The potential of new hybrid Chrysanthemum as germplasm resource

Abstract

Many new hybrids of chrysanthemums from Indonesia are adapted to tropical areas. The hybrids were growing well with many characteristics such as consumer preferences and the idiotype of chrysanthemums. The goal of the research was to collect, select and categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to be the parent’s resource for new breeding. They were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Cayapati, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana, Trissa, and Tadasita varieties. There were 2 categories, standard and spray types. Each of the varieties had specific novelty characteristics that could be gen resources as parents in chrysanthemum breeding. The specific and novelty characteristics as gen resources were the vase life period, flower shape, colour, number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant. The standard type dominated white and yellow colour, and the spray type had more colour, shape, and size variations. Chrysanthemum cultivar (cv.) Swarna Kencana showed the highest plant height in a low area 187.6 meters MASL (meters above sea level). It followed cutting flower standards. Puspita Nusantara variety complied as crossing parents for resistance to Puccinia horianna.

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The potential of new hybrid Chrysanthemum as germplasm resource
To cite this article: R Kurniati
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2023
IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1255 (2023) 012021
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012021
1
The potential of new hybrid Chrysanthemum as germplasm
resource
R Kurniati1*), Suryawati1, D W Utami1, M Pramayufdy1, R D Purwati1, J
Mulyono1, M Susilowati1, Supenti1
and R Syafarina
1
1Department of Plant Breeding, Research Center for Horticultural and Estate Crops, Research Organization
for Agriculture and Food, National Research and Innovation Agency. Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya
Jakarta -Bogor, Cibinong, Bogor Indonesia 16915
*) Corresponding author: fildzaku@yahoo.co.id, ridho.kurniati@brin.go.id
Abstract
. Many new hybrids of chrysanthemums from Indonesia are adapte
d to tropical areas. The hybrids
were growing well with many characteristics such as consumer preferences and the idiotype of
chrysanthemums. The goal of the research was to collect, select and categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids
to be the parent’s resource for new breeding. They were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Cayapati, Sabiya,
Swarna Kencana, Trissa, and Tadasita varieties. There were 2 categories, standard and spray types. Each
of the varieties had specific novelty characteristics that could be gen reso
urces as parents in chrysanthemum
breeding. The specific and novelty characteristics as gen resources were the vase life period, flower shape,
colour, number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant. The standard type dominated white and
yellow colour, and the spray type had more colour, shape, and size variations. Chrysanthemum cultivar
(cv.) Swarna Kencana showed the highest plant height in a low area 187.6 meters MASL (meters above sea
level). It followed cutting flower standards. Puspita Nusantara variety complied as crossing parents for
resistance to Puccinia horianna.
Keyword: Breeding, chrysanthemum, germplasm, hybrids, varieties
1. Introduction
Germplasm is an important gene pool resource that was essential for creating new varieties. The
important and superior character was targeted to develop new and novelty varieties. Most of the
characters are inherited from the progenies. Based on genetic st
udies, selecting the best and superior
characters parental in the breeding program as desirable characters were important. Promising genotypes
were selected by some procedures in many varieties [1].
The chrysanthemum is one of the most popular ornamental plants in the floriculture industry [2]. The
flower was produced as cut flowers and pot plants. The floriculture industries problems in Indonesia,
especially chrysanthemum were efforts to increase the production and quality of flowers chrysanthemum
for national demands are still hampered by low levels of ability technology mastered by farmers, while
the export market is still facing obstacles,
namely quality the resulting interest cannot compete with the
product from abroad, low level of production efficiency, government policies that have not been much
supportive, lack of access to international markets, and does not yet have a license for flower
development chrysanthemum from the country of origin of the chrysanthemum flower [3].
Chrysanthemums had a wide range of characters. It was the potential to create new varieties easily.
Even though some varieties of chrysanthemum have characteristics, breeders want to develop novel
varieties with outstanding blooms of ornamental value [4]. Chrysanthemum breeding prog
rams focused
on improving the characteristic of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. There was production,
vase life, and flower performance such as size, shape, and colour. It was also a functional metabolite in
the chrysanthemum. The functional ingredients in the chrysanthemum plant, from the leaves to the
flowers are beneficial for health, such as the content of catechins, anthocyanins, beta-carotene, and
vitamin C [5]. Breeding programs have also focused on improving various characteristics to enhance
ornamental values, including flower colour, size and form, and production quality [6].
The superior characters were obtained by the selection of the best traits from the parents. Many new
chrysanthemum varieties were crossed into Indonesia and adapted to the tropical area. Some characters

ICW-IBC-2023
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1255 (2023) 012021
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012021
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of new varieties were selected to recommend traits used in the breeding program.
The objectives of the research were to collect, select and categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to
be the parent’s resource for new breeding.
2. Material and Methods
The research was conducted in the greenhouse KST Cibinong Bogor from January to June 2023 and
Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI), Cianjur West Java (from 2021-
2023 for
hybridization, the release of the varieties and their propagation). New varieties of Chrysanthemum from
the Indonesian Ornamental Crops Research Institute (IOCRI) were used as germplasm selection for gen
resources in a breeding program. The new chrysanthemum varieties were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani,
Cayapati, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana, Trissa, and Tadasita varieties. The research consisted of 4
replications, with each replication consisting of 7 varieties, and each variety consisted of 20
plants
each replication. The parameter observation as sele
cted and desirable traits were the specific and
novelty characteristics as gen resources for breeding. They were vase life period, the shape of the flower,
colour, the number of petals, and the total number of flowers per plant, and adapted in low areas. All
parameters were taken from the description of chrysanthemum varieties released from the agriculture
ministry decree.
3. Result and Discussion
New
varieties of chrysanthemums could be a new gen pool resource for the breeding program. Both
conventional and biotechnology methods create a novelty variety through the selection procedure. The
selection was effective if they have a wide range of population. Some of the new chrysanthemum
varieties have the potential to be gen resources as parent breeding.
3.1. Collection of chrysanthemum varieties as gen resources
New chrysanthemum varieties were collected from IOCRI. The collection was divided into two types
of Chrysanthemums, they were standard and spray types. Based on consumer preference, standard types
were dominate
d by white and yellow. While the spray types were more varied in colour, shape and size
(table 1).
Table 1. Classification of Chrysanthemums based on types and colour as gen resources.
Variety
Standard
Spray
colour
Puspita Nusantara
-
spray
Yellow
Jayani
standard
-
White
Cayapati
-
spray
Purple Group
Sabiya
-
spray
Yellow Group
Swarna Kencana
-
spray
Yellow orange
Trissa
-
spray
Red purple group
Tadasita
-
spray
Red Purple Group
Classification of chrysanthemums based on types was dominated by spray and Yellow colour groups
(table 1). Based on consumer preference, white and yellow dominated. Puspita Nusantara was
appropriate as a gen resource for hybridization in Chrysanthemum offspring for spray type (figure 1).
Desire yellow chrysanthemum progeny were obtained from these parents.

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Figure 1. The performance of Chrysanthemum cv. Puspita Nusantara (A) and Jayani (B).
Chrysanthemum cv. Puspita Nusantara was a superior variety and appropriate as a gen resource
because it had bright colour, resistance to Puccinia horianna and a long period of vase life. The
Chrysanthemum standard type was Jayani. This variety was white and appropriate as a gen resource for
standard type (figure 1).
3.2.
Selection of chrysanthemum varieties as gen resources.
The selection was an important step for focusing to choose desirable traits. The desirable traits as the
breeding objective were vase life period, flower shape, colour, number of petals, and the total number
of flowers per plant, and adapted in low land areas (table 2). Chrysanthemums were complex hybrids,
and genetic material of multiple species is used during a long period of breeding and selection [7].
There were
many variations in Chrysanthemum as new
-gen resources (table 2). It was like [1]
research that the chrysanthemum flowers vary in shape, size, and colour and have played a key role due
to the interplay of genetic factors and genetic resources.
The characteristic of traits and performance of chrysanthemums were important for complying with
the ideotype requirement (table 2). It was related to the quality of the chrysanthemum. The external
quality of cut chrysanthemums is usually evaluated in terms of stem an
d leaf morphology and flower
characteristics. Each external quality aspect is influenced by several growing conditions that interact
with each other [8]. Another characteristic was the flower colour. Flower colour is determined by
flavonoids, carotenoids and betalains. The Flavonoid family demonstrated a wide range of orange to red
and purple to blue flowers, which can attract pollinators and protect against UV irradiation damage [9].
The use of resistant cultivars is one of the most efficient approaches for overcoming white rust disease
in chrysanthemum cultivation. White rust disease was caused by Puccinia h
orianna [10]. Similar to
previous research, the new variety of Chrysanthemum cv. Puspita Nusantara was resistant to Puccinia
horianna (table 2). It was appropriate to be a gen resource for breeding chrysanthemums for resistance
to Puccinia horianna.
All the chrysanthemums are cultivated in medium and highland areas (table 2). It was to be limited
to chrysanthemum production and cultivation. It was the reason that the low area’s Chrysanthemum
variety was important to create. Another reason why chrysanthemums
were just cultivated in highland
areas was that it was too limited in transportation, grower, and market segments [11]. Based on the
market-oriented and floriculture industries, it must be developing the adaptive chrysanthemum in
lowland areas. According to this requirement, chrysanthemums adapted to lowland areas were needed.
Swarna Kencana was adapted to the lowland area variety (the research is ongoing) (table
2).
In previous research, the success in the cultivation of Chrysanthemum is due principally to the great
diversity of cultivars, with innumerable colourations and flower forms as well as different sizes and
ways of rotating cultivars, always offering something new to the consumer [12]. Based on the report to
enrich the new cultivars of chrysanthemum, it was necessary to select superior characters as parents
breeding used the new varieties as gen resources (table 1, 2 & 3).
A
B
B
B

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Table 2. Selection of chrysanthemums as gen resources for breeding based on qualitative and
quantitative characteristics.
Variety
The
number
of
petals
Flower
shape
colour
Total
number of
flowers
per plant
Adapted
low land
area
Vaselife
Main Feature
(Tadasita)
Alpha
x
Tirta
Ayuni
38 – 44
petals
Double
Red Purple
Group RHS
71B
10 – 13
High
land area
10 - 14
days after
harvest
Flower shape:
double, spray,
oval
leaves shape
Puspita
Nusantara)
Tawn Talk x
Saraswati (PN)
37 ±5,29
petals
single
Yellow
Group
13
A
Colour
chart
CAB
37 ± 5,29
Medium
and
highland
area
14
days
after
harvest
Resistance to
Puccinia
horianna
Trissa (clone
84.02 x clone
84.08)
27 – 29
petals
Double
Red purple
group RHS
60A
18 -22
High
land area
15 – 18
days after
harvest
Flower shape:
double, spray, red
flower
(Swarna
Kancana)
Town Talk x
Dewi Ratih
39 – 49
petals
Single
Yellow-
orange
groups 15
A
15 - 18
High
land area
(Low
land
area,
ongoing
research)
10 – 12
days after
harvest
Yellow-range
groups
15 A
Sabiya
(Hawaiian x
Tirta Ayuni)
18 – 23
petals
double
Yellow
group RHS
colour
chart 5A
9 -13
High land
area (700
– 1.200
MASL)
17 – 21
days after
harvest
Flower shape:
double,
spray,
yellow flower
Cayapati
(Alpha x Tirta
Ayuni)
18 – 23
petals
Ganda
Purple
group RHS
N78 A
10 - 15
High
land area
14 – 17
days after
harvest
Flower shape:
double, spray,
red flower,
Purple with
anthocyanin in
stem
Jayani
(Essential
inheritance
fro
m Snow
White variety)
230-290
petals
Single
White
1
High land
area (750
– 1.200
MASL)
14 – 16
days after
harvest
A big stem
showed a strong
stem for big
flowers and a
long vase life.
3.3. Categorize new chrysanthemum hybrids to be the parent’s resource for new breeding.
Plant breeding has
contributed to the development of genetically improved crop varieties. It also
enriched the crop germplasm base by evolving genetically superior varieties for cultivation [13].

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doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1255/1/012021
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Breeding of Chrysanthemum was important to create new varieties and novelty. The parent’s genetics
were essential to inherit progenies. The way to create new novelties must be to know the characteristics
of the parents first. The categorization of the characteristics of parents was needed for these goals (table
3).
Table 3. Categorized based on the prior traits and superior characters for the gene pool.
Variety
Prior Traits of Variety
Diameter
of flowers
Tadasita
The colour of the flower buds is purple (Red-Purple Group RHS 71
B) the colour of the flower disk is greenish yellow (Yellow-Green
Group RHS 153 C)
3.7 – 5.1 cm
Puspita Nusantara
Resistance to Puccinia horianna
5.85 cm
Trissa
Double flower
shape, spray flower type, red flower colour
5.2 – 6.4 cm
Swarna Kencana
Yellow-orange groups 15 A Royal Hort. Colour Chart
6.8 – 6.9 cm
Sabiya
The colour of the flower buds is bright yellow, with a greenish
flower disc, the spray flower type with a double flower shape with
many petals, and the diameter of the flower buds are medium.
5.8
–
7.9 cm
Cayapati
Double flower shape, spray type with purple flower buds
3.7 – 4.4 cm
Jayani
Large and sturdy stems to support large flower sizes and relatively long
flower freshness.
13
–
15 cm
Besides the genetic resource, the quality performance and yield production were influenced by
cultivation management. One of the essential things was nutrient availability. Enough available
nutrients in the substrate ensured proper biomass production, such as a sufficient plant weight and
quality of flowers [14].
Another potential character suggested was secondary metabolite for functional compounds in
chrysanthemums. In previous research, chrysanthemum leaves have four compounds from groups of
alcohol, acetic acid and organosilicon identified, whereas, in callus culture from the stem, explants
identified eight compounds from aldehydes, esters, alkanes, and carboxylic acids group [15].
4. Conclusion
The idiotype of chrysanthemum was used indicator for an ideal product of chrysanthemum. These
indicators were used as criteria and traits as objectives in the breeding programme. New varieties of
Chrysanthemum obtained from IOCRI breeder have some criteria to idiotype of chrysanthemum. The
traits were the size of flowers/ diameter of flower (more than 6 cm diameter), resistance to Puccinia
horianna, colour and flower shape. Based on the criteria, the recommended varieties for gene resources
as parent’s breeding were Puspita Nusantara, Jayani, Sabiya, Swarna Kencana and Trissa varieties. The
recommended variety for the adapted lowland area was Swarna Kencana.
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