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Vulnerabilidade socioambiental e gestão de riscos em zona costeira
Abstract
A Série Estudos Cindínicos de âmbito temático e visa publicar manuscritos inéditos que os autores entendam submeter-lhe e que tenham resultado de trabalhos de investigação relacionados com as ciências cindínicas. Lançada em 2018, pretende compilar contributos diversos, provenientes tanto de autores de diferentes nacionalidades, cujas realidades estão sujeitas a vários tipos e graus de riscos, como de distintas áreas de investigação, cobrindo assim uma vasta diversidade de regiões e de temas, dentro das ciências cindínicas. O objetivo principal será o de contribuir para a produção de conhecimento associado a estas ciências, tendo em vista a sua aplicação operacional, bem como o envolvimento da sociedade na prevenção de riscos, ou, no caso de eles se manifestarem, na mitigação dos danos e na reabilitação das áreas afetadas.
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No contexto das mudanças climáticas, o aumento dos desastres naturais relacionados à erosão e inundação está entre as maiores ameaças a que sistemas costeiros ao redor do mundo estão sujeitos. Estima-se que o nível médio global do mar (Global Mean Sea Level-GMSL) pode aumentar em aproximadamente 1,10 m no século 21, além do aumento na frequência de formações ciclônicas. Como consequência, no Brasil, os desastres naturais costeiros poderão se tornar mais frequentes e intensos principalmente nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste. Dessa forma, no presente trabalho foram identificados e mapeados os desastres naturais associados à erosão e inundação costeira, entre 1998 e 2020, que ocorreram nos municípios em contato com o oceano aberto, pertencentes à zona costeira do estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão e datação dos desastres naturais costeiros, a partir de quatro bases oficiais de dados: website da Defesa Civil do Estado de Santa Catarina; Sistema Integrado de Informações sobre Desastres (S2ID); Atlas de Desastres Naturais do Estado de Santa Catarina; e Atlas Brasileiro de Desastres Naturais. Como resultados e principais conclusões obteve-se que: a) ocorreram mais desastres costeiros no litoral médio e norte do estado entre os anos de 1998 e 2020; b) há uma tendência no aumento dos desastres naturais a partir do ano de 2016 na área de estudo; e c) as estações de outono, inverno e primavera são mais impactantes para o litoral do estado de Santa Catarina. Palavras-chave: Desastres naturais, erosão costeira, inundação costeira, sobreelevação do nível do mar, mudanças climáticas. ABSTRACT The increase in natural disasters frequency related to erosion and flooding, intensified by climate change, represents one of the greatest threats to coastal systems and low-lying areas around the world. It is estimated that the Global Mean Sea Level (GMSL)
The complexity of global changes and their effects on social-ecological systems motivate the development of more integrated and innovative management approaches to balance the society-nature relationship. With the challenge of meeting global demands and considering local impacts, Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) emerges as an assessment and action strategy with the potential to qualify social-ecological interactions. In this sense, sandy beaches are an important and complex social-ecological system whose management has been historically characterized by a reductionist, immediatist, fragmented and technocratic approach - all challenges for EBM implementation. This article aims to discuss opportunities to incorporate EBM in beach management and the challenges to its implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). GBE can guide beach management processes towards achieving sustainability. Despite the challenges faced in LA&C, GBE implementation must be strengthened in the region to support beach sustainability through the promotion of transdisciplinarity and international cooperation.
O Macrodiagnóstico da Zona Costeira e Marinha do Brasil é um instrumento de gestão previsto no Decreto 5.300/04, que regulamentou a lei do Gerenciamento Costeiro no país. Reúne informações, em escala nacional, sobre as características físico-naturais e socioeconômicas da zona costeira, com a finalidade de orientar ações de preservação, conservação, regulamentação e fiscalização dos patrimônios naturais e culturais.
A Geoecologia da Paisagem tem sua gênese nos trabalhos realizados no século XIX por Humbolt, Lomonosov e Dokuchaevb. Durante o século XX, trabalhos realizados por pesquisadores de todo o mundo legaram um corpo teórico e metodológico coerente e suficientemente fértil sobre o assunto, permitindo a conjunção de visões, durante certo tempo, contraditórias.
Devido ao rico arsenal conceitual e aos métodos de estudos elaborados, a Geoecologia da Paisagem pode enquadrar-se como uma ciência ambiental, que oferece uma contribuição essencial no conhecimento da base natural do meio ambiente, entendido como o meio global. O presente trabalho, portanto, tem, como propósito fundamental, apresentar os elementos conceituais, teóricos, metodológicos e práticos da Geoecologia da Paisagem.
Portugal’s mainland has hundreds of thousands of people living in the Atlantic coastal zone, with numerous high economic value activities and a high number of infrastructures that must be adapted and protected from natural coastal hazards, namely, extreme storms and sea level rise (SLR). In the context of climate change adaptation strategies, a reliable and accurate assessment of the physical vulnerability to SLR is crucial. This study is a contribution to the implementation of flooding standards imposed by the European Directive 2007/60/EC, which requires each member state to assess the risk associated to SLR and floods caused by extreme events. Therefore, coastal hazard on the Atlantic Coast of Portugal’s mainland was evaluated for 2025, 2050, and 2100 over the whole extension due to SLR, with different sea level scenarios for different extreme event return periods. A coastal probabilistic flooding map was produced based on the developed probabilistic cartography methodology using geographic information system (GIS) technology. The Extreme Flood Hazard Index (EFHI) was determined on probabilistic flood bases using five probability intervals of 20% amplitude. For a given SLR scenario, the EFHI is expressed, on the probabilistic flooding maps for an extreme tidal maximum level, by five hazard classes ranging from 1 (Very Low) to 5 (Extreme).
In the face of accelerating climate change, urbanization and the need to adapt to these changes, the concept of resilience as an interdisciplinary and positive approach has gained increasing attention over the last decade. However, measuring resilience and monitoring adaptation efforts have received only limited attention from science and practice so far. Thus, this paper aims to provide an indicator set to measure urban climate resilience and monitor adaptation activities. In order to develop this indicator set, a four-step mixed method approach was implemented: (1) based on a literature review, relevant resilience indicators were selected, (2) researchers, consultants and city representatives were then invited to evaluate those indicators in an online survey before the remaining indicator candidates were validated in a workshop (3) and finally reviewed by sector experts (4). This thorough process resulted in 24 indicators distributed over 24 action fields based on secondary data. The participatory approach allowed the research team to take into account the complexity and interdisciplinarity nature of the topic, as well as place- and context-specific parameters. However, it also showed that in order to conduct a holistic assessment of urban climate resilience, a purely quantitative, indicator-based approach is not sufficient, and additional qualitative information is needed.
Based on the Urban Climate System articulated in approach to Geography of Climate this study had developed by comparative processes between the urban climates of Santos - Brazil, Maputo - Mozambique and Brisbane - Australia. The three cities are located in Southern Hemisphere, located in the south of Tropic of Capricorn, and positioned in eastern sectors of each country. The three cities shows the rainfall patterns of tropical climate and occurrences of floods registered annually and located in counties on different moments of uneven and combined development. The objective was to investigate the constitution of urban climates at the same climatic domain witth different moments of development. That is why the rainfall impacts on the cities are not seen as an adverse climatic event. Otherwise, it is a phenomena of the urban climate, a classical geographical problem that embodied in sociospatial structure. The research was organized with: precipitation monthly and interannual variability analysis from 1951 to 2015; identification of sinoptic systems in the tropical world and coastal sectors; characterization of urban structure and susceptibility to floods; elaboration if social vulnerability index to natural disasters; historical geography of urbanization analysis. Ther comparative analisys offers a equalization moments of occupation of environmentally fragile areas and naturally susceptible to disasters, and differentiation moments as processes of sociospatial vulnerabilization. These characteristics shows a particularity of urban climates by relativization of natural hazards and the sociospatial selectivity of impacts. In this way, sociospatial conditions and processes for vulnerability to natural hazards are associated with spatiotemporalities forms and support of mitigation and overcoming risks. The result is a urban climates built in places and countries at different times of the development. This is organized by the historical experience of the places, the urban climat is a product of knowledge about the natural dynamics that was promoted by cumulative technical-scientific interventions and flood control, for maintenance and reproduction of social relations of production of nature.
O uso compartilhado de recursos naturais demanda sistemas alternativos de governança que levem em conta os conflitos causados pela diversidade de usos de um mesmo território e deem espaço e voz aos atores sociais ali atuantes. Isso é especialmente necessário na Zona Costeira (ZC), região de interface entre os ecossistemas terrestres e marinhos, responsável por diversas funções e serviços ecossistêmicos, e sujeita a múltiplos usos, o que gera conflitos e torna sua gestão complexa. Com o objetivo de contribuir para a gestão costeira integrada na tomada de decisão sobre o uso da Baía do Araçá, o projeto Biota-Araçá realizou um processo de diagnóstico e planejamento participativo que mobilizou diferentes atores da região, consolidado no Plano Local de Desenvolvimento Sustentável da Baía do Araçá, (PLDS/ARAÇÁ 2016). Apesar de focado na baía, os métodos empregados para construção deste podem ser adaptados e aplicados a outras regiões. Assim, visando a disseminar esses métodos, neste capítulo são apresentados os conceitos orientadores e a estratégia utilizada na elaboração do PLDS da Baía do Araçá, bem como o processo heurístico de aprendizagem da equipe na sua elaboração.
Sea-level rise (SLR) poses a range of threats to natural and built environments in coastal zones around the world. Assessment of the risks due to exposure and sensitivity of coastal communities to coastal flooding is essential for informed decision-making. Strategies for public understanding and awareness of the tangible effects of climate change are fundamental in developing policy options. A multidisciplinary, multinational team of natural and social scientists from the USA, the UK, and Brazil developed the METROPOLE Project to evaluate how local governments may decide between adaptation options associated with SLR projections. METROPOLE developed a participatory approach in which public actors engage fully in defining the research problem and evaluating outcomes. Using a case study of the city of Santos, in Brazil, METROPOLE developed a method for evaluating risks jointly with the community, comparing ‘no-action’ to ‘adaptation’ scenarios. At the core of the analysis are estimates of economic costs of the impact of floods on urban real estate under SLR projections through 2050 and 2100. Results helped identify broad preferences and orientations in adaptation planning, which the community, including the Santos municipal government, co-developed in a joint effort with natural and social scientists.
Fostering resilience in the face of environmental, socioeconomic, and political uncertainty and risk has captured the attention of academics and decision makers across disciplines, sectors, and scales. Resilience has become an important goal for cities, particularly in the face of climate change. Urban areas house the majority of the world's population, and, in addition to functioning as nodes of resource consumption and as sites for innovation, have become laboratories for resilience, both in theory and in practice. This paper reviews the scholarly literature on urban resilience and concludes that the term has not been well defined. Existing definitions are inconsistent and underdeveloped with respect to incorporation of crucial concepts found in both resilience theory and urban theory. Based on this literature review, and aided by bibliometric analysis, the paper identifies six conceptual tensions fundamental to urban resilience: (1) definition of ‘urban’; (2) understanding of system equilibrium; (3) positive vs. neutral (or negative) conceptualizations of resilience; (4) mechanisms for system change; (5) adaptation versus general adaptability; and (6) timescale of action. To advance this burgeoning field, more conceptual clarity is needed. This paper, therefore, proposes a new definition of urban resilience. This definition takes explicit positions on these tensions, but remains inclusive and flexible enough to enable uptake by, and collaboration among, varying disciplines. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the definition might serve as a boundary object, with the acknowledgement that applying resilience in different contexts requires answering: Resilience for whom and to what? When? Where? And why?
The landscape of disaster resilience indicators is littered with wide range of tools, scorecards, indices that purport to measure disaster resilience in some manner. This paper examines the existing qualitative and quantitative approaches to resilience assessment in order to delineate common concepts and variables. Twenty seven different resilience assessment tools, indices, and scorecards were examined. Four different parameters were used to distinguish between them—focus (on assets baseline conditions); spatial orientation (local to global), methodology (top down or bottom up), and domain area (characteristics to capacities). There is no dominant approach across these characteristics. In a more detailed procedure, fourteen empirically based case studies were examined that had actually implemented one of the aforementioned tools, indices, or scorecards to look for overlaps in both concepts measured and variables. The most common elements in all the assessment approaches can be divided into attributes and assets (economic, social, environmental, infrastructure) and capacities (social capital, community functions, connectivity, and planning). The greatest variable overlap in the case studies is with specific measures of social capital based on religious affiliation and civic organizations, and for health access (measured by the number of physicians). Based on the analysis a core set of attributes/assets, capacities, and proxy measures are presented as a path forward, recognizing that new data may be required to adequately measure many of the dimensions of community disaster resilience.
Problem, research strategy and findings: A pre-disaster recovery plan that considers how a community should be redeveloped is a logical first step to support resiliency during high uncertainty and rapid change, yet limited attention has been given to recovery plans. In this study, we evaluate local disaster recovery planning in eight southeastern states and find that such planning receives limited public support: Less than one-third of vulnerable local jurisdictions had a recovery plan, and those plans received low plan quality scores. Unfunded state mandates produce weaker plans than plans in other states without mandates. We find that a collaborative network of stakeholders initially intent on reordering priorities results in stronger plans. Takeaway for practice: Local recovery planning should be designed to operate under conditions of high uncertainty. Local jurisdictions can choose plan design options that reflect how they build capability for recovery planning: 1) standalone community-wide recovery plan; 2) comprehensive land use plan; 3) emergency management plan; and 4) small area recovery plan. Because recovery planning lacks a public constituency, and is new to most local jurisdictions, the stand-alone community-wide recovery plan design option is the most effective at building local commitment. This option involves a plan-making process that concentrates time, effort, and resources focused on a building a network of stakeholders who likely have the greatest responsibility in rebuilding efforts because they care most about the impacts of a disaster.
There is increasing policy and research interest in disaster resilience, yet the extant literature is still mired in definitional debates, epistemological orientations of researchers, and differences in basic approaches to measurement. As a consequence, there is little integration across domains and disciplines on community resilience assessment, its driving forces, and geographic variability. Using US counties as the study unit, this paper creates an empirically-based resilience metric called the Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities (BRIC) that is both conceptually and theoretically sound, yet, easy enough to compute for use in a policy context. A common set of variables were used to measure the inherent resilience of counties in the United States according to six different domains or capitals as identified in the extant literature – social, economic, housing and infrastructure, institutional, community, and environmental. Data were from public and freely accessible data sources. Counties in the US Midwest and Great Plains states have the most inherent resilience, while counties in the west, along the US-Mexico border, and along the Appalachian ridge in the east contain the least resilience. Further, it was found that inherent resilience is not the opposite of social vulnerability, but a distinctly different construct both conceptually and empirically. While understanding the overall variability in resilience, the BRIC is easily deconstructed to its component parts to provide guidance to policy makers on where investments in intervention strategies may make a difference in the improvement of scores. Such evidence-based research has an opportunity to influence public policy focused on disaster risk.
State mitigation plans play a critical role in supporting disaster loss reduction and long-term resiliency of human communities. The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 requires all states to prepare mitigation plans. Based on six principles of plan quality, we content analyzed a sample of 30 coastal state plans to determine how well they support mitigation. Findings indicate that although plans scored moderate to low for all plan quality principles, plan quality has modestly improved over the past decade. In addition, some states scored low for one principle, which can undermine implementation of otherwise high-scoring plans for the remaining principles. Recommendations are offered on how plan quality evaluation can be used to guide and monitor state development of hazard mitigation plans.
Resilience thinking addresses the dynamics and development of complex social–ecological systems (SES). Three aspects are central: resilience, adaptability and transformability. These aspects interrelate across multiple scales. Resilience in this context is the capacity of a SES to continually change and adapt yet remain within critical thresholds. Adaptability is part of resilience. It represents the capacity to adjust responses to changing external drivers and internal processes and thereby allow for development along the current trajectory (stability domain). Transformability is the capacity to cross thresholds into new development trajectories. Transformational change at smaller scales enables resilience at larger scales. The capacity to transform at smaller scales draws on resilience from multiple scales, making use of crises as windows of opportunity for novelty and innovation, and recombining sources of experience and knowledge to navigate social–ecological transitions. Society must seriously consider ways to foster resilience of smaller more manageable SESs that contribute to Earth System resilience and to explore options for deliberate transformation of SESs that threaten Earth System resilience.
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Os seus principais temas de investigação são: Ensino da Geografia
- Presidente Da Direção
Presidente da Direção RISCOS. Os seus principais
temas de investigação são: Ensino da Geografia; Geografia e Riscos
Sociais; Geografia das Migrações.