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Subjective Well-Being The Science of Happiness and Life Satisfaction
Abstract
Psychology after World War II became a science largely devoted to healing. It concentrated on repairing damage using a disease model of human functioning. This almost exclusive attention to pathology neglected the idea of a fulfilled individual and a thriving community, and it neglected the possibility that building strength is the most potent weapon in the arsenal of therapy. The aim of positive psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life. To redress the previous imbalance, we must bring the building of strength to the forefront in the treatment and prevention of mental illness.
... It means that the average participant expresses general satisfaction with life, and the values are aligned positively. A value of 4.59 falls within the "agree" range, meaning generally that one's tendency is to rate about one's perception of life satisfaction as being positive (Diener et al., 2019;Huebner, 2019). Still, the standard deviation is 1.34 meaning that responses vary to some extent since although most respondents are inclined toward agreement, there are still the widest possible varying perspectives upon life satisfaction. ...
... The most highly ranked item was "I am content with my life" (mean = 4.72, SD = 1.56). Overall, it reflects that a lot of participants feel quite happy about life, similar to other studies in literature that have located life contentment to be related to overall happiness and well-being in life (Diener et al., 2019;. This actually suggests that, even holding other factors constant, respondents perceive their life as fulfilling. ...
... Other related works have proven that while people are satisfied, there is a need to improve or become someone else. These indeed seem true (Diener et al., 2019;Seligman, 2021). As shown in Table 4, the respondents stated true that their family environment was characterized by cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, independence, achievement orientation, intellectual,-cultural orientation, active-recreational orientation, moral emphasis, organization, control, responsibility, expressive restraint, recreational activities, socializing outside the family, family rules, work and study priority, conformity to social norms, freedom of movement, discipline and punishment, competition, financial openness, household maintenance, parental expectations, and punctuality and timeline was true based on the overall mean scores of 1.43 and standard deviation of 0.21. ...
... If the challenge is to include fathers in the role of co-parenting from early stages of pregnancy, and especially by being involved at birth, it is important to highlight fathers' positive experiences as much as it has been done for mothers (14) and, in the same way trying to understand the lived experience and the father's well-being state. This concept has been widely defined and analyzed from historical philosophical perspectives and developed as a line of research within psychology (15,16) , however, it has not been possible to fully agree upon its definition or the nature of its structure (16,17) . Moreover, studies on the well-being experienced in significant life situations, such as the experience of fatherhood (18) , where health processes are intertwined, have been scarce. ...
... Most authors have explained the concept of well-being, and its relationship to individual or social judgments, based on the constructs of life satisfaction and happiness (15,17) Similarly, given that well-being has been linked to happiness and life satisfaction, authors have attempted to define well-being through a hedonic approach, focusing mainly on affectivity or positive emotionality, enjoyment or pleasure (15) . Accordingly, it has been described through an eudaemonic perspective, which, in addition to affectivity, associates satisfaction with personal development and growth to effort, meaning, achievements, and commitment, among others (16) What has been reported thus far in the literature, and what could relate the concept of well-being to fathers' experiences at birth, correspond to some of the elements that shape well-being, which have been explored independently. ...
... Most authors have explained the concept of well-being, and its relationship to individual or social judgments, based on the constructs of life satisfaction and happiness (15,17) Similarly, given that well-being has been linked to happiness and life satisfaction, authors have attempted to define well-being through a hedonic approach, focusing mainly on affectivity or positive emotionality, enjoyment or pleasure (15) . Accordingly, it has been described through an eudaemonic perspective, which, in addition to affectivity, associates satisfaction with personal development and growth to effort, meaning, achievements, and commitment, among others (16) What has been reported thus far in the literature, and what could relate the concept of well-being to fathers' experiences at birth, correspond to some of the elements that shape well-being, which have been explored independently. ...
Objective
To understand the father’s lived experience of childbirth as a significant life situation within the well-being concept framework. To understand the father’s lived experience of childbirth within the framework of the concept of well-being as a significant life situation.
Method
Secondary data analysis from a qualitative study about the experience of twelve Chilean fathers who were prepared to actively participate at childbirth from a mixed public-private health system institution between 2016-2017, was carried out. Qualitative data were extracted from transcripts of open interviews with eight of the twelve fathers after childbirth. Data were analyzed using an interpretive-phenomenological approach.
Results
Four central themes emerged from data, which were framed and understand within the psychological well-being concept: I. Feeling as a part of the healthcare team; II. Perceiving himself capable of containing and supporting his partner and being a guardian of the process; III. Being committed to being a father from the first moment of contact with the child; IV. Being wrapped in a whirlwind of emotions.
Conclusion
Father’s lived experience at childbirth can be understood considering the psychological well-being concept. Prepared fathers could live the childbirth experience within a state of well-being, focusing on their achievements, commitments, and being satisfied with their roles as father and partner.
DESCRIPTORS
Psychological Well-Being; Parturition; Father-Child Relations; Prenatal Education
... On the other hand, there is an incipient line of research providing empirical evidence on the impact of infrastructure to subjective well-being, which is understood as "a broad concept that includes experiencing pleasant emotions, low levels of negative moods, and high life satisfaction" [58]. "Subjective well-being is the scientific name for how people evaluate their lives" [59]. ...
... "Subjective well-being is the scientific name for how people evaluate their lives" [59]. Diener et al. [58] defined subjective well-being as "a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. These evaluations include emotional reactions to events as well as cognitive judgments of satisfaction and fulfilment in terms of a global judgment (life satisfaction) that comprises an evaluation of the domains of their lives (such as work and relationships) [59]. ...
This paper processes the 2015 Benefits of Gender Equality through Infrastructure Provision (BGEIP) Survey, a representative survey for the EU-28, to estimating the impact of everyday life infrastructure access on subjective well-being (SWB) from a gender perspective in Europe. Our estimations prove that accessing everyday life infrastructure in Europe indeed increases SWB, but it contributes to increasing more the SWB of women than that of men. Women’s well-being is positively affected for all kinds of everyday life infrastructures, but the differences with respect to men are larger for the Nursery category for children up to 3 years and for the Centers category for people with long term disabilities. In contrast, men’s well-being is only sensitive to the Health infrastructure and to the Gym and Workout places. Clearly, targeting infrastructure investment helping women in caring children, and other dependents in the family constitute an excellent vehicle for increasing women’s SWB and reducing gender inequality in Europe.
... According to Lucas and Diener (2008), the balance of positive to negative emotions is a powerful predictor of happiness or SWB. The three terms (happiness, satisfaction with life and SWB) have often been used interchangeably in the literature (Diener et al., 2002;Lyubomirsky, 2001). Seligman (2002) suggested that happiness has three elements: positive emotions, engagement and meaning. ...
... Recent studies have shown that people who are religiously devout and committed to their religion tend to enjoy better physical and mental health (e.g. Abdel-Khalek, 2019a, 2019bArgyle, 2002;Blanchflower and Oswald, 2008;Diener and Chan, 2011;Diener et al., 2002;Koenig, 1997;Koenig et al., 2012;Peir o, 2006).The relationship may be different from that reported in the above research in countries where religious people are in the minority. For example, Zhang et al. (2024) found that in China, only 3.5% of their sample reported being religious, while 40.8% of the respondents chose "don't know" as their response. ...
Purpose
The purpose of this study is the same as those of the preceding 16 studies on happiness, health and religion, and they are as follows: to estimate the mean scores and the sex-related differences in the study scales; to examine the associations between the study scales; to investigate the principal components; and to compare the present results with the previous findings.
Design/methodology/approach
A non-probability sample of university students in the United Arab Emirates was selected by the “snowball” sample method. To overcome the issue of people refusing to participate in the study, this method was used in the selection process due to the challenge of sampling students in all the universities across the nation, which makes it difficult to choose a probability sample. The approval of the Ethics Committee was obtained from Ajman University to apply the study tools, and then the students were given the choice through open announcement to participate in the study and circulate it to other students at Ajman University.
Findings
Results showed that men had significantly higher mean ratings on mental health, physical health and happiness than did women. All the Pearson correlations between the scales were significant for men. Except for the correlations between religiosity and both happiness and mental health, all correlations between the scales for women were significant. A principal components analysis extracted one component for men which was labeled “Well-being and religiosity”, whereas two components were retained for the women which were labeled “Well-being” and “Religiosity and physical health”. Comparing the present sample’s mean happiness score to that of prior students from 16 other countries revealed that it was higher and consistent with other scores from rich Arab nations with a high GDP per capita (such as Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Oman). In conclusion, happiness was found to be associated with mental and physical health in both men and women, as well as religiosity in men.
Research limitations/implications
Despite the strengths of the current investigation, i.e. the large sample size and the good to high reliability and validity properties of the scales, some limitations have to be acknowledged. First, the convenience and non-probability sample. Second, university students are a special segment of any country. Their age range is limited, and they probably have greater intelligence and more education compared to the general population. Therefore, a replication of the present study using a probability sample from the general population is needed.
Practical implications
SPSS (2009) was used for data analysis. Means, standard deviations, t -tests, d for effect size, Pearson product moment correlation coefficients and principal components analysis were used. For the principal components analysis, the Kaiser criterion (i.e. eigenvalue > 1.0) and the scree plot were used to define the number of components to be retained.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study about happiness in United Arab Emirates.
... Subjective well-being represents a prominent subject within the realm of positive psychology [1], encompassing an individual's cognitive and affective assessment of their life, characterized by three key components: life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect [2]. The significance of subjective well-being extends beyond personal happiness [3], spanning crucial dimensions such as social adaptation [4,5], life meaning [6] and other facets that collectively mirror one's mental health [7,8]. ...
... As an intensive longitudinal data collection approach [48] (pp. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] conducted in participants' daily environments, it is particularly well-suited for assessing relationships between state variables [49] (pp. 144-159). ...
Father love is recognized as an important factor in personal development. While previous research has extensively examined the adverse effects of father-love absence on subjective well-being, it is important to note that these studies often treated subjective well-being as a singular, overarching construct, potentially limiting validity and comprehensiveness compared to a bi-factor model. Consequently, this study aimed to establish a bi-factor model of subjective well-being and investigate its association with father-love absence, considering the mediating role of hope within the theoretical framework of resilience. The study employed a weekly diary method to explore the dynamic adverse effects of father-love absence on weekly subjective well-being, highlighting hope’s role in mitigating these negative impacts. Utilizing a weekly survey method with 470 participants over seven consecutive weeks, multilevel regression modeling revealed that father-love absence significantly and negatively impacts subjective well-being. Further, multilevel mediation modeling demonstrated the mediating role of hope within the resilience framework. This research has significant theoretical and practical implications for enhancing adolescent well-being through increased father involvement in parenting.
... Specifcally, psychological well-being is a multidimensional concept. Although no consistent defnition of psychological well-being has been generated, one widely adopted approach was to conceptualize it into afective evaluation (e.g., positive and negative afect) and cognitive perception (e.g., life satisfaction) of individual's life [21,22]. Terefore, depressive symptoms and life satisfaction, two widely used indicators of psychological well-being among research into family caregiving [10,23,24], were incorporated in this study as key aspects of psychological well-being. ...
... Specifcally, depressive symptoms are individuals' negative afect and perceptions of themselves and their lives, which refect the afective dimension of psychological well-being [10,21]. Furthermore, life satisfaction, which captures individuals' overall assessment of meaning and purpose in their life, is an important element of psychological well-being as aforementioned and represents the cognitive aspects of psychological well-being [21][22][23]. ...
Caregiving is a process affected by both caregiver and care recipients and contains both positive and negative experiences. However, there is a lack of theories that capture the impact of the progression of dementia on family caregiving. This study proposed and examined a dementia caregiver process two-factor (DCPT) model. Specifically, we explored (a) the relationship between the severity of caregiving stressors and caregiver psychological well-being, along with the mediating role of positive aspects of caregiving (PAC) and caregiving burden, and (b) the moderating role of stages of dementia. Data were obtained from a two-wave longitudinal data collected from 328 adult–child dementia caregivers in Hong Kong. Multiple group analysis was used to examine the proposed hypotheses. Results show that PAC and burden both significantly mediated the relationship between care recipients’ neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) and caregiver depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Stages of dementia significantly moderated the relationship between PAC and caregiver depressive symptoms, with PAC associated with lesser depressive symptoms only among caregivers of those with middle- or late-stage dementia. In sum, the dementia caregiver process two-factor model proposed in this study was supported by our empirical data. This theory and the study results underscore the importance of both PAC and burden and capture the specificity of the caregiving process in different dementia stages. Findings in this study suggest the need to develop tailored interventions that can better accommodate caregivers with diverse characteristics and adapt to the entire disease trajectory.
... These definitions adopt a eudaimonic perspective on well-being, emphasizing a state of being in which an individual lives in a manner and environment that facilitates the realization of their highest potential. This contrasts with the prevalent hedonic (subjective well-being) approach (Diener et al., 2002), which focuses on emotions such as pleasure, frustration, contentment, and happiness (Burns & Machin, 2009). ...
Health holds immense importance in our lives, affecting multiple dimensions of our well-being and life satisfaction. The significance of well-being in our lives cannot be overstated, influencing diverse facets of our overall health and life satisfaction. A cautious and health-conscious approach often leads to better psychological well-being because it impacts our ability to pursue our dreams, enjoy daily activities, and contribute to meaningful society. The paper is focused on to examine the relationship between health-risk attitude and psychological well-being. A total of 132 samples (age between 18 and 45) were collected by using convenience sampling method. Sociodemographic details, 13 items Health-Risk Attitude Scale (HRAS-13), and 18 items Ryff Psychological well-being were used to collect data. Results show that based on standardized coefficient, autonomy comes in second place to positive relation with others (0.336) as the most significant variables to extract health-risk mindset (0.296). Individual perception toward health can impact their overall psychological well-being. It empowers individuals to take charge of their health, enables effective health interventions, and contributes to building healthier and happier communities. Prioritizing health through a balanced lifestyle, regular exercise, proper nutrition, and mental well-being strategies is essential for a fulfilling and purposeful life.
... Less examined is the association between life satisfaction and borderline featuresespecially with the BPFSC-11. According to Diener et al. (2002), life satisfaction refers to a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of their life and is strongly associated with well-being. With the recent shift in personality disorder research to consider the evaluation of general functioning beyond symptom evaluation (Gunderson et al., 2018), also in adolescents (Sharp et al., 2018), it is important to establish the empirical link between personality pathology and outcomes like life satisfaction in young people. ...
Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is a diagnosis in adolescents associated with poor adult outcomes later in life. Despite developing interest in early identification of personality disorder in Lithuania, currently few valid measures exist to evaluate BPD in young people. Moreover, as yet, borderline features have not been evaluated for their association with quality of life in Lithuanian young people. This paper evaluates the psychometric properties of the Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children (BPFSC-11) in a combined community-based and clinical sample of Lithuanian adolescents. Results showed strong psychometric properties for the BPFSC-11 including good reliability, a unidimensional factor structure, configural, metric, and scalar invariance for gender and partially for age, as well as convergent validity with related constructs (personality pathology, general psychopathology). Furthermore, significant associations with life satisfaction were demonstrated. This study concludes that the BPFSC-11 appears to show similar psychometric properties in Lithuanian adolescents as in other populations.
... Subjective well-being and informal care. Life satisfaction is one of the most frequently adopted proxy indicators of subjective wellbeing (Diener, Lucas, and Oishi 2002). Well-being is a multidimensional concept that captures both perceived (e.g., social norm fulfillment) and objective (e.g., income, hour of care) components (Orgeta, Lo Sterzo, and Orrell 2013). ...
The hidden value of adult informal care (IC) refers to the unaccounted value of informal care in overall costs of long‐term care (LTC) estimates. This paper estimates the net value of adult IC in Europe, drawing on a well‐being‐based methodology. We use an instrumental variable strategy and a longitudinal and cross‐country dataset to estimate the causal effect of the extensive and intensive margin of caregiving on subjective well‐being. We estimate the so‐called compensating surplus (CS), namely the income equivalent transfer, to compensate for the net disutility of caregiving. We show that IC reduces average subjective well‐being by about 1% compared to the mean (6% among co‐residential caregivers). Relative to a country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the value of IC ranges between 4.2% in France and 0.85% in Germany. Such relative value declines as the country's share of formal LTC spending increases. These results call for a reconsideration of the existing classifications of LTC regimes. We estimate that the average CS per hour for IC is 9.55€, with a range from 22€ per hour in Switzerland to 5€ per hour in Spain. Additionally, we estimate that the long‐term CS (estimated using an individual’s permanent income) tends to be lower than short‐term CS (estimated using an individual’s current income).
... Subjective well-being is a subjective assessment of a person's life, which includes positive evaluations of happiness, life satisfaction, and positive emotional experiences, as well as negative evaluations of stress, life dissatisfaction, and negative emotional experiences. It reflects an individual's perception of their life as a whole, both in terms of positive and negative aspects, which can be influenced by various factors such as economic conditions, health, interpersonal relationships, and personal achievements (Diener et al., 2023). Subjective well-being is a complex concept that is influenced by various factors such as frugality, religiosity, and social relationships. ...
This study aims to examine the influence of frugality on subjective well-being (SWB) in early adult online shoppers, with religiosity as a moderator variable. The study participants consisted of men and women aged 18-40 years who are online shoppers in Indonesia. The hypothesis test was carried out using the Multiple Linear Regression technique, and the results of this study showed that the results showed that a positive relationship was found between the three variables. The results of the study also showed that religiousosis positively moderated the relationship between the variables ( = 0.073, p 0.10). In addition, it was found that the relationship was negatively correlated with the two variables (P 0.05). In conclusion, it is suggested that online shoppers can implement a lifestyle of simplicity by making a list of shopping priorities, comparing prices between platforms, and considering the use value of products before making purchases.
... How do different cultural values affect happiness and life satisfaction in marriage? Diener, Lucas, and Oishi (2005) define subjective well-being as a person's cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. These evaluations include emotional reactions to events as well as cognitive judgments of satisfaction and fulfillment. ...
The likelihood of people from the same ethnic group being attracted to
each other is high and from this mutual attraction comes the intention of
getting married and forming a lasting relationship. Aside from people who
are attracted to each other of the same ethnic background, some people are attracted to each other and get married although
they have different ethnic backgrounds. There may be differences in the
tensions, frustrations, worries, and joys experienced by mixed ethnic
couples compared to couples from the same background, affecting
individual subjective well-being. The purpose of this research was to see,
between mixed-ethnic couples and same-ethnic couples in Indonesia,
which group reports higher individual subjective well-being. This research
used questionnaire survey methods and a measure of subjective well-being
to compare individuals from 36 mixed-ethnic and 36 same-ethnic
couples with children who had been married for at least 5 years. Couples
from the same ethnic backgrounds scored higher in individual subjective
well-being than those from different ethnic traditions. Mixed-ethnic
couples reported their relationships allow them to experience another culture through values, languages, customs, and traditions. This diversity
adds richness to the relationship, but it also adds tension
... Subjective wellbeing (SWB) is 'A person's cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life' (Diener et al., 2002). SWB is a term for life satisfaction and happiness when a person feels that his/her life has more good experiences than bad. ...
... Philosophers and religious scholars from Aristotle to Confucius have contemplated the topic of human wellbeing. Empirical studies of subjective well-being (SWB), variously referred to as life satisfaction, happiness, and quality of life, began to take shape in the early 20th century and have proliferated over the past decade (Diener et al., 2009(Diener et al., , 2018. Most SWB research to date has been conducted by Western scholars and with Western participants, resulting in a bias toward a Western society with individualistic values (L. ...
Past research on subjective well-being (SWB) in Western society and China has revealed various contributing factors. This study conducted a series of interviews with Chinese urban residents to systematically analyze those factors based on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Theory. The results revealed that 5 layers, 23 factors, and 55 elements, many of which had distinct Chinese characteristics, contributed to Chinese urban residents’ SWB. The Top Model of SWB, visualized as a spinning top or gyroscope, showcased the interdependent layers of factors impacting Chinese urban residents’ SWB. At its vertical axis is a time dimension as residents often reflect on factors by comparing their present situation with the past and the future. Discussion regarding each layer, the primary factors that comprise each layer, links between the layers, and the impact of a time dimension was included to substantiate the proposed model. The discussions focus on the study’s contribution to SWB literature, public policy-making, and future research on urban Chinese residents’ SWB.
... Life satisfaction is defined as an individual's cognitive and emotional judgements of their everyday life (Diener et al., 2002). A person's life satisfaction is measured by how they feel and experience things in their life. ...
... . ي المليفي يلهلم أفم دلد دا يا لى ل يلد ر يم هن فمل ب،وع السىبي اآلاث جتله ت احليل اث أ ل الايوم ل (Diener et al., 2002;Siebert, 2005) . (Rutter, 2013) . ...
Long-distance marriage poses profound psychological challenges for women, particularly in sustaining emotional well-being amid prolonged physical separation from their spouses. This study investigates the extent to which stress symptoms and coping strategies influence the subjective well-being of wives in long-distance marital arrangements. Employing a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, the research involved 41 wives residing in Bandung, Indonesia, who live apart from their husbands and are parenting adolescent children aged 13 to 21 years. Respondents were recruited using a non-probability snowball sampling technique. Descriptive results indicate that participants generally experienced mild stress symptoms, demonstrated moderate levels of coping strategies, and reported high subjective well-being. Correlation analyses revealed a significant negative association between stress symptoms and subjective well-being, while problem-focused coping strategies exhibited a significant positive correlation. Further regression analysis confirmed that stress symptoms negatively predicted subjective well-being (β = -0.44, p < 0.01), whereas coping strategies positively contributed to it (β = 0.38, p < 0.05). These findings underscore the critical role of adaptive coping mechanisms in mitigating psychological distress and enhancing emotional resilience among women managing long-distance marriages. This study offers valuable empirical insights for family practitioners and mental health professionals in developing culturally responsive interventions to support women in trans-local family structures.
Very little is known about how long-term well-being trajectories vary across populations. Using data from 45,160 adults in New Zealand (62% women, M age = 41 years) surveyed annually over 13 years, we identified latent trajectories for belongingness, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. Through a group-based trajectory modeling approach, we found five trajectory groups: low (3%–5%), moderate (11%–17%), moderate-high (29%–32%), high (35%–45%), and very high (11%–20%) well-being. While most individuals showed minimal changes, those with initially low well-being experienced the greatest change, in the direction of decreasing well-being over time. Individuals with higher education were more likely to follow higher well-being trajectories. Similarly, women were more likely to follow higher well-being trajectories, except for self-esteem, where men tended to score higher over time. Lastly, age and ethnicity demonstrated more complex patterns. These findings highlight the importance of acknowledging long-term heterogeneity in well-being trajectories and emphasize the need for targeted preventive mental health interventions, particularly for individuals who begin with lower well-being levels.
Bu araştırmada, öğrencilerin mutluluk ve eğitim stresi düzeylerinin farklı bağımsız değişkenlerle karşılaştırılması ve eğitim stresinin mutluluğu yordama gücünün test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma gurubunu, 525 ortaokul öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, “Eğitim Stresi Ölçeği-ESÖ” ve “Okul Çocuklarının Mutluluk Envanteri-OÇME” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde MANOVA, Pearson korelasyon ve regresyon analiz yöntemleri tercih edilmiştir. ‘‘ESÖ’’ ve ‘‘OÇME’’ ortalama puanlarının, cinsiyet, rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılım tercihi ve fiziksel aktiviteye katılım durumuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olarak farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, eğitim stresi, mutluluğun anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, eğitim stresi düzeyinin artması, olumsuz öznel iyi oluşu artırırken; öğrencilerin rekreasyonel aktivitelere aktif katılımı olumlu öznel iyi oluşu, pasif katılım ise olumsuz öznel iyi oluşu artırmaktadır.
It has known that during the long lasting life changing stress periods that include negative experiences, “well-being” levels of the people decrease. Therefore, the examination of the participants’ life satisfaction and depression levels according to certain factors during Covid-19 pandemic was targeted in this study. Data of the presented study was collected via “Life Satisfaction Scale”, “CES depression Scale” and “Information Form”. The number of the volunteered participants were 317 individual (162 women). Depression levels of the participants correlated negatively with life satisfaction and income. Group with higher income differed with lower depression. “Working online” during pandemic associated with lower depression and higher life satisfaction. The participants with better social support differed with higher life satisfaction. According to the results it can also be said that certain variables as perceived “good” socio economic status (as job situation and income level), are associated with lower depression and higher life satisfaction levels. As it is supported in the related literature, it is obvious that these mentioned (interpersonal and intrapersonal) variables are associated with psychological well-being of the individuals. The results points out that despite of the unavoidable difficult periods that affects everyone, certain factors could have protective potential in terms of psychological health. Therefore, it is possible to say that the results are important regarding future community based protective intervention plans and future studies.
By adopting approaches based on social expenditures and social rights data to measure the efficacy of social policy, significant advances have been made in international comparative research on social policy and subjective well-being (SWB). However, the question of whether the levels and distribution of welfare provisions play distinctive roles in SWB has remained largely unanswered. To address this issue, the present study adopts a third approach based on benefit recipiency data to clarify the more detailed effects of three dimensions of welfare transfers, namely, transfer share, low-income targeting, and universalism, on SWB and well-being inequality stemming from income. This analysis utilizes benefit recipiency data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database, pooled data from the World Values Survey from 1981 to 2022, and linear regression with country and time fixed effects and a country fixed-effects and slopes model. Through an international comparative analysis, this study reveals that (1) transfer share is positively associated with SWB and that (2) low-income targeting diminishes well-being inequality stemming from income at the cost of SWB among rich individuals. The results of this study indicate that the levels and distribution of welfare provisions play differing roles in SWB and that low-income targeting may have unintended consequences for SWB.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate a mediation model of the relationship of core self-evaluations (CSEs) and life satisfaction in employed individuals with disabilities. This was a quantitative descriptive design using Hayes’s (2012) PROCESS macro for SPSS and multiple regression analysis. Two-hundred fifty-nine employed individuals with disabilities were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk and completed an online survey. Job satisfaction and social support were found to partially mediate the relationship between CSE and life satisfaction. The direct effect of CSE on life satisfaction remained significant after controlling for the effects of the mediators. Functional disability was not a significant mediator of the relationship between CSE and life satisfaction. CSE influenced life satisfaction in employed persons with disabilities, both directly and indirectly through job satisfaction and social support. These findings implicate CSE as a principal variable to consider in the lives of people with disabilities. Rehabilitation counselors should consider the targeted development and integration of interventions with the purpose of elevating client CSE in their work.
Just-world research frequently indicates a relatively strong and positive relation between belief in a just world (BJW) and subjective well-being (SWB). Researchers argue that BJW provides people with beneficial, adaptive functions allowing them to sustain mental health and well-being. Furthermore, BJW is often divided into two dimensions (personal and general BJW) which are usually positively related to each other but also differently to SBW. Hafer et al., Social Justice Research proposed a latent factor approach to investigate the extent to which a common latent factor ‘BJW’ relates stronger to well-being than personal or general BJW. Building upon the approach of Hafer et al., Social Justice Research we propose a second-order-factor approach including first-order factors measured at the latent level using structural equation modeling. We analyzed this approach with two culturally different samples consisting of N = 482 German participants and N = 569 Iranian participants. Our results indicated strong positive relations between the latent second-order factors BJW and SWB and conceptually replicated the results of Hafer et al., Social Justice Research by using an approach that accounts for the measurement errors in the first- and second-order factors. Our findings support the assumptions of Hafer et al., Social Justice Research and the measurement of first- and second-order factors at the latent level and provide possible implications for just-world research.
Remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan mengalami prevalensi permasalahan tinggi terhadap gangguan emosi seperti kepribadian yang inferior, pasif, apatis, menarik diri, mudah putus asa, penuh dengan ketakutan dan kecemasan. Disamping itu, remaja panti asuhan menunjukkan perilaku yang negatif, takut melakukan kontak dengan orang lain, lebih suka sendirian, menunjukkan rasa bermusuhan, lebih egosentrisme. Masalah emosi itu cukup mendominasi dalam hal perkembangan remaja panti asuhan. Oleh karena itu remaja panti asuhan diharapkan mampu meregulasi emosi dalam kehidupannya. Salah satu cara untuk meregulasi emosi dengan baik adalah dengan trait mindfulness. Dalam hal ini tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peran trait mindfulness terhadap regulasi emosi pada remaja Panti Asuhan. Alat ukur pada penelitian ini menggunakan Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) untuk mengukur trait mindfulness dan Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) untuk mengukur regulasi emosi. Subjek penelitian ini sebanyak 68 remaja yang tinggal di panti asuhan Jabodetabek dengan rentang usia 11-20 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan peran yang signifikan dari trait mindfulness terhadap regulasi emosi cognitive reappraisal (R=0.074 dengan nilai sig. 0.025<0.05). sementara itu tidak terdapat peran yang signifikan dari trait mindfulness terhadap regulasi emosi exppressive suppression (R=0.037 dengan nilai sig. 0.117> 0.05).
The conditions experienced by teenagers who experience their parents' divorce cause them to receive negative stigma from their environment. Thus, it can lead to a lack of subjective well-being in teenagers who experience parental divorce. One of the internal factors that has the potential to influence an individual's subjective well-being is forgiveness. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between forgiveness and subjective well-being in adolescents who experience parental divorce in Sulawesi. The subjects in this research were 388 teenagers who experienced their parents' divorce. The sampling technique in this research used accidental sampling. This research was measured using the Forgiveness and Subjective Well-Being scales. The analysis used in this research is simple linear regression with the help of IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results of this research show that the significance value is p = 0.004 < 0.05, which means there is a relationship between forgiveness and subjective well-being. Meanwhile, the R Square value is 0.147, which means that there is a 2.64% contribution of forgiveness to subjective well-being in adolescents who experience parental divorce. The implications of this research provide an overview regarding forgiveness and subjective well-being in adolescents who experience parental divorce in Sulawesi.
The concept of well-being has garnered significant attention across diverse academic disciplines due to its important role in understanding quality of life and societal progress. In this study, well-being is studied through various strands, including objective well-being based on the fulfilment of basic human needs, subjective well-being encompassing positive mental states, and the capability approach assessing individuals' opportunities and freedoms. This study aims to investigate the emergence of creative cities within an international context through the theoretical frameworks of happiness and well-being by examining country-specific factors such as happiness , life satisfaction, freedom of choice, innovation, and economic inequality in relation to the number of creative cities designated by the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Employing Poisson regression methodologies on data from international organizations, our findings reveal positive associations between happiness and life satisfaction with the number of creative cities, while economic inequality within a country slightly negatively impacts the emergence of creative cities. The paper ends with a discussion of the results and proposes future avenues for research and several policy implications.
Objectives
The main aim of our research was to explore if individuals may feel happy in difficult refugee conditions and whether demographic variables are connected to the level of happiness and the life satisfaction.
Material and methods
The perceived levels of happiness and of satisfaction with life were measured in three groups of women: Turkish, Polish and refugees from Syria living in Turkey. The life situation of female Syrian refugees seems to be more difficult than that of Turkish and Polish women who have not experienced the suffering associated with the war, leaving their country and adapting to new living conditions in a foreign environment. A total of 120 people took part in the study. The Subjective Happiness Scale and the Satisfaction With Life Scale were used in the research.
Results
The obtained results indicate that Syrian women are less happy and satisfied with life than Polish and Turkish women. Their satisfaction with life and sense of happiness are not related to age, education levels and time of being a refugee. It turned out, however, that Syrian refugee women's senses of happiness and life satisfaction are associated with the incongruence between their learned profession and their current occupation.
Conclusions
The research results indicate that despite difficult refugee experiences, far away from homes new possibilities might be opened. This conclusion seems to be important for planning integration policies.
Objective
This article aims to examine the influence of individual and community-contextual factors on the well-being of older women in Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing on Bronfenbrenner's process-person-context-time model.
Methods
Secondary data from the nationally representative 2021 SEIA were used, and bivariate and logistic regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with the well-being of older women during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Results
Overall, 29% (613) of older women reported a decline in their well-being due to COVID-19. Older women in rural areas had lower odds of well-being [Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) 0.607, 95% 0455,0.809]. At the individual level, the well-being of older women during COVID-19 was associated with age (AOR O.362, 95% CI: 0.190,0.689) and being in paid work (AOR 0.737, 95% CI: 0.552,0.984). Despite education having a strong relationship with well-being, it had a weak effect on the well-being of older women during COVID-19. Community-level factors significantly associated with the well-being of older women amidst COVID-19 included attendance at public gatherings (e.g., church meetings, funerals) (AOR 1.465, 95% CI: 1.139,1.885) and perceived fear or anxiety due to COVID-19 (AOR 0.522, 95% CI: 0.392,0.696). A significant contextual-level factor was access to transport services during the pandemic (AOR 0.589, 95% CI: 0.390,0.890).
Conclusion
COVID-19 has exposed the inadequacy of systems at different levels in meeting the needs of older women and promoting their well-being during emergencies. At the individual level, there is a need to support older women's livelihoods and educational opportunities. Despite limitations on social interactions during COVID-19, access to social gatherings and interactions supported older women's well-being. However, this was hampered by fear of contracting COVID-19 and the limitations in public transport that compromised their mobility to access services and visit people. A more extensive analysis of individual, community, and contextual factors should identify factors that support or compromise the well-being of older women during emergencies or shocks. There is a need for information about what livelihood strategies during and/or post shocks, or critical events such as COVID-19 could sustainably support older women's well-being.
Recognizing and understanding the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of individuals is essential for designing effective policies that promote human development and the sustainable management of social-ecological systems (SES). This is particularly important for smallholders, critical stewards of biodiversity who face acute livelihood challenges. This article explores how smallholders inhabiting tropical dry forests in Mexico perceive their SWB and how it changes across a spectrum of SES that undergo different land transformations, management intensities, and governance dynamics. Our aims are to identify the dimensions of SWB that smallholders perceive, understand how these dimensions change across SES, and examine how smallholders’ perceptions of fulfilled material and non-material dimensions vary across SES. We analyzed the content of 25 in-depth interviews with farmers and identified 48 SWB items belonging to six categories: (1) social capital, (2) economic capital, (3) agency, (4) nature, (5) pleasant non-work activities, and (6) governmental services, and two additional dimensions referred to obstacles and enablers. We found two prevailing visions of SWB: ‘living well’ prevails especially in areas with communal governance and medium management intensity, and ‘need to earn more’ prevails in areas with individual governance and intensified land management. As management is intensified and governance fosters individualism, the lower the self-perceived material and non-material satisfaction. We discuss the different SWB found per SES, as well as strategies that can foster smallholder’s SWB and SES dynamics that can motivate different conservation goals and sustainable uses of nature, especially in biodiverse areas.
Bu araştırmada Çalışma Psikolojisi Kuramı temel alınarak dengeli yaşamın üzerinde anlamlı role sahip olabileceği düşünülen insana yakışır işin psikolojik yordayıcılarından çalışma iradesi ve kariyer uyumluluğu ile insana yakışır işin sonuçlarından iş ihtiyaçları doyumu, ara değişkenli nedensel bir model üzerinde incelenmiştir. Önerilen modelin test edilmesi amacıyla 403 tam zamanlı çalışan yetişkinden Çalışma İradesi Ölçeği, Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri Ölçeği, İş İhtiyaçları Doyumu Ölçeği ve Dengeli Yaşam Ölçeği kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır. Toplanan verilere yönelik yapılan yol analizi sonucunda çalışma iradesi ve kariyer uyumluluğunun iş ihtiyaçları doyumu aracılığında dengeli yaşamı pozitif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde, ayrıca kariyer uyumluluğunun dengeli yaşamı doğrudan pozitif yönde ve anlamlı düzeyde yordadığı ve tüm modelin dengeli yaşamı %43 oranında açıkladığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında bulgular tartışılmış ve bu bulgulara dayalı olarak önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
This study investigates the relationship between resiliency, social support, and psychological well-being in communities impacted by violence. The study employs quantitative approaches to compare individuals from war zones with those from non-conflict zones. The attributes are assessed via standardized instruments such as the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Ryff Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. Cross-sectional data gathering elucidates psychological tendencies within these groupings. The findings indicate that individuals in conflict zones exhibit greater resilience and possess enhanced social support, despite having equivalent psychological well-being. The higher levels were more pronounced in females, indicating that conflict-related stress is being managed adaptively. Studies indicate that social support is essential in combat environments. Moreover, social support and resilience are closely interconnected, indicating that these characteristics may mitigate the adverse effects of conflict on well-being. The study emphasized the necessity of community-based support and resilience to maintain well-being throughout challenging periods. The findings have implications for the social support networks and resilience counselling in war-torn regions.
This study investigates the relationship between resiliency, social support, and psychological well-being in communities impacted by violence. The study employs quantitative approaches to compare individuals from war zones with those from non-conflict zones. The attributes are assessed via standardized instruments such as the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Ryff Psychological Wellbeing Scale, and Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. Cross-sectional data gathering elucidates psychological tendencies within these groupings. The findings indicate that individuals in conflict zones exhibit greater resilience and possess enhanced social support, despite having equivalent psychological well-being. The higher levels were more pronounced in females, indicating that conflict-related stress is being managed adaptively. Studies indicate that social support is essential in combat environments. Moreover, social support and resilience are closely interconnected, indicating that these characteristics may mitigate the adverse effects of conflict on well-being. The study emphasized the necessity of community-based support and resilience to maintain well-being throughout challenging periods. The findings have implications for the social support networks and resilience counselling in war-torn regions.
The materials of the ten-year all-Russian monitoring by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences are used to analyse the most important part of the subjective well-being of Russians – their satisfaction with various aspects of their lives. Particular attention is paid to changes associated with such events as the Crimean Spring, the coronavirus pandemic and the special operation in Ukraine. Each of these crises has affected Russians’ satisfaction with different aspects of their lives to varying degrees, but the crisis that began in 2022 has a number of unique features. Although the confrontation with the “collective West” has entered a phase of particular aggravation since this year, the socio-economic crisis associated with it is experienced by Russians much more easily than the similar crisis of 2014–2016. The dynamics of indicators in 2022–2024 demonstrates a qualitatively new phenomenon – the absence of protracted declines in indicators after the onset of a large-scale crisis. The sharp “surge” of emotional negativity in early 2022 was quickly overcome, Russian society consolidated, which was facilitated by the general positive changes in various spheres of life of Russians over the past decade. First of all, this concerns the characteristics related to the standard of living of Russians. At the same time, other characteristics of both the everyday life of the population and their employment, as well as those related to their provision with public goods, have also improved. However, it is too early to talk about significant positive changes in the quality of life of the mass strata. More noticeable improvement of satisfaction is observed in those spheres that are more closely connected with the efforts of the country’s citizens themselves, while the picture is less optimistic with those aspects that are more dependent on the state.
Liberals tend to indicate being less happy than conservatives; although one perspective suggests this happiness gap reflects liberals’ enhanced concern over the systemic maltreatment of others, the “maladjustment perspective” suggests it reflects, in part, liberals’ tendencies to reject aspects of conservatism that support agency and produce some life benefits. Some evidence seems to favor the maladjustment perspective; but, here, we sought to build on this perspective by examining its predictions in the context of Left-wing Authoritarianism (LWA). LWA is positively associated with liberalism, but, relative to liberalism, it encompasses aspects more rejecting of conservatism. US adults (N = 446) completed measures of LWA, happiness, agency, life impairment, and antagonistic personality constructs (e.g., sadism). The data supported the maladjustment perspective in the context of LWA: After accounting for liberalism (and demographics inclusive of age and sex), LWA was negatively related to happiness and positively related to agency deficiencies and life impairments; the latter two characteristics (reflective of maladjustment) completely accounted for LWA’s negative relation to happiness. These findings were generally consistent across LWA’s three facets. LWA also had a positive relationship to antagonistic personality constructs; hence, LWA is probably not conducive to enhanced concern over the systemic maltreatment of others. Additional analyses revealed that the anti-conventional facet of LWA completely accounted for relationships between liberalism and happiness, agency deficiencies, and life impairments. The results offer some novel insight into the ideological happiness gap.
The construction sector in India, driven significantly by migrant construction workers (MCWs), plays a pivotal role in the nation’s economic development. Despite their substantial contribution, there is a dearth of literature on the happiness of MCWs, who often face challenges such as irregular employment, financial instability, and poor living conditions. This chapter aims to address this gap by exploring various aspects of happiness among MCWs in Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The objectives include, (i) determining the mean happiness scores of MCWs in the construction industry in Bhubaneswar, (ii) investigating the factors contributing to their happiness, and (iii) analyzing how happiness varies among workers engaged in different types of construction activities. This chapter highlights the need for holistic interventions that address both workplace conditions and broader socio-economic factors to enhance the overall happiness of MCWs.
This chapter examines subjective wellbeing at the subnational level in Kazakhstan between 2011 and 2018. It also explores how age impacts people’s satisfaction in life. Drawing on the data from the World Value Survey, our findings suggest that there is a sharp decline in life satisfaction in northeastern and western parts of Kazakhstan due to demographic composition of the population, poverty, and inequality. In addition, we found that life satisfaction decreases across all age cohorts. This decline is particularly salient among the youth, which is explained by a high rate of unemployment, limited political participation opportunities, and poor responses to their needs on the part of the government.
Happiness becomes a benchmark of how people assess their lives, not only in terms of economic but also social and cultural. This research analyzes how Balinese people perceive happiness in terms of social, economic, and artistic. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were combined in the study. Denpasar City was chosen as the research location considering that Denpasar City is the capital of Bali Province, which acts as the centre of government and economy but still has traditional cultural values that its people closely carry. Data collection using questionnaires was distributed to 100 respondents. Data was analyzed descriptively, and correlation analysis was used to see how much economic, social, and cultural influences on people's happiness in Denpasar City. Information from in-depth interviews was analyzed using word clouds to see how people perceive happiness. The results show that happiness is viewed in terms of economy, income, life, culture, and satisfaction. Both economic, cultural, and social are still variables that influence happiness. The interview results also show that compared to those with high incomes, people feel happier when they gather with family and the surrounding community while doing various religious activities closely related to Balinese culture.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a fatal chronic disease experienced by 10% of people living with HIV (PLWH). As the population of older PLWH continues to increase, the prevalence of COPD is anticipated to grow as well. Despite this concerning trend, there is a lack of theoretical models to guide clinical practice and research on aging with HIV and COPD. To address this gap, this article describes the Baltes and Baltes’ SOC (Selective Optimization with Compensation) Model as a guiding framework for understanding successful aging of PLWH with COPD. The article highlights eight areas of aging (eg, length of life, biological health, mental health, cognitive efficiency, social competence, productivity, personal control, and life satisfaction) with HIV and with COPD and the potential synergetic effects of having two critical chronic diseases. Drawing from a synthesis of literature, we adapted the SOC model to include dedicated areas specifically tailored for HIV, COPD, and the intersectional areas impacted by both conditions. Furthermore, we integrated bidirectional relationships within the eight areas of aging into the model, aiming to enhance the practical application of the modified model. Based on the identified gaps in the literature, implications for clinical practice, research, and future theoretical developments are provided.
The relevance of the study is determined by the need to specify scientific ideas about predictors of self-change in personality and behavior. Understanding of this phenomenon is necessary for providing effective psychological support, especially during times of instability and uncertainty. The aim of the study is to identify the characteristics of different spheres of mental self-regulation and styles of responding to changes that influence self-change in female students, who differ in terms of their level of life satisfaction. Participants (202 female undergraduates aged 18–22 years) were examined using techniques assessing metacognitive engagement, emotional intelligence, characteristics of conscious self-regulation, reflection, styles of responding to change, and life satisfaction. Predictors of selfchange are differed between female students with high and low life satisfaction. The common predictor of selfchange for female students with different levels of life satisfaction is an innovative style of responding to change.
Cet article explore l'impact de l'intelligence artificielle sur le bien-être des apprenants dans un environnement universitaire numérique. La problématique centrale est de déterminer l'influence de la prise de décisions assistée par l'IA sur le développement personnel des étudiants et leur bien-être émotionnel. Premièrement, nous examinons l'influence de la recherche d'informations par l'IA sur la perception des étudiants de leur développement personnel. Deuxièmement, nous analysons l'impact de la tolérance à l'ambiguïté sur le bien-être émotionnel des apprenants, en mettant l'accent sur leur capacité à s'autoréguler face à l'incertitude. Enfin, nous étudions l'influence de la propension à prendre des risques dans le processus décisionnel, soutenue par l'IA sur l'engagement des apprenants. À travers une méthodologie quantitative, nous calculons les corrélations de Pearson, de Spearman et le Test de Kruskal-Wallis selon les réponses des 145 questionnés. Les résultats confirment les effets positifs de la prise de décisions assistée par l'IA sur le bien-être des apprenants en ligne. Parmi les implications pratiques des résultats : la rapidité des réponses réduit l'anxiété des apprenants. Le développement de la tolérance à l'ambiguïté renforce le bien-être émotionnel. Encourager les apprenants à adopter des attitudes proactives face aux défis renforce leur confiance dans leurs capacités décisionnelles. Abstract This article explores the impact of artificial intelligence on the well-being of learners in a digital university environment. The central problem is to determine the influence of AI-assisted decision-making on students' personal development and emotional well-being. First, we examine the influence of AI-assisted information retrieval on students' perception of their personal development. Second, we analyse the impact of ambiguity tolerance on learners' emotional well-being, focusing on their ability to self-regulate in the face of uncertainty. Finally, we study the influence of the propensity to take risks in the decision-making process, supported by AI, on learner engagement. Using a quantitative methodology, we calculate Pearson's correlations, Spearman's correlations and the Kruskal-Wallis Test according to the responses of the 145 respondents. The results confirm the positive effects of AI-assisted decision-making on the well-being of online learners. Among the practical implications of the results: the speed of responses reduces learner anxiety. The development of tolerance to ambiguity enhances emotional well-being. Encouraging learners to adopt proactive attitudes in the face of challenges boosts their confidence in their decision-making abilities.
The interest of researchers in the areas of human sciences and health in subjective well-being (SWB) is growing. However, in the Brazilian context, there is still a shortage of scientific evidence that ensures the use of a measurement instrument for assessing this construct. The present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the measurement of SWB composed of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), by testing the different factorial models described in the literature. The sample was composed of 1896 participants (77.8% female). Through confirmatory factor analysis, the fit indices of the single-factor, three-factor correlated (positive affections, negative affections, and life satisfaction), and bifactor models were compared. The results demonstrate better fits for the correlated multifactor model and invariance of the measurement model between groups according to gender and geographic region of the country. It was concluded that the Brazilian versions of the SWLS and PANAS compose an adequate measure of SWB, corresponding to the tripartite theoretical proposal that gave rise to the construct.
Bu araştırmanın amacı, çalışanlarda çalışma iradesi, insana yakışır iş, kariyer arzusu ve mental iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkileri çalışma psikoloji kuramına dayalı olarak path (yol) analiz yoluyla test etmektir. Araştırma grubunu 228 çalışan oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında Gelecekteki İnsana Yakışır İş Ölçeği, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği, Çalışma İradesi Ölçeği ve Kariyer Arzusu Ölçeğinden yararlanılmıştır. Veri analizinde path (yol) analizi tercih edilmiştir. Bu araştırmanın bulgularında çalışma iradesi, insana yakışır işi anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekilde yordamaktadır. Bu bulguya göre 1. Hipotez kabul edilmiştir. Benzer şekilde çalışma iradesinin, kariyer arzusunu anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekilde yordadığı bulgulanmıştır. Bu bulguya dayalı olarak 2. Hipotez doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca kariyer arzusu, mental iyi oluşu anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekilde yordamaktadır. Bu bulguya göre 3. Hipotez kabul edilmiştir. Ayrıca insana yakışır işin, mental iyi oluşu anlamlı ve pozitif bir şekilde yordadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu bulgu doğrultusunda 4. Hipotez doğrulanmıştır. Öte yandan çalışma iradesinin, mental iyi oluşunun anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olmadığı saptanmıştır. Bu bulguya göre 5. Hipotez reddedilmiştir. Sonuncusunda çalışma iradesi ile mental iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide kariyer arzusu ve insana yakışır işin aracılık etkisi anlamlı olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu bulguya göre 6. Hipotez doğrulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak bu araştırmada elde edilen nihai path (yol) modeli, çalışma psikolojisi kuramının varsayımlarını doğrulamaktadır.
The aim of this study is to detect the needs of patients with chronic diseases in terms of spiritual support. The research was conducted on seventy-nine participants who suffered from chronic diseases of high mortality risk, such as cancer, COPD or kidney failure. In forming the participant group, purposive sampling (non-random sampling) was preferred and criterion sampling was applied. The themes of the research were formed by referring to the scales of psychological well-being. In the context of these themes, the needs of the participants with regard to spiritual support have been systematically identified. Subsequent to the analysis of the data collected from the participants, hundred and fifty-five different codes have been defined. The results reveal that the majority of the spiritual support needs of the participants (60,2 %) is related to religious issues. Hence, it can be suggested that the participants did not distinguish between religion and spirituality. Moreover, the results also point out that spiritual counselling can contribute to the prevention of violence against healthcare professionals.
We examined the associations between sense of community (SoC) and multidimensional academic engagement, including whether meaning in life and subjective well-being mediate the relationships. Participants were Nigerian students who completed the Classroom Sense of Community Inventory–School Form (CSCI-SF), Meaning in Life Questionnaire’s (MLQ) Presence subscale, Brief Adolescent Subjective Well-being in School Scale (BASWSS), and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale – Student Version (UWES-S-9). Data was analysed using Model 6 of Hayes’ regression-based PROCESS module. Results showed that both presence of meaning and subjective well-being mediated the effects of aspects of SoC on vigour, dedication and overall academic engagement. The effects of SoC on absorption was only mediated by subjective wellbeing. Mediation pathways were not significant for the effects of learning SoC on absorption. In all cases, the strongest mediation existed in the paths linking social SoC to academic engagement through subjective wellbeing. Promotion of classroom SoC may facilitate presence of meaning in life and subjective wellbeing thereby enhancing academic engagement
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