanity underlying the principle of medical neutrality (also referred to as political neutrality). Should it be considered an obligation, as being unconditional and in that sense, an absolute moral value? It seems that both the absolute and the relative are at play here. The contradictory logic in humanity appears similar to the paradox Jacques Derrida identified within the concept of forgiveness. There is the unconditional value of humanity, like charity, to provide medical care to those in need. At the same time, there is the pragmatic imperative of historical, legal or political conditions which demand the opposite (taking sides). These two remain irreducible: medical action thus has to be related to a moment of unconditionality to avoid being reduced to a strategic, political or economic calculation. On the other hand, such unconditionality can hardly be permitted in operational practice, as decisions would be deduced from incontestable ethical precepts or principles. It requires respect for both extremes. Military health care personnel are thus continually confronted with immensely difficult decisions: whether to judge, or condemn, who to deem innocent and where to show humanity and treat the sick and wounded.
... Така позиція не безпідставна, проте потребує всебічного наукового обґрунтування, що, своєю чергою, породжує підвищений науковий інтерес до специфіки волонтерської діяльності. В цьому контексті цікавими та плідними видаються наукові розвідки таких закордонних дослідників як Х. Анхейер і Л. Саламон [2], Ю. Бейгбедер [4], Ф. Вордел, Дж. Лішман [35], І. Кланєне, Ш. Литвинас, Й. Гелжинене [20], C. Чартренд [8], Л. Хастінкс [16], E. Тонкенс [33] та ін. ...
The article analyzes the prevailing in modern intellectual discourse and the international practice of the definition of volunteering, found that it is considered as a conscious, voluntary and unpaid activity (of a person or non-governmental organization) aimed at achieving a social effect in the process of solving social, economic, environmental or other challenges of modern society within the limits of one’s professional competences and in one's free time free from the main work. It is emphasized that such approaches have a framework nature and are designed to promote development and encourage the population to engage in socially useful activities, which will help reduce social tension caused by the state’s inability to respond to society’s demands or other contemporary challenges. It is emphasized that intergovernmental organizations, state institutions, business corporations and even representatives of the third sector can directly or indirectly use free social resources to achieve their economic interests, thereby transforming volunteering into a technology of social management and a hybrid social phenomenon. It contributes to the building of symbolic capital and public trust, as important social assets that open wide prospects for self-presentation of both individuals and entire organizations. It was revealed that hybridity is manifested not only in the organizational and institutional conditions of volunteering, but also in the variety of motivations manifested in the participants of non-governmental volunteering projects.
... The digital government services cannot respond to all social requests in peacetime, not to mention wartime. As modern Ukrainian realities show, socially active people concerned about the welfare of society, its problems and the solutions to these problems, as well as charitable organizations and volunteers try to overcome the bureaucratic formalism [39,40,41,42]. It should be noted that the growth of the volunteer movement in Ukraine, despite the tradition of mutual help and care for the poor and suffering rooted in customary practices, took place in 2014 only and was caused by "the domestic political crisis that led to an imbalance in the public administration system, a lack of quality management decisions, a lack of resource opportunities, and external aggression that deepened the imbalance between the ability of the state to effectively perform its functions and ensure the basic needs of the citizens" [43, с. 48]. ...
The aim: The article examines the peculiarities of the Ukrainian state policy in the field of digitalization, reveals the social challenges caused by this phenom¬enon, and outlines the ways to overcome them. Materials and Methods: The data collection was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar databases. Research papers were identified according to the search terms: “digitalization”, “digital transformations”, “Internet”, “digital services”, “smart city”, “smart urbanization”, “inclusion”, “social exclusion”, “community mental health”, “volunteering”, “social partnership”. The authors analyzed international and domestic official strategies, programs, and messages along with statistical data and social surveys conducted by foreign and Ukrainian institutions, public organizations, and analytical centers. The authors used the interdisciplinary approach along with the principles of objectivity, tolerance, and impartiality, and general scientific methods, such as induction, deduction, generalization, etc. Conclusion: The rapid spread of digital technologies is associated with the growth of social cohesion, inclusion, solidarity, and the development of a healthy harmonious society that will provide all the conditions for a decent life for a human being and the comprehensive development of his/her abilities and talents. These hopes are not groundless, because digitalization is accompanied by a number of structural shifts in economics and public administration, which contribute to overcoming subjectivity in making management decisions and increasing the level of “intellectualization” of the environment. In addition, digitalization is becoming a significant driver of the sustainable growth in labor productivity, employment levels, personal and social well-being; and the spread of digital technologies provides an opportunity to overcome various social challenges. As the Ukrainian experience reveals, despite a number of positive shifts, digitalization can also give rise to destructive social trends, among which the digital gaps caused by the uneven access to digital technologies and services occupy a special place. People in the city outskirts, small towns, and especially in the remote rural areas often have extremely limited access to the Internet that significantly reduces their social opportunities. These problems became more acute after the full-scale invasion of the russian federation into Ukraine. The occupation of the part of Ukraine, hostilities, and missile attacks damaged the energy sector blocking telecommunication networks, which led to the social exclusion of a significant part of the population in some Ukrainian regions. The harsh living conditions during the war, the social exclusion as a result of the occupation, as well as the destruction of energy infrastructure and civilian objects fueled the activities of the Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine. The proposed services and transformations provided social opportunities for a part of the population, while remaining unable to overcome social exclusion generated by the digital, social, or other gap. Volunteers and social activists usually help to bridge the gap and maintain mental health of the community, which has been suffering from the horrors of the war for more than a year. Their activities and public position lay the ground for the establishment of social partnership aimed at the harmonious development of every individual and the community as a whole.
... In the case of zakat (alms), when local needs are met, the excess is distributed to other regions as instructed by the central government. Currently, those institutions has become more modern, especially in the form of non-governmental organizations that seek to intervene in emergency situations or carry out development projects.(19) ...
This research aims to describe the roles and challenges of religion in global humanitarian issues from an Islamic perspective. This research is a qualitative type of literature. Data sources were obtained from several scientific articles on this topic, which were accessed from e-journals. Meanwhile, data analysis was done using content analysis. The diversity of texts that motivate human work has led to proliferation of actions in a variety of areas: food aid, expansion of education and healthcare systems, water supplies, and slaves. zakat and waqf Those involved in work derive their human strength from the fact that financing for these structures is guaranteed, which also guarantees professionalism and efficiency, as it is well known that voluntary work has its limits. Keywords: religious, islamic and human challenges
... In addition, some international organizations and charities have provided assistance to boost the delivery of healthcare in Africa (Gibbs 2014;Beigbeder 1991). ...
Healthcare in Africa is a complex issue influenced by many factors including poverty, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate funding. However, Artificial intelligence (AI) applied to healthcare, has the potential to transform healthcare in Africa by improving the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosis, enabling earlier detection of diseases, and supporting the delivery of personalized medicine. This paper reviews the current state of how AI Algorithms can be used to improve diagnostics, treatment, and disease monitoring, as well as how AI can be used to improve access to healthcare in Africa as a low-resource setting and discusses some of the critical challenges and opportunities for its adoption. As such, there is a need for a well-coordinated effort by the governments, private sector, healthcare providers, and international organizations to create sustainable AI solutions that meet the unique needs of the African healthcare system.
... Travelling overseas as a volunteer appears to have begun around 1915 (Gillette, 1968;Clark, 1978;Beigbeder, 1991;Darby, 1994). Most of the literature in this field has focused on profiling the volunteering tourist (Brown and Morrison, 2003;Wearing, 2003b) with increasing interest in understanding vacation volunteers' motives and the benefits derived. ...
... As presented by several studies (Beigbeder 1991;Binder, Meier, and Steets 2010), the coordination of the international humanitarian assistance is under the lead of OCHA with UNHCR as co-lead, given the mixed situation involving IDPs, returnees and refugees. They are collaborating with several partners, including: ...
Humanitarian needs in Cameroon have been growing steadily over the years due to the multiple crises the country has been going through. This study analyses the international assistance provided to the populations of Far North Cameroon who are facing security and climate challenges. The study was implemented through the analysis of pertinent documentation (articles, newspapers, books, and reports) related to the issue. Our analysis shows that humanitarian needs are critical in the Far North of Cameroon. Indeed, about 33% of households are food insecure, including 3% in a situation of severe food insecurity, 6% of children are affected by Global Acute Malnutrition. Following this situation, only 26% of the requirement was funded in 2020, making Cameroon the world's most neglected displacement crisis by the international community. These funds were received from both foreign countries and private donors from all the continents. The international humanitarian assistance is coordinated by OCHA in collaboration with Cameroon governmental partners, implementing and operational partners, and United Nations agencies.
... Travelling overseas as a volunteer appears to have begun around 1915 (Gillette, 1968;Clark, 1978;Beigbeder, 1991;Darby, 1994). Most of the literature in this field has focused on profiling the volunteering tourist (Brown and Morrison, 2003;Wearing, 2003b) with increasing interest in understanding vacation volunteers' motives and the benefits derived. ...
The objectives of this book are threefold: (i) to identify and learn from examples of a positive relationship between tourism and peace; (ii) to make available the output of and to stimulate further academic research and scholarship focused on the tourism and peace proposition; and (iii) to move on from the original question of whether tourism contributes to peace, to finding ways in which tourism can be managed and conducted to meet the peace objective. The conceptual and theoretical foundations are laid in chapters 1-3. The tourism encounter theme is taken up in chapters 4-8. Chapters 9-15 extend the discussion into the area of conflict resolution.
... While volunteering is about offering one's experience and knowledge to other people or communities in order to help them (Beigbeder 1991), voluntourism connects a holiday trip with a chance to participate in a social or charity project in the travel destination (Alexander 2012;Guttentag 2009;Luh Sin, Oakes & Mostafanezhad 2015;Raymond & Hall 2008;Simpson 2004;Wearing & McGehee 2013;Young 2008). McGehee (2014) added that while volunteering is primarily about self-development and altruism, voluntourism gives equal weight to both volunteering, on the one hand, and travel and tourism, on the other hand. ...
The market for voluntourism from the Western world to developing countries is on the rise. Voluntourists are mainly young people who combine travel with volunteering in educational, early childhood development, environmental or other projects. Hence, it is of outmost importance to assess and analyse the contribution of voluntourists to the projects, and especially to the development and progress of the children they work with. This research assesses the skills, experiences and contributions of foreign voluntourists to the development of vulnerable children in South Africa. To get a better understanding of what voluntourists contribute to their projects and the children they work with, researchers conducted semi-structured interviews with people who work with voluntourists, as well as with voluntourists themselves in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. One of the main findings of this research is that training and supervision of voluntourists is crucial if the impact of the voluntourists is to be improved.
... His work frames volunteering in a manner that links it to consumer culture and provides us with the basis to enable some deeper insights from philosophy, social theory and social psychology. In volunteer tourism, altruism is typically expressed as the desire to assist others less fortunate than ourselves (Beigbeder, 1991;Hudson & Inkson, 2006). In addition to this, Clohesy (2000) contends that 'altruism' is usually represented as the opposite of 'egoism', which we will explore in more detail in the next section. ...
https://www.amazon.com/Tourist-Behaviour-Essential-Philip-Pearce/dp/1786438569/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=Tourist+Behaviour+The+Essential+Companion&qid=1561590402&s=books&sr=1-1
... Today, there are different volunteer projects, which differ by areas of activity and by the goals and tasks they are intended to solve. Such projects include environmental projects (Bruyere & Rappe, 2007;Halpenny & Caissie, 2003), humanitarian projects (Nordlund, 2009;Beigbeder, 1991), cultural and historical projects aimed at preserving historical monuments (Lin, 2010;Murzyn-Kupisz & Działek, 2013). ...
Relevance of the problem under study is explained by the beginning of a new stage in the development of Russian volunteer movement in the field of preservation of cultural monuments, which coincided with the rise of research interest in volunteering in general. The objective of this paper consists in comprehensive analysis of the modern history of restoration voluntary movement in Russia, examination of evolvement of public voluntary practices in the field of protection of the architectural heritage of the country in the context of general cultural, socio-economic, political processes that have taken place in Russia over the past decades, which have determined the specific organizational forms, content and activities of voluntary activists. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the historical method, as well as methodological principles of historicism, scientificity, objectivity, as well as sociality, integrity and fundamentality, involving the study of the historical process of volunteering in the totality of facts and sources in their logical and chronological sequence. The paper describes the main forms of volunteer practices for monument preservation, gives an overview of volunteer initiatives, as well as the efforts of charitable foundations and public organizations aimed at rescuing the cultural heritage of the country, identifies the development trajectories of restoration volunteering, and also specifies the key trends, based on which the tendency to professionalization and gradual expansion of the scope of voluntary work has been revealed. Materials of the paper can be useful not only for scientists, engaged in research of problems of social history of our country, but also for specialists from social sphere, organizers of work with youth, and also students of socio-humanitarian and pedagogical profiles.
... Related in principle to South-to-North volunteer exchange, some programs aim to enhance reciprocity by pairing international and national volunteers in a "counterpart" or "twinning" model of volunteer cooperation (Scott-Smith 2011;Beigbeder 1991). This was the first mainstream method that IVCOs attempted historically when striving for reciprocal cooperation (United Nations Volunteers 1985). ...
This article critically examines reciprocity in international volunteering. It first highlights tensions and unintended consequences that can emerge when pursuing reciprocal relationships between host-country partners and international volunteers or volunteer-sending organizations. It then reconsiders how to determine equal or fair distribution of benefits between stakeholders when some benefits are material and some are intangible. It then presents a typology of different modalities of reciprocity practiced or aspired to by contemporary international volunteer organizations. The article aims to provoke more nuanced consideration of when, if or under what conditions different forms of reciprocity may be possible or even desirable.
This paper explores the intersection of the impacts of COVID-19 on women and girls in humanitarian settings with the necessity of incorporating female perspectives in decision-making roles within multilateral institutions delivering humanitarian aid. Women remain underrepresented in leadership positions in these multilateral institutions. However, increased female participation in leadership roles is linked to greater consideration of women’s needs in humanitarian response plans, thereby promoting gender-sensitive recovery efforts. Given COVID-19’s exacerbation of preexisting gender disparities in fragile settings, gender-responsive relief measures are crucial in humanitarian contexts. With the rising demand for humanitarian aid, prioritizing gender-sensitive and inclusive responses is essential for fostering an equitable and resilient post-COVID-19 future.
La situación generada por la Primera Guerra Mundial provocó la aparición de múltiples organizaciones destinadas a la población civil cuya acción humanitaria se desarrolló a nivel transnacional. Estas acciones se desarrollaron, también, como herramientas de influencia política apoyadas en los medios de comunicación de masas, en las que se involucraron intelectuales progresistas que facilitaron la movilización de amplias capas sociales. El Socorro Obrero Internacional estableció filiales en numerosos países con el doble objetivo de realizar acciones propagandísticas mientras desarrollaba acciones de apoyo a los obreros y sus familias, facilitando recursos en períodos de huelga, estableciendo comedores, hogares para niños o escuelas. La lucha contra el fascismo facilitó que se involucraran cineastas, fotógrafos, escritores, pintores, etc. en la elaboración y difusión de mensajes apoyados frecuentemente en imágenes que permitieron establecer los puentes emocionales adecuados para la creación de una red de intelectuales antifascistas, activa durante en el período de entreguerras y la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El objetivo del artículo es explorar las organizaciones y circunstancias que precedieron a esta red desde un enfoque transnacional y diacrónico que parte del concepto de solidaridad internacional y de sus implicaciones políticas. Para el estudio se han revisado publicaciones y archivos de las organizaciones cinematográficas vinculadas, así como los escritos realizados por Willy Münzemberg relacionados con la propaganda. Como resultado, los mensajes y las imágenes compartidas y difundidas en los medios de comunicación permitieron moldear la opinión, establecer emociones compartidas que facilitaron la movilización humanitaria y sirvieron de justificación ideológica y cultural.
This article explores the experiences of displaced women and their children in occupied postwar Austria by focusing both on the assistance provided to them by relief workers in displaced persons (DP) camps and on the displaced women's role as persons in charge of planning their own and their children's futures. In doing so, it sheds light on the care infrastructure for a particularly vulnerable group inside Austria's postwar refugee camps — single mothers and those children within their households — while also highlighting the agency of these women in navigating the migration process. The author of this paper argues that studying the situation of displaced single mothers enables us to understand displacement as a process that both fostered a dependence on institutional structures and at the same time created the imperative to develop specific strategies to negotiate one's chances of emigration, such as the use of social networks or the negotiation of citizenship. The main arguments of this paper are embedded in a close analysis of two DP camps in postwar Austria — Kapfenberg in Styria and Feffernitz in Carinthia. A combined examination of reports written by relief workers employed in these camps and two case studies of families that tried to emigrate and leave their camp lives behind allows the author to reflect on dimensions of vulnerability and agency — both of which were characteristic of the postwar experience of so many displaced people in Europe, especially those cast in maternal roles.
This discussion paper situates discussions of reciprocity within the context of international volunteer cooperation as a historical framework for development exchange. It begins by exploring reciprocity as a concept, drawing from a wide body of literature on international cooperation and exchange. It then applies the concept of reciprocity to the work of Norec and other IVCOs. With the spread of COVID-19 and subsequent shutdowns in 2020, the paper illustrates how Norec further innovated to support digital exchange as a substitute for international travel. The paper updates an earlier report on this topic to explore the implications of this change on reciprocal exchange. The discussion considers whether IVCOs and volunteers acting together with host-country organizations can embrace an authentic expression of partnership — being mutually empowered to make and act on targeted development priorities. Explorations on this question draw on many diverse dimensions of reciprocity that contemporary IVCOs practice. Acknowledging that full reciprocity may be problematic in some instances, the paper explores the potential strengths of reciprocity within modern systems of international development cooperation.
Obedece a la preocupación por el estudio de las organizaciones Internaciiones no gubernamentales dentro de la sociedad Internacional desde la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales . El documento surgio ante la carencia de estudios de estos actores de las relaciones internacionales , ya que las Relaciones internacionales ha prorizado el estudio de otros actores como los Estados y las Organizaciones intergubernamentales y han descuidado el estudio de otros actores transnacionlaes que hoy en día son tan importantes y necesarios en las relacones internacionales
In a world of hardening borders, nations may deprive themselves of enjoying the benefits of cooperative immigrants. Here, we analyze the effect of efficient cooperative immigrants on a population playing public goods games. We considered a population structured on a square lattice with individuals playing public goods games with their neighbors. The demographics are determined by stochastic birth, death, and migration. The strategies spread through imitation dynamics. Our model shows that cooperation among natives can emerge due to social contagion of good role-model agents that can provide better quality public goods. Only a small fraction of efficient cooperators, among immigrants, is enough to trigger cooperation across the native population. We see that native cooperation achieves its peak at moderate values of immigration rate. Such efficient immigrant cooperators act as nucleation centers for the growth of cooperative clusters, that eventually dominate defection.
Background: Retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), an adipokine that participate in a lipid metabolism or insulin resistance through a complex regulatory network. Recently, RBP4 was reported to be associated with many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) risk factors in patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aims to study the correlation of serum RBP4 with some markers of glycemic control, dyslipidemia, hypertension and obesity in T2DM Iraqi patients.
Subjects and Methods: one hundred fifty participants were enrolled in this coss-sectional study, 120 of participants were T2DM patients and 30 were apparently healthy individuals to serve as control group.
Results: Serum RBP4 levels are higher in T2DM patients with poor glycemic control, dyslipedemia, hypertension, or obesity compared to the control group. Serum RBP4 is positively correlated with body mass index, fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure (P
The Red Cross is an important organization engaged in the humanitarian field. Red Cross had a long history regarding its important contributions among national movement to the Indonesian Revolution period. The history of the Red Cross from Bataviaasch Comite to be the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) was very complex, due to many dynamics and chronicles in it. There were lots of interesting problems to study on the Red Cross transition from the colonial government to the Republic of the Indonesia government. Based on the reason above, this research discusses the Red Cross transformation from the Bataviaasch Committee into the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI). The research was historical research by applying four stages. Analysis results indicated that Red Cross's development from Bataviaasch Committee to PMI had many obstacles, both internal and external ones. Moreover, political constellation at that time also gave a great effect on Indonesian Red Cross development. However, these uncertain conditions have confirmed the Indonesian Red Cross establishing process.
Currently nations have a right but not a duty to provide international humanitarian assistance. It is argued here that nations should have a duty to provide international humanitarian assistance under some circumstances. The doctrine of the responsibility to protect has been used by the international community to assert its right to assist, not as the recognition of a duty to assist, in certain circumstances. The assertion of such a right with no counterpart obligation implicitly invites the politicization of decisions to assist. As in the case of domestic emergency services, the provision of assistance should not always be optional. There should be an obligation on the part of the international community to provide assistance at least in some circumstances. A clear system of rights and obligations for those who provide humanitarian assistance and those who receive it would be likely to make international humanitarian assistance more effective and more just, and thus contribute to the steady strengthening of overall global governance.
Rapid increases in natural disasters worldwide call for special attention from governments’ and policy makers’ in providing relief to their citizens. Unfortunately, management of the chaotic situations that usually accompany disasters remains the bane of most governments’ especially in Third World countries. Ghana has been no exception in this regard, as every year the government struggles to cope with the devastations that accompany disasters, especially floods. In the event of such disasters creating demands that cannot be met by domestic resources, coordinating outside support for victims in order to cope with the hardships could be challenging. A common difficulty usually is that relief aid sent from external sources for victims of disasters are either not properly distributed or the goods are often not of the appropriate type. In some cases the quantity of relief items is not adequate. This study looked at the delivery of aid after disasters in Ghana within an international setting, particularly in the context of aid flowing from other nations, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), International Organizations (IOs) and Private Volunteer Organizations (PVOs) in response to a disaster. The ad hoc nature of aid disbursement in Ghana and the lack of coordination of disaster relief require a framework for harnessing interagency cooperation for effective disaster relief operation in Ghana. The study dwelt on the progress that has been made in the area of disaster relief operations in Ghana over the last two decades. It further provided evidence that, because of the complexity in disaster relief efforts and the fact that Ghana lacks the expertise to manage future risks of the magnitudes of the tsunamis of Asia and the hurricanes (e.g. Katrina) of the United States, more integration with other agencies is critical for the provision of emergency relief aid to disaster victims.
At a time when government support for international humanitarian aid is decreasing, organizations devoted to helping in times of disaster are looking ever more to the individual donor for financial contributions. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the donor and the distant other by introducing the concepts of psychic distance and psychic distance stimuli to the macromarketing literature and exploring the role of psychic distance in fundraising for international humanitarian aid. It is our contention that by better understanding the biases that psychic distance introduce into the system, an improved flow of donations for the betterment of the distant needy and a more effective marketing system can be achieved. We offer four propositions for future testing and exploration.
ÖZET
Bu çalışmanın ana konusu, Hükûmet Dışı Kuruluş (HDK) olgusunun uluslararası aktörler ile olan ilişkilerini ortaya koymak suretiyle uluslararası ortamdaki konumunu saptamaktır. Bu suretle, çok aktörlü uluslararası ortamın bir unsuru olan HDK’lar hakkında bütüncül bir fikir edinilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu makalenin temel savı, küresel eğilimlerin bir ürünü olarak ortaya çıkan HDK olgusunun, bu eğilimleri belirleyen aktörlerin bir vasıtası olduğu kadar onları yönlendirebilme gücüne de sahip olduğudur. Bu savın kanıtlanması için, sistem kuramı esas alınarak geliştirilen model çerçevesinde, HDK’ların, çok aktörlü anarşik uluslararası ortamdaki davranışları ve dönüşümü irdelenmiş, kuvvetli ve zayıf tarafları değerlendirilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Uluslararası Hükûmet Dışı Kuruluşlar, HDK, Özel Gönüllü Kuruluşlar, Sivil Toplum Kuruluşu/Örgütü-STK, STÖ, Uluslararası Örgütler.
The purpose of this chapter is to clarify the extent to which a State may exercise its discretion to decide whether to allow humanitarian organizations to carry out humanitarian activities across borders in times of armed conflict in the light of the principle of State sovereignty and international humanitarian law. In particular, this chapter discusses the interplay between the principle of sovereignty and international humanitarian law and clarifies the extent to which the applicable rules of international humanitarian law limit the exercise of the sovereign right to control the entry of humanitarian organizations into a State’s territory. The chapter concludes that, in times of armed conflict, the consent of the State is required in order to carry out humanitarian activities in the territory of that State, including in those parts that are controlled by the enemy State or an armed group, but that the State’s discretion to withhold consent is limited by specific rules of international humanitarian law as well as by binding decisions of the Security Council.
Background
National and international humanitarian relief organizsations play an important part in humanitarian crises. There is evidence of lack of coordination between organisations providing health services in public health emergencies. Our objective was to identify published models of coordination between organisations funding or delivering health services in situations of humanitarian crisis worldwide.
Methods
We followed standard systematic review methodology. We searched Medline (1946 to week 1 of March, 2014), PubMed, EMBASE (1980 to week 10 of 2014), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the WHO Global Health Library. We only included papers published in English. We used search terms such as “refugee”, “disaster”, “conflict”, “coordination”, “cooperation”, “international organization” and “non profit organization”. Two teams of two reviewers screened titles and abstracts in duplicate and independently for potential eligibility, retrieved full texts of citations judged as potentially eligible by at least one reviewer, screened full texts in duplicate and independently for eligibility, and resolved disagreement by discussion. When disagreement was not resolved, a third reviewer made the final decision. We also searched websites of relevant organisations. One reviewer reviewed titles of search hits. We then obtained full texts of articles identified as potentially eligible, and two reviewers screened them in duplicate and independently, compared their results, and resolved any disagreement by discussion. We included reports describing models of coordination in sufficient detail to allow reproducibility. We also included reports describing implementation of identified models as case studies.
Findings
Our search captured 14 309 citations. The screening process identified five models of coordination of delivering health services: the health cluster approach (with 15 case studies), the “who is where, when, doing what” mapping tool (4Ws; four case studies), the sphere project model (two case studies), the 5×5 model (one case study), and the model of information coordination (one case study). The 4Ws and 5x5 models focused on coordination of services for mental health, while the remaining models did not focus on a specific health topic. The health cluster approach appeared to be the most widely used. One case study used a mixed implementation of the health cluster approach and the sphere model. We did not identify any model of coordination related to funding of health services.
Interpretation
This systematic review identified three proposed coordination models that have been implemented by organisations funding or delivering health services in situations of humanitarian crisis. There is a need to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of these different models.
Funding
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research, National Council for Scientific Research.
Marie Juul Petersen, For Humanity or For the Umma? Aid and Islam in Transnational Muslim NGOs, London: Hurst Publishers; 2014, 356 pages, ISBN-13: 978-1849044325, ISBN-10: 1849044325
NGOs and the United Nations reveals how NGOs have changed their interaction with the UN since the mid-1990s. It also looks at how their representation to the UN, their consultative status and their characteristic features influence their relationship with the UN. The case studies include some of the most renowned players on the international scene, such as Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, CARE International and Oxfam International.
Background:
Our objective was to identify published models of coordination between entities funding or delivering health services in humanitarian crises, whether the coordination took place during or after the crises.
Methods:
We included reports describing models of coordination in sufficient detail to allow reproducibility. We also included reports describing implementation of identified models, as case studies. We searched Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the WHO Global Health Library. We also searched websites of relevant organizations. We followed standard systematic review methodology.
Results:
Our search captured 14,309 citations. The screening process identified 34 eligible papers describing five models of coordination of delivering health services: the "Cluster Approach" (with 16 case studies), the 4Ws "Who is Where, When, doing What" mapping tool (with four case studies), the "Sphere Project" (with two case studies), the "5x5" model (with one case study), and the "model of information coordination" (with one case study). The 4Ws and the 5x5 focus on coordination of services for mental health, the remaining models do not focus on a specific health topic. The Cluster approach appears to be the most widely used. One case study was a mixed implementation of the Cluster approach and the Sphere model. We identified no model of coordination for funding of health service.
Conclusion:
This systematic review identified five proposed coordination models that have been implemented by entities funding or delivering health service in humanitarian crises. There is a need to compare the effect of these different models on outcomes such as availability of and access to health services.
Background: Our objective was to identify published models of coordination between entities funding or delivering health services in humanitarian crises, whether the coordination took place during or after the crises.
Methods: We included reports describing models of coordination in sufficient detail to allow reproducibility. We also included reports describing implementation of identified models, as case studies. We searched Medline, PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and the WHO Global Health Library. We also searched websites of relevant organizations. We followed standard systematic review methodology.
Results: Our search captured 14,309 citations. The screening process identified 34 eligible papers describing five models of coordination of delivering health services: the “Cluster Approach” (with 16 case studies), the 4Ws “Who is Where, When, doing What” mapping tool (with four case studies), the “Sphere Project” (with two case studies), the “5×5” model (with one case study), and the “model of information coordination” (with one case study). The 4Ws and the 5×5 focus on coordination of services for mental health, the remaining models do not focus on a specific health topic. The Cluster approach appears to be the most widely used. One case study was a mixed implementation of the Cluster approach and the Sphere model. We identified no model of coordination for funding of health service.
Conclusion: This systematic review identified five proposed coordination models that have been implemented by entities funding or delivering health service in humanitarian crises. There is a need to compare the effect of these different models on outcomes such as availability of and access to health services.
Do the world’s children need UNICEF? The care for children is, or should be, a natural concern for all parents and relatives, and for the local community. At the national level, governments should ensure that children receive proper health care, adequate nutrition, and basic education and training, and that they are safeguarded from violence, exploitation, poverty and discrimination. The problems faced by families and nations in providing adequate care and protection to children in certain areas and particularly in times of conflict have caused, in the twentieth century, the creation of international organizations needed to complement or even assume entirely these tasks, generally on a temporary basis. Some of the organizations which preceded UNICEF were either fully dedicated to children’s welfare or included children as beneficiaries, together with their family, in their relief action. Some organizations were (and some still are) non-governmental — the Commission for Relief in Belgium, the Save the Children Fund — some were intergovernmental — the League of Nations and the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. The latter’s demise led directly to the difficult birth of UNICEF, with the determining influence of such individuals as Dr Ludwig Rajchman and delegates of ‘like-minded’ countries against the opposition of the USA and the other western countries and of the UN specialized agencies fearing the competition of an intruder in their domain.
According to a UN report issued in 1999, the world experienced three times as many natural emergencies in the 1990s as in the 1960s. The year 1998 was the worst on record for weather-related natural disasters. In the Caribbean, hurricanes Georges and Mitch killed more than 13 000 people; a June cyclone in India caused an estimated 10 000 deaths. Major floods hit Bangladesh, India, Nepal and much of East Asia, with thousands killed. Two-thirds of Bangladesh was inundated for months, making millions homeless. More than 3000 died in China’s Yangtze flood, millions were displaced and the financial cost was estimated at $30 billion. Fires ravaged tens of thousands of square kilometres of forest in Brazil, Indonesia and Siberia, with devastating consequences for human health and local economies. In Afghanistan, earthquakes killed more than 9000 people. In August 1999, Turkey suffered one of the most devastating earthquakes in recent history.1
Pictet has defined humanitarian law as ‘a branch of public international law which owes its inspiration to a feeling for humanity and which is centered on the protection of the individual’. Its purpose is ‘to alleviate the sufferings of all the victims of armed conflicts who are in the power of their enemy, whether wounded, sick or shipwrecked, prisoners of war or civilians’ More formally, he has completed this definition as follows:
By ‘international humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts’, the International Committee of the Red Cross means international rules, established by treaties or custom, which are specifically intended to solve humanitarian problems directly arising from international or non international armed conflicts and which, for humanitarian reasons, limit the right of parties to a conflict to use the methods and means of warfare of their choice or protect persons and property that are, or may be, affected by conflict.
People often need help desperately, and sometimes that help is not or cannot be provided from within their own countries. At times international assistance is provided in spectacular ways. On April 5, 1991 the Security Council of the United Nations passed a resolution condemning Iraq’s repression of the Kurds and calling for humanitarian assistance. On the same day the U.S. president ordered the U.S. military to begin airdropping humanitarian supplies to Kurds camping along the Iraq-Turkey border. In December 1992 the United States Marines, acting under United Nations cover, moved into Somalia to rescue a faltering humanitarian assistance program. The airdrop of emergency food supplies to remnants of what had been Yugoslavia was started in March 1993. The problems of providing humanitarian assistance in the midst of armed conflict have been clearly documented in connection with the civil war in the Sudan.1 Even in non-conflict situations, assistance becomes the victim of all kinds of inefficiencies and political pressures.2 Often there is no attempt to assist. What principles should guide the provision of humanitarian assistance?
This chapter will be devoted to the analysis of the normative and institutional frameworks in the relevant sources of the law (at global, regional/sub-regional or domestic level) on how emergency operations should unfold on the field and which are the main issues in regard to their effective deployment. After a brief introduction, it will start with an analysis of the prescribed procedures for specific requests for assistance (Sect. 19.2). Section 19.3 will then focus on the ‘command and control’ paradigm in disaster response operations. In particular, we will analyse the existing tools and procedures addressing the modalities of disaster response operations through regional and sub-regional agreements, or through bilateral assistance. Finally, in Sect. 19.4 we will concentrate on the legal recognition of disaster response missions, as a necessary precursor to many of the activities that are part of a relief effort, and Sect. 19.5 will shift the focus on the prescribed procedures on termination of international assistance.
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