A Comparative Analysis Between Western and Islamic Psychological Thoughts

Abstract

A Comparative Analysis Between Western and Islamic Psychological Thoughts

M.M.Firose,
Lecturer, department of social sciences,
Faculty of arts & culture, SEUSL.
Correspondence: drfirosemm@seu.ac.lk

Abstract

Improvement in lifestyle and urbanization have brought about significant changes in the mental well-being of people. Due to the drive for economic comfort, urban dwellers are subjected to unnecessary stress, anxiety, conflict, confusion, and various other adverse psychological conditions. These psychological issues have led to struggles, particularly among city dwellers, without due consideration of religious and moral norms in life. Based on this premise, this small-scale study examines the concept of psychological well-being based on selected schools of thought of Western and Islamic psychology. A proper understanding and care for mental health can lead to a more meaningful life, enabling individuals to find peace and harmony within themselves and in their external environment. This study highlights those western theories of human nature and psychology, as discussed in this study, are primarily based on materialist and secular worldviews. However, in recent times, with scientific research proving inadequate in solving all issues related to humanity and psychology, Western psychology has adapted, incorporating some religious and philosophical ideas from the East into its previously purely secular perspective. The concept of human nature advocated by Islamic psychology is distinct and unique from that of Western psychology. Because it provides detailed information about the human being. Man's appearance before birth provides a comprehensive understanding of his earthly life and ultimately the condition he faces after death. Islamic psychology not only provides solutions on how to treat mental health problems but also prescribes methods to prevent mental illnesses.

Full text

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
203
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
Nkw;fj;Nja kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa cstpay;
rpe;jidfSf;fpilapyhd xU xg;gPl;L gFg;gha;T
M.M.Firose
Department of Social Sciences
Faculty of Arts & Culture
South Eastern university of Sri Lanka
Correspondence: drfirosemm@seu.ac.lk
Ma;Tr; RUf;fk;
tho;f;if Kiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; efukakhf;fy; cyfpd; gy gFjpfspd; cs;s
kf;fspd; cseydpy; gy ghupa khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. nghUshjhu
trjpAs;;stu;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ce;Jjyhy; efu;g;Gw kf;fs; Njitaw;w
kd mOj;jk;> gjl;lk;> Kuz;ghLfs;> jLkhw;wk; kw;Wk; gy;NtWgl;l gpw ghjfkhd
cstpay; epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gl;Ls;sdu;. ,e;j cstpay; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf>
kf;fs; Fwpg;ghf efuq;fspy; thOk; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; rka uPjpahd> xOf;f
uPjpahd epakq;fis fUj;jpw;nfhs;shky; vjpu;kiwahd topfspy; Jyq;Ffpd;wdu;.
,jdbg;gilapy; ,e;j rpwpa mstpyhd Ma;thdJ> cseyd; njhlu;ghd
vz;zf;fUtpid njupT nra;ag;gl;l Nkiyj;Nja kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa cstpaypd;
rpe;jidg;gs;spfspd; mbg;gilapy; Muhatpisfpd;wJ. cs MNuhf;fpak; njhlu;ghd
rupahd GupjYk; mJ njhlh;ghd fupridAk; xU mu;j;jKs;s tho;f;iff;F
topfhl;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; jdf;Fs;Sk; ntspg;Gw #oypYk; mikjp kw;Wk;
ey;ypzf;fj;ij fz;lwpa tha;g;gpid Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,t;tha;tpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj
,ay;G> cseyk; kw;Wk; cstpay; njhlu;ghd Nkw;fj;Nja Nfhl;ghLfs; midj;Jk;
nghUs; Kjy;thj kw;Wk; kjr;rhu;gw;w cyff;fz;Nzhl;lq;fis mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lit vd;gij ,e;j Ma;T vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. rkPgfhykhf tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk;
mwptpay; Ma;Tfs; %yk; kdpjd;> cseyk; kw;Wk; cstpay; njhlu;ghd midj;J
gpur;rpidfisAk; jPu;f;f ,ayhik> Nkw;fj;Nja cstpay; fpof;fpypUe;J rpy rka
kw;Wk; jj;Jtf;fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; kdpjd; kPjhd mjd; Kw;wpYk;
rkarhu;;gw;w fUj;Jf;fis khw;wptpl;lJ. ,];yhkpa cstpayhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l
kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa fUj;J Nkw;fj;Nja cstpaypy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ kw;Wk;
jdpj;JtkhdJ. Vnddpy; mJ kdpjidg;gw;wpa tpupthd jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ.
kdpjdpd; gpwg;gpw;F Kd; mtdJ Njhw;wk; mtdJ ,t;Tyf tho;f;if kw;Wk;
,Wjpapy; ,wg;gpw;F gpd; mtd; vjpu;nfhs;s ,Uf;Fk; epiy vd;gd gw;wpa tpupthd
Gupjiy toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,];yhkpa cstpay; cseyg;gpur;rpidfSf;F vt;thW
rpfpr;iraspg;gJ vd;gjw;fhd jPu;it toq;FtNjhL kl;Lkd;wp csNeha;fis
jL;f;Fk; topKiwfisAk; gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.
gpujhd nrhw;fs;: cseyk;> cstpay; rpfpr;ir> ,];yhkpa cstpay;> Nkw;fj;Nja -
cstpay;

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
204
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
mwpKfk;
Nkw;fj;Nja kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa cstpay; rpe;jidfSf;fpilapyhd xU xg;gPl;L gFg;gha;T
vDk; ,t;tha;thdJ ntt;NtW rpe;jidg;gpupTfspd; cseyd; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fhf nfhz;Ls;sJld; Fwpg;ghf Nkw;fj;Nja cstpay;
rpe;jidahsu;fspd; rpe;jidfshd csg;gFg;Gf;nfhs;if (rpf;kz;l; gpuha;l; 1856 – 1939)>
elj;ijthjf;nfhs;if (N[.gp.thl;rd; 1879 – 1958 kw;Wk; ];fpd;du; 1904 – 1990)> kdpjNea
nfhs;if (Mgpufhk; kh];Nyh> fhu;y; Nuh[u; 1902 – 1987) vd;gtw;iw ,];yhkpa
fUj;jhf;fj;Jld; xg;gpLtjd; %yk; ,jid ,d;Dk; tpupthdjhf Muha KidfpwJ. cseyd;
njhlu;ghd ,r;rpe;jidfis Muha Kjy; kdpj ,ay;G kw;Wk; cstpay; njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfisg;gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;sy; Kjd;ikahdjhFk;. kdpj ,ay;G> cseyd; kw;Wk;
cstpay; rpfpr;ir Mfpa jiyg;Gfs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gilait kw;Wk; gpupf;f
Kbahjit.
cseyk; vd;why; vd;d?
cseyd; vd;gJ xU egupd; rkepiyahd cstpay; mikg;igf;Fwpf;fpd;wJ. MNuhf;fpakhd
cs MNuhf;fpaj;ij mDgtpf;Fk; xU egu; cseyf;NfhshWfspypUe;Jk; tpLgl Ntz;Lk;.
NkYk; cseydpd; ed;dpiy vd;gJ> jd;Ds;Sk;> jd;idr;Rw;wpAs;s r%f kw;Wk;
,aw;ifr;#oYlDk; ,zf;fkhf thOk; xU epiyia tpgupf;fpd;wJ.
cyf Rfhjhu ];jhgdj;jpd; $w;Wg;gb> cseyk; vd;gJ XUth; jdJ Mw;wy;fis mwpe;J
md;whl neUf;fPLfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;ff;$baJk;> jdJ gzpfis tpidj;jpwdhf
Kd;ndLf;ff;$baJkhd xU MNuhf;fpa epiyahFk;. ,e;epiy %yNk mth; jdJ
r%fj;jpw;Fk; gq;fspg;ig toq;f KbAk;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy;> cs MNuhf;fpaj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jjy;> ghJfhj;jy; kw;Wk; rPuikj;jy; vd;gd cyfpYs;s jdpegu;fs;> kw;Wk;
r%fq;fspd; Kf;fpa mf;fiwahf fUjg;gLfpd;wJ”(W.H.O).
jq;fs; czu;Tfs; kw;Wk; czu;r;rpfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j ,ayhikahy; cseyf;NfhshWfis
vjpu;nfhs;Sk; egu;fs;> jq;fs; gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;s xU cstsj;Jizahsu;>
cstpayhsu;> kUj;Jtu; kw;Wk; rpfpr;irahsupd; cjtp Njitg;gLgtu;fshf
tifg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whu;fs;. cyfkakhf;fy; kdpj tho;f;ifapd; rpf;fyhd jd;ikahy;
cseyg;gpur;rpidfspd; gl;bay; tpuptile;J nry;fpd;wJ.
Ma;tpd; Nehf;fk; (Objectives)
Nkiyj;Nja kw;Wk; ,];yhkpa cstpay; rpe;jidfis xg;gPL nra;jYk; mjd; eilKiw
uPjpahd jhf;fj;jpid gFg;gha;T nra;jYk; ,t;tha;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;.
gpuha;bad; (Freudian) csg;gFg;gha;tpd; gb kdpj ,ay;G
kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa gpuha;bd; fUj;Jf;fs; kpfTk; vjpu;kiwahdit. mtuJ fUj;Jg;gb
kdpjd; ghypay; J}z;LjYf;F mbikg;gl;l xU tpyq;fd;wp Ntwpy;iy. NkYk; kdpjd;
ghypay; J}z;Ljyhy; (Libidio) ce;jg;gLthdhapd; xU r%fkag;gLj;jg;glhj kw;Wk;
gFj;jwptw;w nray;fspy; <LgLthd;. mtuJ kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa vjpu;kiwahd Nehf;fhdJ
kdpjd; njhlu;ghd td;Kiw kw;Wk; Raeykhd jd;ik njhlu;ghd vLNfhspid
mbg;gilahf nfhz;ljhFk;.
mtek;gpf;ifAld; ,Ug;gijj;jtpu> xt;nthU kdpjDk; tho;f;ifapy; csg;ghYzu;r;rpfSld;
gpizf;fg;gl;Ls;shd; vd;w mDkhdj;jpidAk; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. MSik tsu;r;rpapy; xU
gps;is jhz;Lk; Ie;J gUtq;fis gpuha;l; ‘csg;ghypay; tsu;r;rpg; gUtq;fs;’ (Psycho sexual
stage od development) vd ngaupl;lhh;. NkYk; csg;ghypay; tpUj;jpapypUe;J (tha;top ,d;g
epiy> Fjtop ,d;g epiy> ghYWg;G epiy> kiwTf; fhyk;> ghypay; ,d;gepiy (oral stage,

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
205
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
anal stage, phallic stage, latency period and genital stage) jtpu;e;jpUe;jpUg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;
fhzg;gltpy;iy.
NkYk;> kdpjDf;F ,uz;L tifahd cs;Szu;Tfs;/Cf;fk;; ,Ug;gjhf gpuha;l; ek;gpdhu;.
Xd;W thopay; Cf;fk; (Eros) kw;waJ kuz Cf;fk; (Thanatos). grp> jhfk; kw;Wk; ghYwT
Nghd;w G+kpapy; kdpjd; tho;tjw;F mj;jpatrpakhd midj;ijAk; thopay; Cf;fk;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,e;j midj;J cs;Szu;TfSk; libido vDk; rf;jpapd; tbtj;ij
gad;gLj;jpNa njhopw;gLfpwJ. Libido vd;gJ mbg;gilapy; ghYzu;T rf;jpia Fwpj;jhYk;>
gpuha;l; mjid midj;J thopay; Cf;fiyAk; Fwpg;gpLk; tifapy; tpupthf
gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. kWGwk; kuz Cf;fk; vd;gJ Mf;fpukpg;G kw;Wk; mopTld; njhlu;GilaJ.
ngUk;ghyhd cstpayhsu;fs; kuz Cf;fiy gpuha;l; KOikahf tpsf;ftpy;iy vd
Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu; (George & Cristiani, 1990).
kdpj cs;sj;ij tpsf;Ftjpy; gpuha;l; Muk;gj;jpy; mjid %d;W gFjpfshf tFj;J
fl;likg;G uPjpahd xU tpgupg;ig Kd;itj;jhu;. mitahtd edtpyp (unconscious), Kd;ddT
(preconscious) kw;Wk; edT (conscious) vd;gdthFk;. edT epiy kdkhdJ kdpjdpd;
jd;idr;#o ,lk;ngWfpd;w epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghd xU tpopg;GepiyahFk;. mNj Neuk;>
Kd;ddT epiy vd;gJ fle;jfhyq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;Tfis jhd; tpUk;Gfpd;w NghJ
kPsf;nfhz;L tUtjhFk;. edtpyp epiy vd;gJ fle;jfhyq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;Tfis kPs
epidtpw;F nfhz;Ltu Kbahj epiyikahFk; (Morris, 1990). ,tuJ fUj;Jg;gb kdjpd;
edtpyp epiyahdJ rhjhuz epiyikfspy; kPsf;nfhz;Ltu KbahJ vd;gJ cWjpahFk;.
Mdhy; ,jd; cs;slf;fkhdJ fdTepiyapd; NghJ Mo;Japy; (hypnosis) %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jg;gl KbAk;.
gpd;du; kdpj kdk; njhlu;ghf tpupthd Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;lhu;. gpuha;l; kdpj kdk; njhlu;ghf
mtuJ fl;likg;G khjpupia ,l;> mfk;> mjpafk; (Id, Ego, Superego) vDk; gjq;fs; %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,g;gjq;fs; cs;sj;jpd; gFjpfis Rl;ltpy;iy. khwhf gpuha;l; jdJ
nfhs;ifapy; csf;fl;likg;Gf;fs; vdf;Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. ,jidNa mtu; MSik
tpUj;jpfNfhl;ghl;bYk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. mtuJ nfhs;ifg;gb Id MdJ ‘,d;gk; fhZk;
jj;Jtk;” (Pleasure principle) vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,J vkJ kdjpd; edtpypf;Fupa
nraw;ghl;Lj;jskhFk;. ,jd; kpf Kf;fpa mk;rk; ahnjdpy;> ,d;gj;jpid ehLjy;>
ftiyiaAk;> NtjidiaAk; jtpu;j;jy;. ,jd; jd;ikia Nehf;Fk; NghJ Nguhir gpbj;j
cldbahf jpUg;jpia ehLfpd;w ntspAyfpd; xOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; njhlu;ghf vj;jifa
fupridAk; nfhs;shj jd;ik fhzg;gLk;. mNjNtis Ego vd;gJ nka;ikj;; jj;JtkhFk;
(Reality principles). ,l; ,dJ nraw;ghlhdJ Gw cyf my;yJ ntspr; #oYld; nfhs;Sk;
njhlh;igg nghUe;jr; $ba mstpy; cUthf;f Kw;gLtJjhd; mfk;. ,J ,d;gj;
Njitf;Fk; rKjha gz;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;gpw;Fk; ,ilapy; nraw;gLtjhfTs;sJ. Id kw;Wk;
Super ego vd;gtw;wpw;fpilapy; eLtuhf njhopw;gLk;. Ego vd;gJ Id kw;Wk; Superego tpw;F
,ilapy; cld;ghl;bid Vw;gLj;jp kdpj cs;sj;jpy; mikjpia cz;lhf;Fgtuhf
njhopw;gLfpd;wJ. kdjpd; %d;whtJ $W Superego MFk; (Mohd Abbas Abdul Razak, 2011). ,J
xU jdpegupd; tho;f;ifapy; r%f kw;Wk; jhu;kPf newpKiwfspy;; kpfTk; mf;fiw
nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J ,yl;rpathj rpe;jidapd; fPo; ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. gpuha;bd; rpe;jidapd;
Kd;Ndw;wkhdJ kdpjid vt;thW xU ghYzu;r;rp tsu;r;rpf;F mbikgg;gl;l xU mwpthu;e;j
tpyq;fhf rpj;jupf;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjpy; rpy njspTfs; Ntz;b epw;fpd;wJ.
Id, Ego kw;Wk; Superego gw;wpa gpuha;bd; fUj;Jf;fis Muha;e;jhy; kdpjd; Kbtpy;yhj
gjw;wk;> kd mOj;jk;> Nkhjy;> neUf;fb> jLkhw;wk;> Fog;gk; kw;Wk; Kf;fpakhf Id kw;Wk;
Superego My; Vw;gLk; midj;J tifahd kdNehapay; gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; cs;shfpwhd;
vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. kdpjdpd; cstpay; rpf;fy;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit Id, Ego kw;Wk;
Superego Mfpatw;Wf;F ,ilNa ele;J tUk; Nghuhl;lj;jpdhy; Vw;gLtjhf $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
206
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
kdpjdpd; tsu;e;Njhu; gUt tho;;f;if ngUk;ghYk; mtdJ Foe;ijg;gUt mDgtj;jhy;
tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J Kf;fpakhf ghypay; ,ay;GilaJ vd;whh; (Stevenson, 1987).
gpuha;bd; rpe;jidia MuhAk;NghJ> edtpyp (Unconscious) gq;fpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
nfhLg;gjd; %yk; kdpj tho;f;ifapy; jdpg;gl;l tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; kfpo;r;rpapy; Rw;Wr;#oy;>
rfghbf;FOf;fs; kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j r%fj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhf;fj;ijAk; gq;fspg;igAk;
mtu; fUj;jpw;nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gjid mwpe;J nfhs;s KbAk;.
gpuha;bad; (Freudian) cstpay; gFg;gha;tpd;gb cs MNuhf;fpak;
csg;gFg;gha;T %yk; my;yJ gpuha;lhy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; kd MNuhf;fpak; vd;gJ xU
jdpegupd; cstpay; ey;tho;thFk;. Id, Ego kw;Wk; Superego vd;gd xUtu; thOk; ajhu;j;j
cyfj;jpw;F ,ilNa cs;s ,zf;fkhd cwTld; njhlu;GilaJ. kdpj cs;sj;jpd; epiyahd
,zf;fkhd epiy vd;gJ Id, Ego, Superego kw;Wk; ntsp cyfj;ij rkurk; nra;tjw;fhd Ego
My; nra;ag;gLk; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,J Id ,d; rpw;wpd;g Nfhupf;iffis (libidinal demands)
czu;e;J Superego My; epu;izf;fg;gLk; tuk;Gfis kPwhky; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
tha;g;Gfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjhFk;.
Id, Superego kw;Wk; ntsp cyfpy; mikjpia Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; Njhy;tpailtJ vd;gJ xU
egupd; cs;sj;jpy; Fog;gk; kw;Wk; rkurkw;wjd;ikia Fwpf;fpd;wJ. rkukw;w epiyapy; xU
egu; kd mOj;jk;> gjl;lk;> tpuf;jp kw;Wk; gy kdNeha;fs; Nghd;w cstpay; jhf;fq;fis
re;jpf;f NeupLk;. kdeyk; gw;wpa csg;gFg;gha;Tf;fUj;jpy; Id kw;Wk; Superego kw;Wk;
ajhu;j;jkhd ntsp cyfj;jpd; Nfhupf;iffis vjpu;nfhs;tjpy; ve;j jPtpu KidfSf;Fk;
nry;yhky; eLepiyg;gLj;Jk; rf;jpahf ego Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wJ. vdNt cs
MNuhf;fpaj;jpy; ego ,d; gq;F kpf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. vtUila cs;sj;jpy; ego xU tYthd
epiyapy;; fhzg;gLfpd;wNjh mtUila csk; xU MNuhf;fpak; nfhz;ljhff; fhzg;gLk;.
gpuha;bad; csg;gFg;gha;tpy; cstpay; rpfpr;ir
gpuha;bad; csg;gFg;gha;T rpfpr;ir ,uz;L Nehf;fq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Kjyhtjhf
Unconscious cs;stu;fis edthf;Ftjd; %yk; jdpegupd; Fzj;ijAk; elj;ijiaAk;
khw;wpaikg;gJ. ,uz;lhtJ Nehf;fk; Ego it tYg;gLj;JtjhFk;. Vnddpy; ,J xU
jdpegupd; elj;ijia ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F ,zq;fr;nra;Ak; mNjNtis rpw;wpd;g Nfhupf;iffSf;F
(libidinal demands) kpfTk; mbikahfhJ. cstpay; rpfpr;irapd; nraw;ghl;by; Nehahspapd;
Foe;ij gUt mDgtq;fs; kWfl;likf;fg;gLfpd;wd;> tpthjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd> tpsf;fg;Lfpd;wd
kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. cstpay; rpfpr;irapy; rpfpr;irahsuhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Kaw;rpahdJ> gpur;rpidfisj;jPu;g;gJ kw;Wk; Gjpa elj;ijia
gupe;Jiug;gJ kl;Lky;yhky;> Nehahsupd; fle;jfhy tho;f;if Kiwia Mokhf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpg;gjd; %yk; rpfpr;irtoq;Fdu; Nritehbapd; RaGupjiy
tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,J elj;ij khw;wj;jpw;F kpfTk; mtrpak; (Corey, 1986).
RUf;fkhf> gpuha;bd; nfhs;ifapy; cs;s cstpay; rpfpr;ir vd;gJ Id ,d; cs;slf;fq;fis
Muha;e;J gFg;gha;T nra;tjw;Fk; mjpy; khw;wq;fisr; nra;tjw;Fk; rpfpr;irahsu;
Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpiaf;Fwpf;fpwJ. Rpfpr;irehbAld; Rje;jpukhf njhlu;G nfhs;Sk; NghJ>
fdTfis tpsf;Ftjd; %yKk; rpfpr;irehb Mo;Japypd; fPo; ,Uf;Fk;NghJk; edtpyp
cs;sj;jpid rpfpr;irahsu; mZf KbAk;.

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
207
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
elj;ijthjj;jpd;gb (Behaviourism) kdpj ,ay;G
cstpaypd; xU rpe;jidg;gs;spahf elj;ijthjkhdJ J.B.Watson (1878-1958) ,dhy;
Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;rpe;jidg;gs;spahdJ kdpjd; nfhz;Ls;s cs;shu;e;j mwpit
ek;gtpy;iy. Watson ,d; $w;Wg;gb kdpjd; xU ,ae;jpug;nghUisj;jtpu Ntnwhd;Wkpy;iy.
mJ ve;jnthU gzpiaAk; nra;a epge;jidf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;L jpl;lkplg;glyhk; (Hayes, 1995).
gpwf;Fk; NghJ Foe;ijapd; kdk; kpfTk; J}a;ikahfTk; Rj;jkhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjd;
mDgtq;fis vOJtjw;F jahuhftpUf;fpd;wJ vd;w John Locke (1632-1704) ,d; xj;j fUj;ij
elj;ijthjj;jpd; je;ijahd Watson ck; nfhz;bUe;jhh;. Watson jtpu B.F. Skinner (1904-
1990) ck; elj;ijthjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fs;s xU cstpayhsu;fspy; xUtuhd ,tu;>
tpQ;Qhdj;jpdhy; kl;LNk ,aw;if kw;Wk; kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa cz;ikiag; Gupe;J nfhs;s
KbAk; vd;W ek;gpdhu;. mwptpaYf;F Kjyplk; nfhLg;gjd; %yk;> kdpj elj;ij gw;wpa
mDgtG+u;t Ma;T kdpjidg;gw;wpa cz;ikahd Gupjiy mila kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd
topahFk; vd;W thjpl;lhu; (Watson & John Broadus, 1928).
cstpay; tpQ;Qhd mZFKiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jp gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; elj;ijahsu;fs;>
kdpjid Ma;T kw;Wk; gupNrhjidf;fhf Ma;T$lj;jpw;F mioj;Jr;nry;tjd; %yk;
ve;jnthU kdpj elj;ijiaAk; Ma;T nra;ayhk; vd;w mDkhdj;jpw;F te;jdu;. NkYk;
tpyq;Ffs; kPJ elj;jg;gl;l gupNrhjidfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l KbTfs; kdpju;fisg;NghyNt
,Ug;gjhfTk; mtu;fs; Cfpj;J nghJikg;gLj;jpdu;. tpyq;Ffs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; elj;ijfs;
mbg;gilapy; fw;wy; mDgtj;jpd; tpisT vd;w nghJthd mDkhdj;Jld;> mtu;fs;
tpUk;gpa elj;ij khw;wj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Mf;f epiyAWj;jy; Nfhl;ghL kw;Wk;
njhopyprhh; epge;jidg;gLj;jy Nfhl;ghL (Classical and operant conditionaing) ,w;F mjpf
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpd;whu;fs;. midj;J kdpj elj;ijfisAk; J}z;b – Jyq;fy;
mbg;gilapy; tpsf;f KbAk; vd;W elj;ij thjpfs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. elj;ijthjj;jpd;
mbg;gilapy; kdpjdpd; J}z;bfs; ahTk; #oypy; ,Ue;J tUgitfNs md;wp kdpjdpd;
cs;shu;e;j uPjpapy; vJTk; tUtjpy;iy (Stevenson, 1987).
elj;ijthjpfs; kdpjdpd; cs;shu;e;j mwpT kw;Wk; gpwg;gpd; NghjpUe;Nj kdpjDs;
kiwe;jpUf;Fk; Mw;wy;fis mjpfk; ek;Gtjpy;iy vd;gjhy; kdpjd; ey;ytdh nfl;ltdh
vd;w Nfs;tpf;F eLepiyahd epiyg;ghl;il nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. vdNt kdpjdpd; ey;y
my;yJ nfl;l elj;ijfs; midj;Jk; kdpjd; mtd; thOk; #oypy; ,Ue;J
fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whd;. mtu;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> kdpjd; rhjhuz fw;wy; nrad;Kiw kw;Wk;
r%f fw;wy; %yk; fw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;whd;. kdpjd; jdJ elj;ijapd; %yk; kw;wtu;fis
ghjpf;Fk; kw;Wk; mNj Nghy; jdJ nrhe;j elj;ijapy; kw;wtu;fshy; nry;thf;fpw;F
cs;shfpd;w Nghf;Fk; cs;sJ. vdNt mtu;fs; fw;wypy; J}z;b – Jyq;fy;> kPstypAWj;jy;>
ntFkjp kw;Wk; jz;lid Mfpatw;wpw;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwhu;fs; (George &
Cristiani, 1990).
NkYk; kdpjd; jdJ nrhe;j elj;ijia fUj;jpaypy; fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAk; vd fUJfpd;whu;fs;.
kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa mtu;fspd;; fUj;jpy; eLepiyahd epiyg;ghl;il vLg;gjd; %yk;>
midj;J kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fk; nghJthdjhf ,Uf;ff;$ba cyfshtpa ngWkhdq;fs; my;yJ
newpKiwfs; (universal values or ethics) Nghd;w fUj;Jf;fis mtu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
khwhf xt;nthU kdpjDk; tsu;f;fg;gl;l fyhr;rhuk;> tpjpKiwfs; kw;Wk; gof;f tof;fq;fspd;
tpisnghUNs vd;W mtu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs; (Badri, 1996).
elj;ijthjj;jpd;;gb cs MNuhf;fpak;
cseyk; gw;wpa elj;ijthjf;fUj;J> r%fj;jpy; kw;wtu;fSld; xj;Jg;NghfTk;> gofTk;
cjTk; ,aw;ifahd ,ay;G kw;Wk; gof;f tof;fq;fis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhd xUtupd;
jpwid tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. jdpegupd; gof;f tof;fq;fs; mtu; thOk; #oypd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
208
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
eilKiwf;F ,zq;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa epiyapy; xUtu; ey;y kd MNuhf;fpaj;Jld;
,Ug;gjhff; fUjg;gLfpd;whu;. khwhf> r%fj;jhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbahj jtwhd
gof;ftof;fq;fis xUtu; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ my;yJ ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ mtu;
Nkhrkhd kdepiyapy; ,Ug;ghu;. mq;F jdpegupd; czu;r;rpfs; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. vdNt xU
egupd; ey;tho;itAk; mtuJ kd MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; jPu;khdpf;Fk; msTNfhy; Rw;Wr;#oYld;
njhlu;Gila r%f msTNfhyhFk; (Langgulung, 1981).
elj;ijthjj;jpy; cstpay; rpfpr;ir
elj;ijthjf;fUj;jpd; fPo; cstpay; rpfpr;ir vd;gJ Jizehbapd; rpy ,yf;F elj;ijfs;
kw;Wk; Neha; mwpFwpfis khw;Wtjw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahFk;. NkYk; csg;gFg;gha;tpd; %yk;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; kdpj cs;sj;jpy; Gyg;glhj cs;shu;e;j mk;rq;fis khw;Wk; Kaw;rpad;W
(Ewen, 1993). elj;ij khw;wk;> kw;Wk; elj;ij rpfpr;ir vd;gJ Jizehbf;F mtu;fspd;
elj;ijia khw;w cjTtjw;fhf rpfpr;irahsu;fs; Nkw;nfhs;fpd;w Kaw;rpia mit
tptupf;fpd;wd. elj;ij rpfpr;irahsu;fs; jtwhd elj;ijfisf; fz;lwptjpy; rpwg;ghf
nraw;gLthu; (Corey, 1986). NkYk; Nritehbf;F mtu;fspd; elj;ijfis Nkk;gLj;j cjTk;
eltbf;iffis gupe;Jiug;gjp;y; cstpay; rpfpr;irapd; NghJ toq;fg;gl;l El;gq;fs; kw;Wk;
Ra khw;wj;jpwd;fSld; mtu;fspd; elj;ijia ghjpf;Fk; gy;NtW fhuzpfspy; xd;W my;yJ
mjw;F Nkw;gl;ltw;iw khw;wpaikg;gjd; %yk; mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
jpwidf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; vd;W elj;ijthjpfs; fUJfpd;wdu;. elj;ij rpfpr;irapd; Kf;fpa
mk;rk; ahnjdpy; rpfpr;irapd; Nehf;fq;fisj; jPu;khdpg;gJ njhlu;gpy; Nritehbf;F
Kf;fpakhf $wg;gLk;. ,q;F Nritehb jdJ gpur;rpid njhlu;gpy; Mokhf Ra gupNrhjid
nra;AkhW topfhl;lg;gLfpd;whu; (Fadimen & Frager, 1994).
khdpltpay; cstpaypd; gb kdpj ,ay;G
csg;gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; elj;ijthjj;jpw;Fg; gpwF te;j kdpjNea cstpay; ngUk;ghYk;
cstpaypd; %d;whk; gpupthf miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ. kdpj ,ay;igg;gw;wpa kdpjNeaf;fUj;J
cstpay; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk; elj;ijapay; gs;spfspypUe;J kpfTk; NtWgl;lJ. kdpjNea
cstpayhsu; csg;gFg;Gf;fUj;Jf;F vjpuhdtu;fs;. kdpj tho;tpy; mt;tg;NghJ mjpfk;
typAWj;Jk; ,Uj;jypay; kw;Wk; epfo;tpay; (existential and phenomenology) jj;Jtq;fspypUe;J
ngw;w mk;rq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,t;Tstpay; gs;sp cUthdJ. 1950 fspy; mnkupf;fhtpYk;
INuhg;ghtpYk; njhlq;fpaJ. md;wpypUe;J ,e;j rpe;jidapd; nry;thf;F gbg;gbahf
tpuptile;J tUfpwJ. xU rpe;jidg;gs;spahf kdpjNea cstpayhdJ kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa
gpuha;bd; fUj;Jld; Kw;whf cld;gltpy;iy (Misiak & Sexton, 1973). gpuha;bd; fUj;J kdpjid
ghypay; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;G Mw;wy; epiwe;j xU tpyq;fhf rpj;jupj;jJ> mJ mtdJ
RaeyDf;fhf mtidf; fhl;Lkpuhz;bj;jdkhfTk; nghWg;gw;wtdhfTk; ,af;FfpwJ.
kdpjNea cstpaypd; Kf;fpa fupridfspy; xd;W> Nkw;fj;jpa cstpaypd; Ke;ija
rpe;jidg;gs;spfshy; ftdpf;fg;glhj kdpj ,ay;gpd; Neu;kiwahd gf;fq;fis
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;JtjhFk;. kdpjNea cstpayhsu;fs; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;Jk; gFjpfshf Ra-
mwpT> gFj;jwpT kw;Wk; gilg;ghw;wy; Nghd;wit fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; mtu;fs; kdpj
,ay;gpd; xU gFjpahf gFj;jwptw;w Nehf;fq;fs; ,Ug;gij xg;Gf;nfhs;sj; jtwtpy;iy.
mtu;fSf;F Kf;fpakhdJ jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; xt;nthU egUk; mtuJ mwpT kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l
mDgtj;jpd; fhuzkhf jdpj;Jtkhdtu; vd;gij typAWj;jpdhu;. mtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb
xt;nthU egupd; jdpj;jd;ikAk; xt;nthU egupd; ftdj;ijAk; mtu; ahu; vd;gijf;
fz;lwpa Ntz;Lk;. mj;jifa Kaw;rpapd; %yk; kl;LNk xU Rakhf ,aq;Fk; kdpjdhf
jdJ Mw;wy;fis KOikahf tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;s KbAk; (Maslow, 1968).
kdpjNea cstpaypd;gb cseyk;
kdpjNea cstpay; MNuhf;fpakhf ,Uf;Fk; kdpju;fis Kbe;jtiu jq;fs; jpwd;fis
czuf;$batu;fshf fUJfpd;wJ. kh];Nyhtpd; fUj;Jg;gb> cstpay; uPjpahf
MNuhf;fpakhd kf;fs; jq;fs; gytPdq;fis Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F Kaw;rp nra;ahtpl;lhYk;

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
209
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
mtw;iw xg;Gf;nfhs;thu;fs;. mtu;fs; r%fj;jhy; tpjpf;fg;gl;l kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk;
epakq;fshy; Msg;gLtjpy;iy. Mdhy; mtu;fspd; nrhe;j Fzhjpraq;fshy;
Msg;gLfpwhu;fs;. kh];Nyhtpd; $w;Wg;gb ey;y cs MNuhf;fpaj;ij tpUk;Ggtu;fs;
xg;gPl;lstpy; rpy ez;gu;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sdu; Mdhy; mtu;fs; jq;fs; ez;gu;fSld; kpfTk;
Mokhd kw;Wk; gydspf;Fk; el;ig mDgtpf;fpd;wdu;. cstpay; uPjpahf MNuhf;fpakhf
,Ug;gtu;fs; jq;fs; tho;tpy; cr;r epiyahd RaepiwTj; Njitia (Selfactualization)
mDgtpf;Fk; jpwd; nfhz;ltu;fshf fUjg;gLfpwhu;fs; (Langgulung, 1981).
kdpjNea cstpaypy; cstpay; rpfpr;ir
kdpjNea cstpaypy; cstpay; rpfpr;irahdJ Nritehb-ika rpfpr;iria (client-centred
therapy) mbg;gilahff;nfhz;lJ. ,jidg;gpugy;ag;gLj;jpa fhu;y; Nuh[u;];> ,jd; Nehf;fj;ij
typAWj;Jfp;d;whu;. ,J Nritehbapd; cldb kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;f cjTk;
mNjNtis mtu;fspd; tpUj;jpr; nraw;ghl;bYk; cjTtjhFk;. mj;NjhL kdpjNea
cstpaypy; cstpay; rpfpr;irAk; jdpegu;fis jq;fs; cz;ikahd Raj;ij fz;lwpa
KidfpwJ. Rpfpr;irapd; ,Wjp Nehf;fk;> rpfpr;irapy; <LgLk; egu;fs; KOikahf nray;gLk;
eguhf khw cjTtjhFk; (Burger, 1986).
kdpjNea cstpaypy; rpfpr;irahsu; jdJ NritehbfSld; xU ey;y cwit Vw;gLj;Jfpwhh;.
,J NritehbfSf;F rpfpr;irf;F Kd;du; ftdpf;fg;glhj my;yJ ghjpf;fg;gl;l jq;fs;
tho;f;ifapd; gFjpfis Muha;tjw;F Njitahd Rje;jpuj;ijAk; ijupaj;ijAk;
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ.
NkYk; cstpay; rpfpr;irapd; NghJ Nritehbapd; thu;j;ijfis kpfTk; ftdkhf Nfl;f
Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fspd; cs;sj;jpd; Moj;jpy; ,Ue;J ntspg;gLk; tplaq;fis ftdj;jpy;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL cstpay; rpfpr;irapd; NghJ rpfpr;irahsu; ve;jnthU KbntLg;gjpYk;
Nritehbia topelj;j ve;j mjpfhug+u;tkhd epiyf;Fk; nry;ykhl;lhu;. vdNt csey
rpfpr;irapd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Nritehbahy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk; elj;ij khw;wkhFk;. kdpj Nea
#oypy; cstpay; rpfpr;irahdJ Nritehbfspd; cldb epiyikia rup nra;tjpYk;
mtu;fis jahu;nra;tjpYk; mjpf mf;fiw nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,t;tZFKiw csg;gFg;gha;T
Kiwf;F Kw;wpYk; khw;wkhdjhFk; (Corey, 1986).
,];yhkpa cstpaypd;gb kdpj ,ay;G
,g;gpugQ;rj;jpYs;s midj;J gilg;GfspYk;> kdpjDf;F kl;LNk gy jdpj;Jtkhd Fzq;fs;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd. my;yh`;tplkpUe;J ,e;j jdpj;Jtkhd Fzq;fisg;ngWgtuhf> kdpjd;
gilg;Gfspd; gbepiyfapy; kpf cau;e;j ,lj;jpy; itf;fg;gLfpwhd;. ,e;j jdpj;Jtkhd
mk;rq;fspy; rpy> kdpjd; rpwe;j mikg;gpy;; gilf;fg;g;gl;lhd; (my;Fu;Md;> my;-jPd; : 1-4)>
Mf;fg;G+u;tkhd Ez;zwpTld; kdpjDf;F Ngr;R Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; Nju;Tr;Rje;jpuk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ (my;-gfwh: 31-34).
,];yhj;jpy; kdpjd; njhlu;ghd fUj;J
kdpjidg;gw;wpa ,];yhkpaf;fUj;J xU tpupthd kw;Wk; midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa
xd;whFk;. ,];yhkpa fUj;Jg;gb thdj;jpYk; g+kpapYk; cs;s midj;J gilg;GfspYk;
my;yh`;tpd; cau;e;j gilg;ghf kdpjd; fhzg;gLfpd;whd;. ,iwtd; kdpjid kpfTk;
mofhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; gilj;Js;shd; vd Fu;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. “cz;ikapy;
ehk; kdpjid rpwe;j tbtpy; gilj;Njhk;.” (my;-Fu;Md;> my;-jPd; : 4).
my;yh`;tpd; ghu;itapy; xU cd;dj epiyia mile;Jtpl;ljhy; kdpjd; vg;NghJk; me;j
epiyapy; ,Ug;ghd; vd;W cj;juthjk; mspf;f KbahJ. #uh my;-jPd; trdk; 5 ,y;
tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sgb> kdpjd; my;yh`;tpdhy; epu;zapj;j tuk;Gfis kPWk; NghJ
my;yh`;tpdhy; toq;fg;gl;l kfj;Jtkhd epiyapypUe;J tPo;e;JtpLfpd;whd;. vdNt>

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
210
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
my;yh`;tpd; ghu;itapy; fz;zpak; my;yJ ,opepiyia miltJ vd;gJ kdpjdhy;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l Nju;thFk;. NkYk; rpwe;j gilg;ghf ,Ug;gijj; jtpu> my;-Fu;Mdpy; kdpjd;
fyPgJy;yh`; (g+kpapy; my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjp vd miof;fg;gLfpd;whd;. my;yh`;tplkpUe;J
kdpjd; ngw;w mUl;nfhilfspy; mjpfhuk;> nray; Rje;jpuk;> Gj;jpf;$u;ik Nghd;wit
cs;slq;Fk;. gpujpepjp vd;w gl;lk; kdpjid my;yh`;tplj;jpy; xU nfsutkhd epiyapy;
itf;fpwJ (Al-Maududi, 1992).
my;yh`;tpd; gpujpepjp vd;w mtdJ epiy g+kpia MsTk;> epu;tfpf;fTk;> ghJfhf;fTk;
mtDf;F mjpfhuj;ij mspf;fpwJ. my;-nksJ}jp> jdJ my;-Fu;Md; tpsf;fTiuapy;>
kdpjdpd; epiyia Fwpg;gpLfpd;w NghJ kdpjd; jdf;F toq;fg;gl;l gjtpia kdpjd; ,uz;L
topfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk; vd;W tpsf;Ffpd;whu;. jPik kw;Wk; mePjpiag;gug;Gtjw;F
mjpfhuj;ij J\;gpuNahfk; nra;a my;yJ kdpjFyj;jpw;F ey;y tp\aq;fSf;F mtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.
“,Njh! ckJ ,iwtd; thdtu;fsplk; $wpdhd;> ehd; kdpjidg; gilf;fg;Nghfpd;Nwd;.
ePq;fs; mtUf;Fg; gzpe;J tpOe;J tzq;Fq;fs;” (my;-Fu;Md;> my;-`p[;u;: 28-29). mJ Nghy
Mjkpd; re;jjpahd midj;J kdpju;fSk; ,uz;L $Wfshy; Mdtu;fs;. fspkz;zpdhyhd
ngsjPf cly;> ,J kuzkilaf;$baJ. NkYk; &`; my;yJ Md;kh mopahjJ. mJ xU
egupd; kuzj;jpd; NghJ cliy tpl;L ntspNaWfpd;wJ.
kdpjd; my;yh`;Tld; cld;gbf;if nra;Js;shd;. mjhtJ MyKy; mu;thtpy;
(Md;khf;fspd; cyfk;) ,Ue;j NghJ> kdpjDf;Fk; mtDila ,iwtDf;Fk; ,ilNaahd
,e;j xg;ge;jk; kdpjd; ,t;Tyfpy; gpwg;gjw;F Kd;Ng nra;J nfhs;sg;gl;bUe;jJ. Rahman
(1988) ,d; fUj;Jg;gb> ,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd; %yk; xt;nthU kdpjdpd; cs;sj;jpYk;
my;yh`; xUtNd tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa xNu ,iwtd; vd;w mwpit my;yh`; gjpj;Js;shd;.
,e;j cld;gbf;ifapd; cs;slf;fk; kdpjdpd; Mo;kdjpypUe;J kPl;lf;$bajhf
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fy;tpapd; tif> r%f #oy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; cld;gbf;ifia
Kw;wpYkhf mopf;f KbahJ. Mdhy; kdpjdpd; nraw;ghLfs;> kdpjdpd; edthd gFjpf;F
cld;gbf;if ntspg;gLtijj; jLf;fpwJ. ,J jtpu jtwhf fy;tp kw;Wk; vjpu;kiw
r%fj;jhf;fq;fshy; Vw;gLk; ghjpg;Gf; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; cld;gbf;if xU rj;jpakhf
kdpjdpd; Mo;kdjpy; nghjpe;Js;sJ.
,];yhj;jpy; epu;ge;jkpy;iy. kdpju;fs; mtuJ tpUg;gg;gb> ey;ytuhfNth my;yJ
jPatuhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. my;Fu;Md; ,t;thW Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. “ehk; mtUf;F
topfhl;bNdhk;: mtu; ed;wpAs;stuhf ,Ue;jhYk; my;yJ ed;wpaw;wwtuhf ,Ue;jhYk;
(mtuJ tpUg;gj;jpd Ngupy;). ]Puh my;-gyhj; trdq;fs; 8- 10 ,y; njupT nra;Ak; rje;jpuk;
gw;wpa ,Nj Nghd;w tplaj;ij Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ.
,];yhkpa cstpaypd;gb cseyk;
,];yhkpa cstpaypy; cseyk; vd;gJ kdNehapypUe;J tpLgl;l xU jdpegupd; epiyia
tpgupg;gJ kl;Lky;yhky;> cseyj;ij guhkupf;fTk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; $ba gy Neu;kiwahd
mk;rq;fspYk; mjpfk; ftdk; nrYj;Jfpd;wJ. `rd; yhq;FYq;fpd; (1934 – 2008) fUj;Jg;gb>
,];yhj;jpd; ey;y xOf;fq;fisf; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; kdpjd; jpUg;jpiaAk; mikjpiaAk;
czu;fpwhd;. ey;y xOf;fk; kw;Wk; jPa gof;fq;fisj; jtpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; tho;tpy; ,opthd
elj;ijfisj; jtpu;j;jy; Mfpatw;wpw;F ,];yhkpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jy;. ,];yhj;jpy;
cs MNuhf;fpak; gw;wpa fUj;J tYthd mbj;jskhf ,];yhj;jpy; ey;y newpKiwfs; vd;W
`]d; fUJtjw;F fhuzk;> mJ xU jdpegiu xU ey;y cwitf; fl;bnaOg;g
Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ vd;gjhFk;. Nkw;$wg;gl;l rpwe;j cwTfisg; NgZtjpy; ntw;wpngWk; xU
egu; cseyj;jpy; Neu;kiwahd epiyia mile;Js;shu; vd ek;gg;gLfpwJ. Vnddpy; kdpjd;
kd mOj;jk;> gjl;lk;> nghwhik> Nfhgk; Nghd;w gy cstpay; gpur;rpidfs; fhuzkhf
cwTfs; rpije;J tpLfpd;wd. xU rpwe;j cs MNuhf;fpaj;ij miltjw;fhd jdJ
Kaw;rpapy;> ‘j];fpahj; my;-eg;]’; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Md;kPf Rj;jpfupg;G nrad;Kiwia

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
211
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
kdpjd; Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W ,];yhkpa cstpay; NkYk; tpgupf;fpd;wJ. Md;kPf
Rj;jpfupg;gpd; NghJ kdpjDila Md;kPf Neha;fs; kUe;Jfs; kw;Wk; mWitr;rpfpr;irapd;wp
jpf;u; (jpahdk; /my;yh`;tpd; epidT)> jpyhth (Fu;Md; XJjy;)> njsgh (ghtkd;dpg;G)
Nghd;w Md;kPf rpfpr;irfs; %yk; Fzg;gLj;j KbAk; (Rahman, 1988).
xU Neu;kiwahd cs MNuhf;fpaj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf> xU rpwe;j rpe;jidahsu;> jj;Jtthjp
kw;Wk; #gp mwpQuhd my;-f];]hyp> kdpj ,ay;G kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; Md;kPf ghij njhlu;ghf
kpfTk; njspthf vOjpAs;shu;. mtu; ,`;ah cY}k; my;-jPd; (kj mwptpaypd; kWkyu;r;rp)
vDk; E}ypy; kdpj Md;khtpd; gazj;ij vOjpdhu;. ,`;ahtpy;> my;-f];]hyp kdpj
tho;f;ifapd; cly; kw;Wk; Md;kPf gupRj;jk;> mwpT> topghL> kdpjd;-,iwtd; cwT> kdpjd;-
kdpjd; cwT Nghd;w gy gupkhzq;fis tpgupf;fpd;whu;. ,jpy; xUtu; vt;thW kj
mD];lhdq;fs; kw;Wk; jpahdj;jpd; %yk; xUtupd; Md;khit jho;e;j tpyq;F
czu;TfspypUe;J J}a;ikg;gLj;jyhk; vd;gijf;Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;. my; - f];]hyp kdpjDf;F
,k;ikapy; kfpo;r;rpiaAk; kWikapy; epiyahd ,d;gj;ijAk; mspf;Fk; Md;kPf Nkk;ghl;il
mDgtpg;gjw;fhf kdpjd; jdJ elj;ijia xU rpwe;j kdpjdhf khw;Wtjw;fhd
topKiwfisAk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu; (Imam Al-Ghazali, 1898).
Fwpg;ghf> ,`;ahtpd; fpjhg; epahjh my;-eg;]py; (Md;kPfg;gapw;rp) my; - f];]hyp mk;uhj;
my;-FY}g; (,jaj;jpd; Md;kPf Neha;fs;) gw;wp tpsf;Ffpwhu;. ,jpy; kdpj Md;khit jhf;Fk;
gy;NtW tifahd Md;kPf Neha;fisg;gw;wp tpupthf NgRfpwhu;. ,tu; kdpjd; mDgtpf;Fk;
Md;kPf Neha;fis vLj;Jiuj;jJ kl;Lky;yhky;> kdpjd; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gy Md;kPf kw;Wk;
cstpay; rpf;fy;fis vt;thW vd;gjw;fhd jPu;itAk; toq;fpdhu;. my; - f];]hyp > Rq;utu;jp
(1154 – 1191) kw;Wk; gpwuhy; gl;bayplg;gl;l Md;kPf Neha;fspy;: epghf; (ghrhq;Fj;jdk;)>
ngUik kw;Wk; Mztk;> `th my;yJ Mir> jd;idj;jhNd ghu;g;gJ> Nguhir> myl;rpak;>
mikjpapd;ik kw;Wk; RWRWg;G> Mlk;guk; my;yJ upah (mk;[j;jpy; Nkw;Nfhs; fhl;lg;gl;lJ)
(Amjad, 1992).
my;-f];]hyp> kdpj Md;khtpd; ];jpuj;jd;ikAk; ey;ypzffKk; xU jdpegUf;F ey;y kd
MNuhf;fpaj;ijAk; kfpo;r;rpiaAk; mDgtpg;gjw;F xU Kd;epge;jidahf nray;gLfpwJ
vd;gij tpsf;Ffpwhu;. my;-f]hypia nghWj;jtiu> kdpj Md;kh clypd; Kjd;ikahdJ>
Vida ghfq;fs; midj;Jk; mjd; fl;lisiag; gpd;gw;Wk; Copau;fshf nray;gLfpd;wd.
Md;kh nja;tPf fl;lisAld; ed;F topelj;jg;gl;L> ey;y Md;kPf Fzq;fshy;
nrOikg;gLj;jg;gl;L> cz;ikahd mwpthy; Nkk;gLj;jg;gLk; NghJ kdpjdpd; midj;J
kNdhghtKk;> RghtKk; ed;whfTk; Neu;kiwahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. Fu;Md; kw;Wk; egpfshupd;
topKiwfis (Rd;dh) mbg;gilahf nfhz;l ,];yhkpa cstpay; kdpj MSik tsu;r;rp
kw;Wk; kd MNuhf;fpak; kdpjdpd; Md;kPf gupkhzj;Jld; neUf;fkhd njhlu;GilaJ
vd;gij tpsf;Ffpd;wJ (Haq, 1992).
Fu;Mdpy;> kdpjdpd; Md;kPf gupkhzk; &`; (Md;kh)> fy;g; (,jak;)> mf;y; (Gj;jp) kw;W
eg;]; (Rak;) Nghd;w nrhw;fshy; tpsf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kdpj Md;khtpy; ,e;ehd;F
mikg;Gfspd; njhlu;r;rpahd njhlu;G kw;Wk; Nghuhl;lk; xU egupd; MSik tif kw;Wk;
mtu; mDgtpf;Fk; kd MNuhf;fpaj;jpd; msit jPu;khdpf;Fk;. ,];yhkpa cstpay;
,tw;Wf;fpilNa rkepiyia Ngz typAWj;Jfpd;wJ (Ansari, 1992).
kdpj cs;sj;jpy; KbntLg;gjpy; fy;gpd; gq;fhdJ MSikapd; ikakhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mwpTrhu; jpwd;fs;> Gupjy; kw;Wk; czu;r;rpfspd; ,lkhf mjd; kw;w tfpgq;Fld; kdpj fy;g;>
rupahf nraw;gLk; NghJ kdpj MSikapd; Neu;kiwahd Nghf;Ffis Nkk;gLj;j KbAk;.
,J xUtupd; epiyahd tpopg;Gzu;T kw;Wk; RaGupjy; epiyf;F toptFf;fpwJ. khwhf> eg;];
mk;khuhtpd; (jPa eg;];) njhlu;r;rpahd tw;GWj;jy; Nfhupf;iffshy; mJ mlf;fg;gLk; NghJ
mJ rupahd GyDzu;T kw;Wk; mwpthw;wy; nray;ghLfis ,of;fpwJ. ,jd; tpisthf>
kdpjdpd; mwpT kw;Wk; jPu;g;gpw;fhd mtdJ jpwd; Mfpait eyptilfpwJ (Ahmad Absar,
1992). ,jd; fhuzkhf kdpjd; rpwe;j gilg;G vd;w nfsut epiyia ,oe;J tpyq;FfSf;Ff;

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
212
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
fPohd epiyf;Fr; nry;fpwhd;. kdpjdpd; ,e;j tPo;r;rp kdpjdpd; czu;r;rpfs;> mwpthw;wy; kw;Wk;
MSikia ghjpf;Fk; fy;gpd; Md;kPf tWikahy; Vw;gLfpd;wJ.
my; - muhg; (7:179) trdk;> eg;]; mk;kuhtpd; epiyahy; fy;g; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l kdpjdpd;
epiyia tpsf;Ffpd;wJ. mwpT uPjpahfTk;> xOf;f uPjpahfTk;;> r%f uPjpahfTk;> czu;T
uPjpahfTk; ey;y MSik nfhz;l kdpjid cUthf;Ftjpy; fy;gpd; Kf;fpa tfpghfk;
gpd;tUk; `jP]py; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. “clypy; xU rijg;gFjp cs;sJ. mJ nfl;Ltpl;lhy;
KO clYk; nfl;LtpLk;. mJ ed;whf khwpdhy; KO clYk; ed;whf khWk;. mJjhd; ,jak;”
(Khan, 1986).
muG nkhopapy;> fy;g; vd;w ngau;r;nrhy;yhdJ fhygh (tpid) vd;gjpypyUe;J cUthdJ>
mjhtJ jpUk;Gjy; my;yJ Row;Wjy;. eg;]; mk;khuh Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Neuj;jpy; fy;g;
gytPdkhfTk; khWfpwJ. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy;> fy;gpd; nja;tPf xsp kiwe;JtpLk;. ,jdhy; mJ
mwpthw;wiy ,of;fpwJ. khwhf eg;]; Kj;ikapd;dh kdpj Md;khtpy; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;
NghJ fy;g;> &`; Nehf;fp efUk;. ,e;j fl;lj;jpy; fy;g; mikjpia mDgtpf;fpwJ.
Nkw;fj;jpa cstpay; gs;spfisg; Nghyy;yhky;> ,];yhkpa cstpay; kdeyg;gpur;rpidf;F
ftdk; nrYj;JtJ kl;Lky;yhky;> ey;y kd MNuhf;fpaj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fk;
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; gaDs;s topKiwfisAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,];yhkpa cstpaypd;;gb>
kdNeha;f;fhd gy; fhuzq;fspy; xd;W> kdpj Md;khtpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghwhik kw;Wk; tpuf;jp
czu;thy; Vw;gLfpwJ. kdpjdpd; ,e;j vjpu;kiw czu;r;rpfspd; tpisT kdpj Md;khit
ftiy kw;Wk; kdr;Nrhu;T Ml;nfhs;fpd;wJ. kdpj Md;khtpw;F gupfhukhf cs;s my;-Fu;Md;>
rpwe;j epiyapypUf;Fk; kw;wtu;fSld; nghwhikAld; jdJ epiyiaAk; #o;epiyiaAk;
xg;gpl Ntz;lhk; vd;W mwpTWj;Jfpd;wJ (Al-Quran, Al- Nisa 4: 32).
kdr;Nrhu;T kw;Wk; gy kdNehapay; rpf;fy;fis Vw;gLj;Jk; kw;nwhU tplak; kdpj
tho;f;ifapy; Fw;w czu;T. Nkw;fj;jpa cstpaypy; Fwpg;ghf csg;gFg;gha;tpy;> Fw;wj;ij
mlf;FtJ gy cstpay; gjl;lq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjhf Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ.
khwhf> ,];yhkpa cstpay; njsgh (ght kPl;rp) vd;w fUj;ij mwpKfg;gLj;JfpwJ. ,J
ghtk;> ftiy kw;Wk; kdr;Nrhu;T Mfpatw;wpypUe;J tpLgl;L Gjpa tho;f;iff;fhd
ek;gpf;ifia mspf;fpwJ. kdpj cs;sj;jpw;F ek;gpf;if mikjp kw;Wk;; ey;ypzf;fj;ijf;
nfhz;L tUk; njsghtpd; fUj;J Fu;Mdpy; gy gFjpfspy Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nkw;$wpatw;iwj; jtpu> kdpjid nghWikahf ,Uf;f J}z;Ltjd; %yk;> mtdJ
Md;khtpy; rpy Vw;wj;jho;Tfis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba mtdJ Nfhgk; vspjpy; mlf;Fk; Mw;wYk;
Fu;MDf;F cz;L. jq;fs; Nfhgj;ij mlf;fp kd;dpg;ig tpUk;Gtu;fis my;yh`;Tk;
Nerpg;gjhf thf;fspf;fpd;whd;.
nghJthf> ,];yhkpa cstpaypd; fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; kdeyk; gw;wpa fUj;ij ,e;j Fu;Mdpa
trdj;jpd; %yk; Gupe;J nfhs;syhk;. my;yh`;it epidT $u;tjd; %yk; cs;sq;fs; jpUg;jp
milfpd;wd. (my;-uhj; 13;:28). my;yh`;tpd; epidthy;> kdpjd; kd mOj;jk;> gjl;lk;> tpuf;jp>
kd Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; midj;J tifahd kdNeha;fspypUe;Jk; tpLgLfpwhd;. mtd;
cstpay; uPjpahfTk; Md;kPf uPjpahfTk; gykhfptpLthu;. vt;tsT ngupa cstpay; Rikahf
,Ug;gpDk; mtw;iwAk; midj;J f];lq;fisAk; fle;J nry;y cjTk;. cseyk; gw;wpa
,];yhkpaf; fUj;J kdpjidj; jhd; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; cstpay; mOj;jj;ijf; iftplhky; vy;yh
rpukkhd #o;epiyfisAk; vjpu;nfhs;sj; jahu;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kdpjd; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
fbdkhd #o;epiy Jd;gk;> NguopT kw;Wk; Nrhfk; Nghd;w tbtq;fspy; ,Uf;fyhk;. ,t;thW
cseyk; gw;wpa ,];yhkpa fUj;J kdpjDf;Fj; Njitahd nghWik> tplhKaw;rp mtdJ
tho;f;ifapd; rthyhd fhyq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s cjTfpwJ.

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
213
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
,];yhkpa cstpaypy; cstpay; rpfpr;ir
,];yhkpa cstpaypy; cstpay; rpfpr;irahdJ Nehf;fg;gLk; tpjkhdJ Nkw;fj;Nja
cstpay; gs;spfshy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; cstpay; rpfpr;irfspd; gy;NtW
Nfhl;ghLfspypUe;J kpfTk; NtWgl;lJ. Badri (1995) fUj;Jg;gb> gpugykhd gs;spfshy;
gupe;Jiuf;fg;gLk; cstpay; rpfpr;irapd; jw;Nghija Nkwfj;Nja Nfhl;ghLfs;> mjhtJ
csg;gFg;gha;T> elj;ij kw;Wk; kdpjNea Nfhl;ghLfs; kjr;rhu;gpd;ikia mbg;gilahf
nfhz;lit. Nkw;fj;Nja cstpayhsu;fs; kjk; rhu;e;jtu;fs; my;y> ,jdhy; gpur;rpidf;F
jPu;T fhz;gjpy; JizehbfSf;F vt;tpjkhd kjk;rhu; fye;Jiuahly;fisAk;
gupe;Jiug;gjpy;iy. khwhf mtu;fs; gFj;jwpT uPjpahf tpQ;Qhd topKiwfspD}lhf kd
mOj;jk;> gjl;lk;> kdr;Nrhu;T Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J tpLgLtjw;fhd topfisAk;
gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. vdNt ,q;F cstpay; rpfpr;irfspy; Md;kPf tplaq;fs;
fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;glhky;> mwptpay; uPjpahf rpfpr;ir mspg;gijNa ,tu;fs; typAWj;jpdu;.
NkYk; ,tu;fs; jq;fs; Nrit ehbfSf;F md;whl tho;tpy; gy rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
tpjj;jpy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba rpwe;j Kd;khjpupfis toq;Ftjpy;iy.
cstpay; rpfp;r;irapy; Nkw;fj;Nja fz;Nzhl;lj;jpw;F khwhf> ,];yhk; Kd;Ndw;wfukhd
gue;j fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. KjyhtJ> ,];yhkpa cstpaypd; fPo; cstpay;
rpfpr;irAk; MNyhridAk; ,];yhk; khh;f;fj;ij mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. vdNt ,];yhkpa
Nghjidfs;> MNyhridfs; kw;Wk; cstpay; rpfpr;irapy; topfhl;Lk; nfhs;iffis
cUthf;Ffpd;wd. ,];yhkpa Nfhl;ghLfs; ,];yhkpa cstpay; rpfpr;irapd; mbg;gilahf
miktjhy;> Nkw;fj;Nja ehLfspd; rpfpr;irf;F ,lkpy;iy. ,];yhkpa cstpay; rpfpr;irAk;
MNyhridAk; cjtp Njitg;gLgtu;fSf;F cjTtij Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L
mikag;ngw;wJ. vdNt cstpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; MNyhrfu;fs; vg;nghOJk; jq;fs;
Nritehbfis ,];yhk; kjj;jpd; ey;y kw;Wk; mDkjpf;fg;gl;l midj;ijAk; topelj;j
Ntz;Lk;. rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; MNyhidfis j/thtpd; (gpur;rhuk;) xU tbtkhf fUJk; khypf;
gj;up> K];ypk;fspd; cstpayhsu;fs; jq;fs; NritehbfSld; njhlu;Gnfhs;fpd;w NghJ
,tw;iw fUj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd mwpTWj;Jfpd;whu;.
Nkw;fj;Nja cstpay; rpe;jidg; gpupTfs; eOty; Nghf;ifNa kdg;ghq;ifNa
filg;gpbf;fpd;wd. mjhtJ cstsj;Jizapd; NghJ JizehbNa vJ rup> vJ jtW vDk;
jPu;khdj;ij vLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w epiyg;ghl;by; ,Ug;gij ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;.
Mdhy; ,];yhkpa cstpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; cstsj;Jizahsh;fs; ve;j tifapYk;
,jidg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. khw;wkhf mtu;fs; ey;ytw;wpw;F kf;fis J}z;Ltjw;Fk;
kw;Wk; jPatw;wpypUe;J mtu;fisj; jLg;gjw;Fk; rfy re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd vjpu;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njhlh;ghf my; Fu;Mdpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
egpfs; ehafk; (]y;) mtu;fspd; gpd;tUk; `jP];; jPikfisj; jLg;gijAk; xopg;gijAk;
typAWj;Jfpd;wd.
cq;fspy; jPa xd;iwf;fz;ltu; jdJ ifahy; mijj; jpUj;jpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
mjidr;nra;a mtUf;F NghJkhd typik ,y;iyahapd; mtu; mjid jd; ehthy; nra;a
Ntz;Lk;. mjw;Fk; mtUf;F typik ,y;yhj NghJ mjid jd; cs;sj;jhy; ntWf;f
Ntz;Lk;. mJNt ek;gpf;ifapd; (<khdpd;) jho;e;j kl;lkhFk; (Imam Al-Nawawi, 1984).
,];yhkpa cstpay; rpfpr;ir kw;Wk; MNyhridapd; kw;nwhU rpwg;gk;rk; ahnjdpy;> mJ
xU rpy jdpegu;fSf;F kl;Lk; tplg;gLtjpy;iy. Fwpg;ghf ngw;Nwhu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;>
kjj;jiyu;fs; Nghd;w midtuhYk; MNyhridfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNtjhd;
gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; kf;fSf;F cjTtjw;fhd xU Kaw;rpahf MNyhrid
toq;FtJ Gdpj Fu;Mdpy; kw;wtu;fis ed;ndwpf;F J}z;LtJ kw;Wk; jPikapypUe;J
mtu;fis jLg;gJ vd;w flikapd; fPo; typaWj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;$wpatw;Wld; Nkw;fj;Nja
kw;Wk; ,];yhkpaf; fz;Nzhl;lq;fSf;fpilapy; cs;s xU Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghL ahnjdpy;>
,];yhkpa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy;> Jizehbfspd; cstpay; rpf;fy;fisj;jPu;g;gjpy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba

KALAM International Research Journal
Faculty of Arts and Culture
South Eastern University of Sri Lanka.
16 (1), 2023
214
ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
Kd;khjpupfs; cs;sd. K`k;kJ egp (]y;)> Ke;ija jPu;f;fjuprpfs;> egpj;Njhou;fs;>
Md;kPfj;jiytu;fs; MfpNahupd; tho;f;if tuyhWfs;> NritehbfSf;F mtu;fspd;
gpur;rpidfis jPu;f;f Cf;fkspf;Fk; Mjhukhf cstpay; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
rpfpr;irahsNu jdJ Nritehbf;F mtu;fspd; Fzk;> mZFKiw kw;Wk; elj;ijia jPajpy;
ey;yjhf khw;w tpUk;Gk; xU rpwe;j cjhuzkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghf khypf; gj;up
NritehbfSf;Fk; KO kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fk; xU Kd;khjpupahf egpfs; ehafk; (]y;)
mtu;fSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fpwhu;.
K`k;kJ egpapd; rpwe;j MSikAk;> ,iwtdpd; J}juhfTk;> rpwe;j ngw;NwhuhfTk;>
,uhZtj;jsgjpahfTk;> murpay;thjpahfTk;> MrpupauhfTk;> MNyhrfuhfTk;> fztdhfTk;
vd gy;NtW tfpghfj;jpy; mtu;fSila Md;kPfr;nrOikahd tho;T vd;gd VidNahUf;F
cjhuzkhFk;. ,tu;fsJ MrPu;tjpf;fg;gl;l tho;f;ifapd; midj;J mk;rq;fSk; K];ypk;fspd;
cs;sq;fspy; gjpe;Js;sd (Badri, 1995).
my;-Fu;Mdpd; fUj;J cstpay; rpfpr;irapy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mJ xU gaDs;s jPu;thf
,Uf;Fk; vd;W e[hjp (1985) kw;Wk; gj;up (1979) MfpNahu;. ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. my;-Fu;Md;
,k;ikapYk; kWikapYk; kdpjdpd; cstpay; kw;Wk; Md;kPf ey;tho;itg;gw;wpg; NgRk; xU
mUs;epiwe;j E}yhFk;. kdr;Nrhu;T> gjl;lk; Nghd;wtw;why; mtjpg;gLk; Nritehbfspy;
tpaj;jF khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk; vd;gJ ,U mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. kuzk;> Nkhjy;>
jLkhw;wk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; ek;gpf;if Kjypad my;Fu;Mdpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s tplaq;fis
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lJ. (my;-,];uh 17:82) kw;Wk; (A+D]; 10:57).
Badri (1995) jdJ Nritehbfspd; cstpay; rpf;fy;fis vt;thW jPu;j;J itj;jhu; vd;gJ
gw;wpa tplaq;fis Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghd my;-Fu;MdpypUe;J
gy gFjpfis thrpj;J fhz;gpf;fpd;whu;. ,jd; NghJ gy Nritehbfs; czu;r;rp trg;gl;ldu;.
mtu; Fu;Mid XJtijf; Nfl;l mtu;fs; nefpo;e;J fz;zPu; tpl;ldu;. tho;f;ifapy;
neUf;fbfs;> Nkhjy;fs; kw;Wk; ,f;fl;lhd epiyikfis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; egu;fshy; Fu;Mid
fw;gjd; %yk;> mtu;fs; fw;fpd;w trdq;fspd; mu;j;jq;fisr; rpe;jpf;Fk; NghJ mtu;fspd;
,jaq;fspy; epk;kjpiaAk; MWjiyAk; czu KbAk;.
mJ kl;Lkd;wp> Fu;Midg;gbg;gJ xU tzf;fkhf kl;Lk; fUjg;glhky;> my;yh`;Tld;
kdpjDf;F ,ilNa epfOk; xU tifahd jfty; njhlu;ghfTk; mJ mikfpwJ vd;gJ
ngUk;ghyhd K];ypk; mwpQu;fspd; fUj;jhFk;. Fu;Mdpd; gy trdq;fs;> Fu;Midg;gbg;gJ
,jaq;fSf;F xU jPu;thf nray;gLk; vd;W $Wfpd;wJ. Fu;Midg;gbf;Fk; cz;ikahd
tpRthrpfs; jq;fspd; ,jaq;fspy; mikjpia czu;tu; (Al-Quran 13:28). cstpay; rpfpr;irapy;
Fu;Midg;gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;> Fu;Mdpy; cs;s Md;kPf Mw;wy; %yk; Nritehbfspd;
czu;Tfis Fzg;gLj;j rpfpr;irahsu;fs; Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wdu;. my;Fu;Md;> kdpjd;
jPikfspypUe;J tpopj;njOtjw;Fk;> jd;Dld; neUq;fp tUgtu;fis tho;f;ifapy; xU ngupa
fdit Nehf;fp miof;Fk; Mw;wy; nfhz;lJ. vdNt> Fu;Mdpd; xsp kw;Wk; topfhl;Ljypd;
fPo; tUk; kdpju;fs; tho;;f;ifapy; kPz;Lk; xU Kiw Gj;Japu; ngw;wjhf czu;thu;fs;.
NkYk; ,J kdpjd; jdJ tho;f;ifapy; jdJ nraw;ghLfisj; jpUj;jpf;nfhs;sTk;
rupnra;aTk; ek;gpf;ifiaAk; topfhl;liyAk; jUfpwJ. Fu;Md; gy ,lq;fspy;
ey;ytu;fSf;F kWikapy; kfpo;r;rpia thf;fspf;fpd;w mNj Ntis jPatu;fSf;F
jz;lidia epidt+l;Lfpd;wJ. ,it midj;Jk; kw;Wk; Fu;Mdpd; gy tYthd
Nghjidfs; cstpay; rpfpr;irf;F cl;gLgtu;fSf;F kpfTk; gaDs;s jPu;thfTk;
rpfpr;irahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
Najati (1985) vd;gtupd; fUj;Jg;gb my;yh`;tpd; kPJ cWjpahd ek;gpf;if itg;gjd; %yk;>
xUtUf;F mtu; my;yh`;Tf;F neUf;fkhdtu; vd;w czu;itj;jUk;. NkYk; tho;f;ifapy;
elf;Fk; midj;Jk; my;yh`;tpd; tpUg;gj;Jld; elg;gjhy; tho;f;ifapd; vy;yh
#o;epiyfspYk; gaKk; gjl;lKk; ,Uf;fhJ. njhOif> ]fhj;> Nehd;G> kw;Wk; `[; Nghd;w
topghl;L Kiwfs; tho;f;ifapy; cstpay; rpf;fy;fis vjpu;nfhs;gtu;fSfF; xU tpj
cstpay; rpfpr;irahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ,e;j topghl;Lr;nray;fspy; VNjDk; xd;iwr;nra;tjd;

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ISSN (Online): 2738-2214
ISSN (Print): 1391-6815
%yk;> xU egupd; cs;sj;jpy; mikjpAk; ey;ypzf;fKk; epyTfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> njhOiff;Fg;
gpwF nra;ag;gLk; gpuhu;j;jid my;yh`;tpd; jpUg;jpiag; ngWtjpy; rhjfkhd jhf;fj;ij
Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. kdpjd; jd; tho;tpy; Vw;gLk; midj;J rthy;fisAk; ijupakhf
vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhd cstpay; ce;Jrf;jpahfTk; MjhukhfTk; mit nraw;gLfpd;wd.
my;yh`;tpd; cjtpia ehLNthUf;F mtd; cjtp nra;tjhf Fu;Mdpy; gy ,lq;fspy;
$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. (my;-gfuh 2:112> my;-fh/gpu; 40:60).
KbTiu
,t;tha;tpy; tpthjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj ,ay;G> cseyk; kw;Wk; cstpay; njhlu;ghd Nkw;fj;Nja
Nfhl;ghLfs; midj;Jk; nghUs; Kjy;thj kw;Wk; kjr;rhu;gw;w cyff;fz;Nzhl;lq;fis
mbg;gilahf nfhz;lit vd;gij ,e;j Ma;T vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. vdNt ,e;j
Nkw;fj;Nja Nfhl;ghLfs; kdpjd; kw;Wk; mtdJ kNdhghtk; gw;wpa Ma;Tfspd;
mwptpay;g+u;tkhf ,Ug;gijj; jtpu NtW ve;j Md;kPff; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy.
tpQ;Qhdk; vd;w tpupthf;fj;jpy; kjf;fUj;Jf;fis Xuq;fl;Ltjw;fhd Nkw;Fyfpd; ,e;j
epiyg;ghL 14 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; INuhg;gpa kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpy; Nt&d;wpapUe;jJ. md;W
njhlf;fk; ,d;W tiu kjj;ijAk; mwptpaiyAk; jdpj;jdpahf itj;jpUf;Fk; eilKiwjhd;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j kjr;rhu;gw;w Nkw;fj;Njaj;jpd; tho;f;if Kiw kdpjd; ahu; my;yJ vd;d
vd;gijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F xt;nthd;Wk; NtWgl;l jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wd. Mdhy;
kdpjidg;gw;wpa midj;J tplaq;fisAk; mtu;fs; tpupthf tpsf;ftpy;iy. kdpjd;
vq;fpUe;J te;jhd;? tho;f;ifapy; mtdJ Nehf;fk; vd;d? mtd; ,q;fpUe;J vq;F nry;fpwhd;?
Nghd;w tpdhf;fSf;F gjpyspf;f jtwptpl;ld. rkPgfhykhf tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; mwptpay;
Ma;Tfs; %yk; kdpjd;> cseyk; kw;Wk; cstpay; njhlu;ghd midj;J gpur;rpidfisAk;
jPu;f;f ,ayhik> Nkw;fj;Nja cstpay; fpof;fpypUe;J rpykj kw;Wk; jj;Jtf;fUj;Jf;fSf;F
,lkspf;Fk; tifapy; kdpjd; kPjhd mjd; Kw;wpYk; kjr;rhu;gw;w fUj;Jf;fis khw;wptpl;lJ.
,];yhkpa cstpayhy; gupe;Jiuf;fg;gl;l kdpj ,ay;G gw;wpa fUj;J Nkw;fj;Nja
cstpaypy; ,Ue;J NtWgl;lJ kw;Wk; jdpj;JtkhdJ. Vnddpy; mJ kdpjidg;gw;wpa
tpupthd jfty;fis toq;Ffpd;wJ. kdpjidg;gw;wpa mjd; fUj;ij KOikahf Gupe;J
nfhs;tJ kdpjdpd; gpwg;gpw;F Kd; mtdJ Njhw;wk; mtdJ ,t;Tyf tho;f;if kw;Wk;
,Wjpapy; ,wg;gpw;F gpd; mtDf;F fhj;jpUf;Fk; epiy vd;gd kdpjd; gw;wpa tpupthd
Gupjiy toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,];yhkpa cstpay; cseyg;gpur;rpidfSf;F vt;thW
rpfpr;iraspg;gJ vd;gjw;fhd jPu;it toq;FtNjhL kl;Lkd;wp csNeha;fis jL;f;Fk;
topKiwfisAk; gupe;Jiuf;fpwJ.
gupe;Jiufs;
csNeha;fSf;F rpfpr;iraspg;gjw;fhf cstpayhsu;fs; kw;Wk; csey kUj;Jtu;fshy;
ePz;lfhykhf kUe;Jfis (psychedelic drugs) gupe;Jiug;gJ vjpu;kiwahd tpisit Vw;gLj;Jk;
vd;gJ Ma;thsu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifahFk;. ,];yhkpa cstpay; csNeha;fis Fzg;gLj;JtJ
kl;Lky;yhky;> mijj;jLf;f Kaw;rpf;fpwJ vd;whYk; cstpay; kw;Wk; cstpay; Jiwfspd;
rkPgj;jpa fz;Lgpbg;GfspypUe;J gadila Ntz;Lk;. my; - Fu;Mdpd;
Md;kPff;fUj;Jf;fisAk; K];ypk; cyfpy; cs;s kdeyg;gpur;rpidfisf; ifahs;tjpy;
mwptpay; mZFKiwiaAk; xUq;fpizg;gJ gaDilajhf mikAk;. ,];yhkpa
cstpaypd; rpwe;j Nghf;F> Nkw;fj;Nja cstpayhy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l midj;J mwptpay;
fUj;Jf;fisAk; mZFKiwfisAk; epuhfupg;gjy;y. khwhf Nkw;fj;Nja cstpaypy; cs;s
ey;y fUj;Jf;fis Nju;e;njLj;J xd;wpizj;J gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

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Al-Maududi, Seyyed Abu A’la. (1992). The meaning of the Quran, Vol. 1(7th edn.), Lahore: Islamic Publication
(Pvt) Limited, pp. 66-68.
Amjad, Naumana. (1992). Psyche in Islamic Gnostic and philosophical traditions. In Ansari, Zafari, Zafar Afaq
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