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Environmental, Economic, Social and Health Impacts from the Flood Situation in Kham Riang Sub-district, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham Province, Thailand in 2022
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to study the environmental, economic, social and health impacts of the flood situation in Kham Riang sub-district, Kantharawichai district, Maha Sarakham province. The sample used in the study were 140 villagers, 10 villagers per village, 14 villages of affected by environmental, economic, social and health impacts of the flood situation in Kham Riang sub-district, Kantharawichai district, Maha Sarakham province, from purposive sampling. The tools used in the study were: 1) interview form for the impact of the flood situation, 2) questionnaire on the impact of the flood situation. Qualitative data were analyed as descriptive. The results of the study showed that :1) Environmental impact from the flood situation, it was found that most of them were damaged in agriculture, for example, the flooding of rice fields and vegetable gardens, resulting in the lack of agricultural products for villagers and lack of income from agriculture. 2) The economic impact from the flood situation was found to affect agricultural crops and made the villagers lose income from their work due to inability to travel to work. And after the flood disaster disappeared must borrow debt borrowing money to repair the house which such villagers has been doing agriculture for the most part by damage to the plantation will fall at 1,750 baht per rai. There were some families relying on agriculture as their main occupation, the next occupation is trading. There are no products to be sold and do not have money to go buy things to resell. 3) Social impact from the flood situation, it was found that most of them were damaged in housing such as doors, windows, home appliances that were broken. The road has been damaged by water erosion, making traffic difficult for a long time, having to use a boat instead of a car to travel. Agricultural crops are damaged, especially the rice fields that were mostly damaged.4) Health impact from the flood situation, it was found that most of them had water allergies, such as biting feet. The cause of water bites is caused by irritation of the skin. Due to wetness and exposure to dirt, various chemicals in flooded areas can cause eczema. The skin looks peeling, especially at the niche of the toes which has a red rash, burning, itching, including causing stress and anxiety in the lives of the villagers in everyday life.
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Floods remain the most devastating natural hazard globally, despite substantial investments in flood prevention and management in recent decades. Fluvial floods, such as the ones in Pakistan in 2010 and Thailand in 2011, can affect entire countries and cause severe economic and human losses. Also, coastal floods can inflict substantial harm owing to their destructive forces in terms of wave and tidal energy. A flood type that received growing attention in recent years is flooding from pluvial events (heavy rainfall). Even though these are locally confined, their sudden onset and unpredictability pose a danger to areas that are generally not at risk from flooding. In the future, it is projected that flood risk will increase in many regions both because of the effects of global warming on the hydrological cycle and the continuing concentration of people and economic assets in risk-prone areas.
Floods have a large variety of societal impacts that span across space and time. While some of these impacts are obvious and have been well researched, others are more subtle and less is known about their complex processes and long-term effects. The most immediate and apparent impact of floods is direct damage caused by physical contact between floodwaters and economic assets, cultural heritage, or human beings, with the result for humans being injuries and deaths. Direct flood damage can amount to billions of US dollars for single events, such as the floods in the Danube and Elbe catchment in Central Europe in 2002 and 2013. More indirect economic implications are the losses that occur outside of the flood event in space and time, such as losses due to business disruption. The flood in Thailand in 2011, for instance, resulted in a lack of auto parts supplies and consequently the shutdown of car manufacturing within and outside the flood zone.
Floods also have long-term indirect impacts on flood-affected people and communities. Experiencing property damage and losing important personal belongings can have a negative psychological effect on flood victims. Much less is known about this type of flood impact: how long do these impacts last? What makes some people or communities recover faster than others from financial losses and emotional stress? Moreover, flood impacts are not equally distributed across different groups of society. Often, poor, elderly, and marginalized societal groups are particularly vulnerable to the effects of flooding inasmuch as these groups generally have little social, human, and financial coping capacities. In many countries, women regularly bear a disproportionately high burden because of their societal status.
Finally, severe floods often provide so-called windows of opportunities, enabling rapid policy change, resulting in new flood risk management policies. Such newly adopted policy arrangements can lead to societal conflicts over issues of interests, equity, and fairness. For instance, flood events often trigger large-scale investment in flood defense infrastructure, which are associated with high construction costs. Although these costs are usually borne by the taxpayer, often only a small proportion of society shares in their benefits. In addition, societal conflict can arise concerning where to build structural measures; what impacts these measures have on the ground regarding economic development potentials, different kinds of uses, and nature protection; and which effects are expected downstream. In such controversies, issues of participation and decision making are central and often highly contested.
While floods are usually associated with negative societal impacts in industrialized countries, they also have beneficial impacts on nature and society. In many parts of the world, the livelihood of millions of people depends on the recurring occurrence of flooding. For instance, farming communities in or near floodplains rely upon regular floodwaters that carry nutrients and sediments, enriching the soil and making it fertile for cultivation.
This paper presents an overview of generation and composition of waste generated from the flood that hit Malaysia from December 2014 to January 2015, particularly in Kelantan. This study recorded that during the flood event, the most abundant waste generated was wood (44%) and concrete (29%), which belong to the construction and demolition wastes category. As for waste generated within the affected area, Kuala Krai recorded the highest amount of waste during the flood which totaled 30,000 tonnes which is almost the daily generation rate in Malaysia. Values of recyclables estimated from the flood waste stream was calculated to be almost RM7 million, yet was not tapped at all due to its high contamination with other flood waste namely mud and putrescible wastes. This study concluded that flood waste generated in Kelantan is highly heterogeneous in nature but predominantly construction and demolition waste, which carried significant economic value. © 2015, Malaysian Abstracting and Indexing System. All rights reserved.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to assess the severity of social and economic impact of floods on the communities and industries with respect to their reliance on the flood impacted critical infrastructure. This paper illustrates a severity assessment tool to determine the reduced serviceability level of critical infrastructure after a disaster, how the change in serviceability impacts activities of associated communities and industries, and the resulting social and economic impact.
Design/methodology/approach
– The results presented in this paper are a part of a larger research designed to develop a decision support system for disaster impact mitigation. This research evaluated the impact of floods as a natural hazard on infrastructure and the related industries and communities in terms of criticality and vulnerability of infrastructure and the severity of social and economic impact if the critical infrastructure were to be affected. The overall research focused on the 2008 Midwest floods for the required data collection (including the cities of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Terre Haute, Indiana, St Louis, Missouri, Gulfport and Des Plaines, Illinois). Relevant data were collected through questionnaire surveys, personal interviews, and site visits.
Findings
– The data collected through this research highlighted the importance of relationship between infrastructure, communities and industries with respect to technical, social and economic aspects. While the overall research resulted in a Decision Support System with three modules, to assess criticality, vulnerability and severity, this paper only elaborates the Severity Assessment Tool (SAT). Serviceability of an infrastructure plays an important role in post disaster recovery and response. Reduction in the serviceability of an infrastructure also affects the functionality of the activities that depend on the affected infrastructure resulting in social and economic impact. The tool presented in this paper determines the severity of social and economic impact by evaluating the reduction in the functionality of the affected activities.
Originality/Value
– The model (SAT) presented in this paper determines the social and economic impact on communities and industries due to natural disaster when the serviceability of disaster impacted critical infrastructure is impaired. This tool can be effectively used by city managers as well as emergency planners for industries and communities in developing mitigation strategies based on the severity of social and economic impact due to the affected critical infrastructure. The results would also help the decision makers in arriving at more effective investment decisions to repair/rehabilitate certain critical infrastructure.
"Design for Flooding contains considerable useful information for practitioners and students. Watson and Adams fill the void for new thinking... and they advance our ability to create more sustainable, regenerative, and resilient places." -Landscape Architecture Magazine
The gradual climate change symptoms in many places on Earth have been observed during the last 20 years. There is a significant increase in frequency and extremity of meteorological and hydrological events (EEA, 2007) that lead to distinct excess or lack of water in landscape. These phenomena affect not only actual quantity of water but also its quality with direct and indirect impacts on aquatic organisms. From the environmental impact point of view, drought events are considered to be more dangerous due to their medium-term to long-term characteristics and large spatial impacts. However, this study presents that the particular flood event had significantly greater impact on water quality than the period of drought even if for only a very short time The paper reviews changes in water quality with all its consequences during selected extreme hydrological situations in the Czech Republic in last 10 years and compares them with the knowledge of impacts of floods and droughts on water quality collected from literature.
The final line of defence against flooding lies with the property itself. Deploying effective domestic flood defence systems can mitigate the devastating effects of flooding. Traditionally, householders have relied upon the use of sandbags. The Environment Agency's and local authorities' emergency response is strongly dependent on the use of sandbags. Nonetheless, there is very little published about the performance of sandbags as a domestic flood defence. This paper presents the results of experimental research carried out to assess the performance of sandbags as a domestic flood defence. The performance criteria included water leakage, structural integrity, ease of use and environmental impact. It is concluded that sandbags have only modest performance as a domestic flood defence. The results showed that leakage from sandbags increased rapidly with increase of the outside water level. A simple analytical analysis suggests that a sandbagged doorway behaves in a manner akin to a sharp-crested triangular weir. However, the efficiency of sandbags was dependent on the number of rows and the duration of the flood.
The problems of agriculture in many tropical countries are gradually becoming more intense due to increasing food demand led by population growth, stagnation in farm productivity, mounting yield losses due to multiple pests, increasing vulnerability to global environmental changes and the need to reduce emission of greenhouse gases. Tools and techniques are needed to assist in developing strategies that can lead to higher food production, prevent crop production losses, and ensure minimal greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining soil fertility. Several dynamic models have been developed in recent past but most of these are generally strong either in soils and crops, or in greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Pest induced yield losses, a critical issue in the tropics, is not addressed in most models. InfoCrop, a generic dynamic crop model, has been developed to meet these specific requirements. It provides integrated assessment of the effect of weather, variety, pests, soil and management practices on crop growth and yield, as well as on soil nitrogen and organic carbon dynamics in aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions, and greenhouse gas emissions. The model considers the key processes related to crop growth, effects of water deficit, flooding, nitrogen management, temperature and frost stresses, crop–pest interactions, soil water and nitrogen balance and (soil) organic carbon dynamics. Its general structure relating to basic crop growth and yield is largely based on several earlier models, especially SUCROS series, and is written in Fortran Simulation Environment (FSE) programming language. The model has been validated for dry matter and grain yields of several annual crops, losses due to multiple diseases and pests, and emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide in a variety of agro-environments. To increase the applications of model in research and development, an extremely simple menu driven version of InfoCrop has also been developed. The users of this version do not need any background in programming.
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