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New records of millipedes (Diplopoda) from the Caucasus and Crimea
... This species is the most widespread among congeners, ranging from Central, Eastern and Southern Europe in the west, through Crimea and Anatolia, to nearly throughout the Caucasus in the east: Abkhazia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan (including Hyrcania in Azerbaijan and Iran), and Russia: Krasnodar and Stavropol provinces, Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia -Alania, Ingushetia, Dagestan and Chechen republics (mostly sub T. rotundata (Lignau, 1911): near Shaami-Yurt [2], Achkhoy-Martan Distr.; near Shatoy [9], Shatoy Distr.; near Tevzana [12] and Kharachoy [16], Vedeno Distr.; near Niki-Khita [14], Kurchaloy Distr.) [Golovatch, 1990[Golovatch, , 2008[Golovatch, , 2010[Golovatch, , 2023Evsyukov et al., 2022]. Such a vast distribution seems at least partly to be due to parthenogenesis [Enghoff et al., 2015;Antić et al., 2021;Zuev et al., 2023]. ...
... Caucasus [Enghoff, 1984;Golovatch, Enghoff, 1990;Evsyukov et al., 2022;Golovatch, 2023;Zuev et al., 2023]. A species formally new to the fauna of the Chechen Republic. ...
... Abkhazia, most of Georgia, and in Russia: Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia -Alania, and Chechen republics (near Tevzana [12], Vedeno Distr.) [Vagalinski, Golovatch, 2021;Golovatch, 2023] Chorotypes, from wider to increasingly narrower distributions: A -subcosmopolitan anthropochore; EM -Euro-Mediterranean; CSesubendemic to the Caucasus; CE -endemic to the Caucasus; E -endemic to the Chechen Republic; T -troglobiont. ...
No special studies on the millipede fauna of the Chechen Republic have hitherto been performed, the known published records being quite few and highly sporadic. The fauna is summarized here and it presently totals 19 species from 14 genera, 11 families and seven orders, all records thereby being mapped, both new and old, several species illustrated, and each species account supplied with notes on its distribution.
New, often illustrated records are provided for 19 species of millipedes from the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Russia’s Caucasus. A checklist of all diplopod species presently known to occur in the republic is given: 31 species, 17 genera, nine families and five orders. Eight species are recorded from the republic for the first time: Polydesmus complanatus (Linnaeus, 1761) (also new to the entire Caucasian fauna), Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais, 1847), Nemasoma caucasicum (Lohmander, 1932), Cylindroiulus arborum Verhoeff, 1928, Omobrachyiulus caucasicus (Karsch, 1881), O. curvocaudatus (Lignau, 1903), O. implicitus (Lohmander, 1936) and O. zuevi Vagalinski, 2021. The fauna of the republic is dominated by endemics and subendemics of the Caucasus.
The European millipede genus Micropachyiulus Verhoeff, 1899 is revised based on type and non-type material, and on the available literature. The genus Hylopachyiulus Attems, 1904 is established as a junior subjective synonym of Micropachyiulus, syn. nov. Micropachyiulus ocellatus (Antić & Akkari, 2018) is thus listed as a new combination, comb. nov. Two new species—Micropachyiulus caucasicus sp. nov. and M. filiformis sp. nov.—are described from Russia and Romania, respectively. In addition, a presumably closely related monospecific genus, Armeniopachyiulus gen. nov., and its sole species A. pokr gen. et sp. nov. are described from Armenia. A brief discussion on the systematics and distribution of the studied taxa is presented.
A new species of the genus Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970, Caucaseuma strasseri Antić sp. nov., is described from a cave in the Western Caucasus, representing the eighth species of the genus, and the fourth presumed troglobiontic Caucaseuma. An updated key to and a distribution map of all eight species of Caucaseuma is presented, including new records. In addition, the cave millipede fauna of the Caucasus is briefly discussed, with the inclusion of the most relevant references.
The diplopod tribe Brachyiulini is represented in the fauna of the Caucasus by eight genera and 32 species, of which one genus and 14 species are described as new: Colchiobrachyiulus montanus Vagalinski, sp. nov. , Iraniulus tricornis Vagalinski, sp. nov. , Omobrachyiulus armatus Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. fasciatus Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. faxifer Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. kvavadzei Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. lazanyiae Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. ponticus Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. pristis Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. trochiloides Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. unugulis Vagalinski, sp. nov. , O. zuevi Vagalinski, sp. nov. , Svaniulus ryvkini Vagalinski, gen. nov. , sp. nov. , and S. waltheri Vagalinski, gen. nov. , sp. nov. Colchiobrachyiulus Lohmander, 1936, a former subgenus of Megaphyllum, is here elevated to a full genus, and the genus Grusiniulus Lohmander, 1936 is downgraded to a subgenus of the genus Cyphobrachyiulus Verhoeff, 1900, both stat. nov. , with their previously described species, Colchiobrachyiulus dioscoriadis (Lignau, 1915) and Cyphobrachyiulus redikorzevi (Lohmander, 1936), respectively, listed as comb. nov. Omobrachyiulus brachyurus (Attems, 1899) is formally established as a junior subjective synonym of O. caucasicus (Karsch, 1881), syn. nov. , and Omobrachyiulus implicitus ritsensis (Golovatch, 1981) is formally synonymised with the typical Omobrachyiulus implicitus (Lohmander, 1936), syn. nov. Omobrachyiulus sevangensis (Lohmander, 1932), originally described in the genus Megaphyllum , is here transferred to the former genus, comb. nov. The diagnoses and descriptions of some genera and subgenera are refined and complemented. A key is given to all genera and species of Brachyiulini that occur in the Caucasus, and their distributions are mapped. Several species are recorded as new to the faunas of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, or Russia. The distribution patterns of the Caucasian Brachyiulini and their biogeographic implications are discussed.
Fifteen new genera and 36 new species of the diplopod family Anthroleucosomatidae Verhoeff, 1899 are described from the Caucasus, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots: Golovatchosoma bacillichaetum gen. et sp. nov., G. trichochaetum sp. nov., Alpinella waltheri gen. et sp. nov., Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov., Caucaseuma elephantum sp. nov., C. fanagoriyskaya sp. nov., C. glabroscutum sp. nov., C. kelasuri sp. nov., C. minellii sp. nov., C. variabile sp. nov., Caucasominorus billi gen. et sp. nov., C. polylobatus sp. nov., Georgiosoma bicornutum gen. et sp. nov., Heterocaucaseuma feminaepectorum gen. et sp. nov., H. longicorne sp. nov., Paranotosoma attemsi gen. et sp. nov., P. cordatum sp. nov., P. subrotundatum sp. nov., Dentatosoma denticulatum gen. et sp. nov., D. magnum sp. nov., D. zeraboseli sp. nov., Enghoffiella insolita gen. et sp. nov., Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov., M. lamellohirsutum sp. nov., M. torsivum sp. nov., Acanthophorella barjadzei gen. et sp. nov., A. chegemi sp. nov., A. irystoni sp. nov., Cryptacanthophorella manubriata gen. et sp. nov., Flagellophorella hoffmani gen. et sp. nov., Pseudoflagellophorella eskovi gen. et sp. nov., P. mirabilis sp. nov., P. papilioformis sp. nov., Herculina oligosagittae gen. et sp. nov., H. polysagittae sp. nov., Vegrandosoma tabacarui gen. et sp. nov. All anthroleucosomatids from the Caucasus, both new and previously described, are classified in eight endemic complexes, arranged as follows in alphabetic order: the Alloiopus complex, the Caucaseuma complex, the Dentatosoma complex, the Enghoffiella complex, the Flagellophorella complex, the Herculina complex, the Ratcheuma complex and the Vegrandosoma complex. The genus Metamastigophorophyllon Ceuca, 1976 (the type-species: Mastigophorophyllon giljarovi Lang, 1959, adequately redescribed from new material), is a new subjective senior synonym of Persedicus Mauriès, 1982, syn. nov., being also newly transferred from the family Mastigophorophyllidae to the family Anthroleucosomatidae, comb. nov. The following two new combinations are also proposed: Heterocaucaseuma mauriesi (Golovatch and Makarov, 2011), comb. nov. ex Anamastigona Silvestri, 1898; and Metamastigophorophyllon martensi (Mauriès, 1982), comb. nov. ex Persedicus Mauriès, 1982. An identification key to and distribution maps for all known species of Caucasian Anthroleucosomatidae are provided, as well as brief remarks on distributions and on cavedwelling taxa.
The family Polydesmidae is represented in the Caucasus by two genera and 11 species: Polydesmus abchasius Attems, 1898, P. lignaui Lohmander, 1936, P. muralewiczi Lohmander, 1936 and P. mediterraneus Daday, 1889 (all confined to the NW and W Caucasus, but of which only the former three are endemic to the region, whereas the latter species is an introduction), as well as Brachydesmus assimilis Lohmander, 1936 (endemic to most of the region, except Hyrcania), B. pigmentatus Attems, 1951 (= B. pereliae Golovatch, 1976, syn. n.) (subendemic to Hyrcania), B. superus Latzel, 1884 (a cosmopolitan introduction), B. furcatus Lohmander, 1936 (= B. furcatus exiguus Strasser, 1970, syn. n.) (endemic to the NW Caucasus), B. kalischewskyi Lignau, 1915 (= B. karawajewi Lohmander, 1928, = B. ferrugineus Lohmander, 1936, = B. talyschanus Lohmander, 1936, = B. bidentatus Golovatch, 1976, all syn. n.) (a highly polymorphous and widespread species, apparently in a stage of active speciation, subendemic to the entire region), B. kvavadzei sp. n., from Ajaria, Georgia, and B. simplex sp. n., from Abkhazia and Sochi, Krasnodar Province, Russia. All known Caucasian species of Polydesmidae are described in due detail, abundantly illustrated and keyed, and their distributions mapped.
The generic classification of the Palaearctic tribe Leptoiulini is revised, with 11 genera being recognized. The main differences between the genera, all presented in a tabular form, lie in the structure of the 2nd and 7th leg-pairs of the male, coupled with gonopodal conformations: the presence/absence and the degree of development of flagella on the promeres, and of the phylacum and velum on the opisthomeres. Based on abundant new material, only three genera and seven species of Leptoiulini, all keyed, mapped and properly illustrated, are shown to occur in the Caucasus: Chatoleptophyllum flexum Golovatch, 1979, Kubaniulus gracilis Lohmander, 1936, K. lativelatus sp. nov., Leptoiulus hastatus Lohmander, 1932 (= L. disparatus Lohmander, 1936, syn. n.), L. tanymorphus (Attems, 1901), L. meskhii sp. nov., and L. gonopodialis sp. nov. All species are endemic or subendemic to the region, while Kubaniulus Lohmander, 1936 represents the only genus in the tribe which is restricted to the Caucasus, in particular, the western and central parts of the Caucasus Major. The distributions are mainly allopatric, but a few pairs of species are para- or even sympatric.
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