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Towards Space Sensor Network and Internet of Things: Merging CubeSats with IoT
Abstract
The fourth industrial revolution, also known as Industry 4.0, has been impacted by the advancements of various technological areas, including microsatellites. The Internet of Space Things (IoST) and Space Sensor Networks (SSNs) are generally integrated into microsatellites as well as Internet of Things (IoT) devices that have recently been used in modern applications. Compared to the traditional microsatellites and IoT devices, the current IoST and SSN devices have the advantages of collecting IoT data in remote areas where there is no network or Internet, sending data with low power between mobile devices and satellite constellations, ensuring global coverage of data exchange, and so on. Due to the mentioned individual advantages, the IoST and SSNs devices have been widely applied in microsatellites and IoT devices. The IoST devices can be integrated with a satellite constellation and CubeSats or IoT receivers. Beside this, the IoST devices are implemented in other applications as a bigger satellite constellation which have both IoT receivers and space sensors such as satellite dishes and RF devices. This paper surveys the current research and technologies of IoST and SSNs within their applications in microsatellites and IoT devices. The impact of IoST on Industry 4.0 is also discussed in this paper.
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The autonomous navigation of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) relies heavily on the navigation sensors. The UAV’s level of autonomy depends upon the various navigation systems, such as state measurement, mapping, and obstacle avoidance. Selecting the correct components is a critical part of the design process. However, this can be a particularly difficult task, especially for novices as there are several technologies and components available on the market, each with their own individual advantages and disadvantages. For example, satellite-based navigation components should be avoided when designing indoor UAVs. Incorporating them in the design brings no added value to the final product and will simply lead to increased cost and power consumption. Another issue is the number of vendors on the market, each trying to sell their hardware solutions which often incorporate similar technologies. The aim of this paper is to serve as a guide, proposing various methods to support the selection of fit-for-purpose technologies and components whilst avoiding system layout conflicts. The paper presents a study of the various navigation technologies and supports engineers in the selection of specific hardware solutions based on given requirements. The selection methods are based on easy-to-follow flow charts. A comparison of the various hardware components specifications is also included as part of this work.
Aerial Robot Arms (ARAs) enable aerial drones to interact and influence objects in various environments. Traditional ARA controllers need the availability of a high-precision model to avoid high control chattering. Furthermore, in practical applications of aerial object manipulation, the payloads that ARAs can handle vary, depending on the nature of the task. The high uncertainties due to modeling errors and an unknown payload are inversely proportional to the stability of ARAs. To address the issue of stability, a new adaptive robust controller, based on the Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network, is proposed. A three-tier approach is also followed. Firstly, a detailed new model for the ARA is derived using the Lagrange–d’Alembert principle. Secondly, an adaptive robust controller, based on a sliding mode, is designed to manipulate the problem of uncertainties, including modeling errors. Last, a higher stability controller, based on the RBF neural network, is implemented with the adaptive robust controller to stabilize the ARAs, avoiding modeling errors and unknown payload issues. The novelty of the proposed design is that it takes into account high nonlinearities, coupling control loops, high modeling errors, and disturbances due to payloads and environmental conditions. The model was evaluated by the simulation of a case study that includes the two proposed controllers and ARA trajectory tracking. The simulation results show the validation and notability of the presented control algorithm.
Industry 4.0 is an energetic movement as of late offered by means of the German administration. The aim of the movement is the altering of modern assembling throughout digital technology and the abuse of possibilities of new innovations. Our nations pressed towards “Make in India” have taken comprehension of Industry 4.0 and ongoing it’s situating in this space. First shrewd processing plant—touching from mechanization to independence—where machines make conversation with one another is being laid down up in Bangalore at the Indian Institute of Science’s Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing with seed financing from the Boeing Corporation. An Industry 4.0 creation framework is in this manner adjustable and empowers individualized and modified items. This paper introduces the writing study on Internet of thing based assembling and arranging process in keen ventures. This paper gives an itemized depiction of things to come challenge, remote sensor observing, and efficient strategies over the IoT.
Industry 4.0 is an energetic movement as of late offered by means of the German administration. The aim of the movement is the altering of modern assembling throughout digital technology and the abuse of possibilities of new innovations. Our nations pressed towards “Make in India” have taken comprehension of Industry 4.0 and ongoing it’s situating in this space. First shrewd processing plant—touching from mechanization to independence—where machines make conversation with one another is being laid down up in Bangalore at the Indian Institute of Science’s Centre for Product Design and Manufacturing with seed financing from the Boeing Corporation. An Industry 4.0 creation framework is in this manner adjustable and empowers individualized and modified items. This paper introduces the writing study on Internet of thing based assembling and arranging process in keen ventures. This paper gives an itemized depiction of things to come challenge, remote sensor observing, and efficient strategies over the IoT.
Abstract Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that has changed the traditional way of living into a high tech life style. Smart city, smart homes, pollution control, energy saving, smart transportation, smart industries are such transformations due to IoT. A lot of crucial research studies and investigations have been done in order to enhance the technology through IoT. However, there are still a lot of challenges and issues that need to be addressed to achieve the full potential of IoT. These challenges and issues must be considered from various aspects of IoT such as applications, challenges, enabling technologies, social and environmental impacts etc. The main goal of this review article is to provide a detailed discussion from both technological and social perspective. The article discusses different challenges and key issues of IoT, architecture and important application domains. Also, the article bring into light the existing literature and illustrated their contribution in different aspects of IoT. Moreover, the importance of big data and its analysis with respect to IoT has been discussed. This article would help the readers and researcher to understand the IoT and its applicability to the real world.
Satellite networks are inevitable for the ubiquitous connectivity of M2M (machine to machine) and IoT (internet of things) devices. Advances in the miniaturization of satellite technology make networks in LEO (Low Earth Orbit) predestined to serve as a backhaul for narrow-band M2M communication. To reduce latency and increase network responsivity, intersatellite link capability among nodes is a key component in satellite design. The miniaturization of nodes to enable the economical deployment of large networks is also crucial. Thus, this article addresses these key issues and presents a design methodology and implementation of an adaptive network architecture considering highly limited resources, as is the case in a nanosatellite (≈10 kg) network. Potentially applicable multiple access techniques are evaluated. The results show that a time division duplex scheme with session-oriented P2P (point to point) protocols in the data link layer is more suitable for limited resources. Furthermore, an applicable layer model is defined and a protocol implementation is outlined. To demonstrate the technical feasibility of a nanosatellite-based communication network, the S-NET (S band network with nanosatellites) mission has been developed, which consists of four nanosatellites, to demonstrate multi-point crosslink with 100 kbps data rates over distances up to 400 km and optimized communication protocols, pushing the technological boundaries of nanosatellites. The flight results of S-NET prove the feasibility of these nanosatellites as a space-based M2M backhaul.
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Design, fabrication, testing, launch and operation of a particular CubeSat are detailed, as a reference for prospective developers of CubeSat missions.
Abstract
The current success rate of CubeSat missions, particularly for first-time developers, may discourage non-profit organizations to start new projects. CubeSat development teams may not be able to dedicate the resources that are necessary to maintain Quality Assurance as it is performed for the reliable conventional satellite projects. This paper discusses the structured life-cycle of a CubeSat project, using as a reference the authors’ recent experience of developing and operating a 2U CubeSat, called qbee50-LTU-OC, as part of the QB50 mission. This paper also provides a critique of some of the current poor practices and methodologies while carrying out CubeSat projects.
Extending the internet of things (IoT) networks to remote areas under extreme conditions or for serving sometimes unpredictable mobile applications has increased the need for satellite technology to provide effective connectivity. However, existent medium access control (MAC) protocols deployed in commercial satellite networks were not designed to offer scalable solutions for the increasing number of devices predicted for IoT in the near future, nor do they consider other specific IoT characteristics. In particular, CubeSats—a low-cost solution for space technology—have the potential to become a wireless access network for the IoT, if additional requirements, including simplicity and low demands in processing, storage, and energy consumption are incorporated into MAC protocol design for satellite IoT systems. Here we review MAC protocols employed or proposed for satellite systems and evaluate their performance considering the IoT scenario along with the trend of using CubeSats for IoT connectivity. Criteria include channel load, throughput, energy efficiency, and complexity. We have found that Aloha-based protocols and interference cancellation-based protocols stand out on some of the performance metrics. However, the tradeoffs among communications performance, energy consumption, and complexity require improvements in future designs, for which we identify specific challenges and open research areas for MAC protocols deployed with next low-cost nanosatellite IoT systems.
CubeSats have become an interesting innovation in the space sector. Such platforms are being used for several space applications, such as education, Earth remote sensing, science, and defense. As of May 31st, 2018, 855 CubeSats had been launched. Remote sensing application is the main sector in which CubeSats are being used, corresponding to about 45% of all applications. This fact indicates the commercial potential of such a platform. Fifty eight countries have already been involved with developing CubeSats. The most used CubeSat configuration is 3U (about 64%), followed by 1U (18%), while 6U platforms account for about 4%. In this paper, we present an analysis of the current situation regarding CubeSats worldwide, through the use of a dataset built to encompass information about these satellites. The overall success rate of the CubeSat missions is increasing over time. Moreover, considering CubeSat missions as a Bernoulli experiment, and excluding launch failures, the current success rate was estimated, as a parameter of a binomial distribution, to be about 75%. By using a logistic model and considering that the launchings keep following the current tendency, one can expect that one thousand CubeSats will be launched in 2021, within 95% certainty.
The use of the Internet is growing in this day and age, so another area has developed to use the Internet, called Internet of Things (IoT). It facilitates the machines and objects to communicate, compute and coordinate with each other. It is an enabler for the intelligence affixed to several essential features of the modern world, such as homes, hospitals, buildings, transports and cities. The security and privacy are some of the critical issues related to the wide application of IoT. Therefore, these issues prevent the wide adoption of the IoT. In this paper, we are presenting an overview about different layered architectures of IoT and attacks regarding security from the perspective of layers. In addition, a review of mechanisms that provide solutions to these issues is presented with their limitations. Furthermore, we have suggested a new secure layered architecture of IoT to overcome these issues.
New transceiver technologies have emerged which enable power efficient communication over very long distances. Examples of such Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies are LoRa, Sigfox and Weightless. A typical application scenario for these technologies is city wide meter reading collection where devices send readings at very low frequency over a long distance to a data concentrator (one-hop networks). We argue that these transceivers are potentially very useful to construct more generic Internet of Things (IoT) networks incorporating multi-hop bi-directional communication enabling sensing and actuation. Furthermore, these transceivers have interesting features not available with more traditional transceivers used for IoT networks which enable construction of novel protocol elements.
In this paper we present a performance and capability analysis of a currently available LoRa transceiver. We describe its features and then demonstrate how such transceiver can be put to use efficiently in a wide-area application scenario. In particular we demonstrate how unique features such as concurrent non-destructive transmissions and carrier detection can be employed. Our deployment experiment demonstrates that 6 LoRa nodes can form a network covering 1.5ha in a built up environment, achieving a potential lifetime of 2 year on 2 AA batteries and delivering data within 5s and reliability of 80%.
We describe the design, manufacture, and deployment of advanced wildlife tracking tags (transmitters) based on integrated transceivers. The tags weigh as little as 2g and cost less than $20 each in relatively small quantities (tens).
The development of the CubeSat standard, a picosatellite standard, has become a tool that encourages engineering collaboration, trains students with real-world satellite experience, and provides technology advancement in the aerospace industry. The Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD), in conjuction with the CubeSat standard, plays a key role in providing access to space for CubeSats. Developing satellites at the CubeSat level highlight the increasing opportunities for access to space while yielding quicker development times. The upcoming launches demonstrate the growing interest of universities, companies, and government organizations to develop CubeSats to perform valuable scientific experiments and missions. The educational benefits of CubeSat development are emphasized by providing an ideal training ground for future scientists and engineers.
It is now feasible to construct highly capable ‘nanosatellites’ (i.e. sub–10 kg satellites) to provide cost–effective an rapid–response orbiting test vehicles for advanced space missions and technologies. The UK's first nanosatellite, SNAP–1—designe and built by Surrey Space Centre (SSC) and Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd (SSTL) staff — is an example of such a test vehicle in this case, built with the primary objective of demonstrating that a sophisticated, fully agile nanosatellite can be constructe rapidly, and at very low cost, using an extension of the modular–COTS–based design philosophy pioneered by SSC for its microsatellites.
SNAP–1 was successfully launched into orbit on 28 June 2000 from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on board a Russian Cosmos rocket.
It flew alongside a Russian Cospas–Sarsat satellite called Nadezhda, and an SSTL–built Chinese microsatellite, called Tsinghua–1.
The first year of operations has been highly successful, with SNAP–1 becoming the first nanosatellite to have demonstrate full attitude and orbit control, via its miniature momentum–wheel–based attitude control system and its butane–propellant–base propulsion system. This paper reviews the initial results of the SNAP–1 mission.
Modern environmental monitoring systems are based on satellite-based sensor networks (SSN) where earth stations (Sinks) gather information from sensors and use the satellite channel to send it to remote sites. For the sake of efficiency of a whole monitoring system, the SSN has to be managed by following two main aims: to guarantee the reliability, in particular in case of failure of the satellite portion of the network, and to limit both delay, which is representative of a very important Quality of Service (QoS) metric, and energy consumption. The dynamic sink selection process may allow reaching both aims of the system. In more detail, the paper proposes: the description of the SSN architecture taken as reference, the quality requirements of the system, a revision of the Sink selection method called LINMAP, and an introductive simulative study of its performance in case of failure of the satellite portion of the system.
Cal Poly students are participating in the development of a new
class of picosatellite, the CubeSat. CubeSats are ideal as space
development projects for universities around the world. In addition to
their significant role in educating space scientists and engineers,
CubeSats provide a low-cost platform for testing and space qualification
of the next generation of small payloads in space. A key component of
the project is the development of a standard CubeSat deployer. This
deployer is capable of releasing a number of CubeSats as secondary
payloads on a wide range of launchers. The standard deployer requires
all CubeSats to conform to common physical requirements, and share a
standard deployer interface. CubeSat development time and cost can be
significantly reduced by the development of standards that are shared by
a large number of spacecraft
The recently developed Tilting Rotors Quadcopters (TRQs) embedded system has gained wide application because of its feature to track a particular trajectory with fix tilting. Attaining precise TRQ dynamic models, particularly by bearing in mind dynamics of motors, is vital for designing controllers. In this study, a TRQ platform is modeled on the basis of the Newton-Euler technique while taking into account motor dynamics. The motor speed is controlled as a closed loop system by applying a lead compensator. Mathematical models have been developed and simulated for the inertial sensors and the battery. The TRQ system was simulated using Matlab and tested with different conditions. The proposed model supports estimations of voltage drop under different environmental conditions. Initial sensors noise is also included in the proposed model.
The use of satellites to provide ubiquitous coverage and connectivity for densely deployed Internet of Things (IoT) networks is expected to be a reality in emerging 6G networks. Yet the low battery capacity of IoT nodes constitutes a problem for their direct connectivity to satellites, which are located at altitudes of up to 2000 km. In this article, we propose a novel architecture involving the use of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) units to mitigate the path loss associated with long transmission distances. These RIS units can be placed on satellite reflectarrays, and, when used in broadcasting and beamforming, they can provide significant gains in signal transmission. This study shows that RIS-assisted satellites can provide up to 10
5
times higher downlink and achievable uplink rates for IoT networks.
Small satellites, or CubeSats, are envisioned as a promising solution for future satellite communication networks because of their low costs and short deployment cycle. Currently, CubeSats communicate at conventionally allocated satellite communication frequencies. However, with the increase in the number of CubeSats, CubeSat-enabled communication systems, and many new use cases, new spectrum bands and a more efficient spectrum usage are needed. In this paper, a novel CubeSat design with reconfigurable multi-band radios for communication in dynamic frequencies is proposed.The multi-band radio design is realized by two complementary approaches, namely, an electronics-based and a photonics-based approach. The multi-band communication covers a wide range from radio frequencies (2–30 GHz), millimeter wave (30–300 GHz), Terahertz band (up to 10 THz), and optical frequencies (with typical bands of 850 nm/350 THz, 1300 nm/230 THz, and 1550 nm/193 THz). A thorough link budget analysis is conducted to demonstrate the potential of the proposed multi-band architecture for space information networks. Key parameters in the satellite constellation design are investigated to explore the feasibility of deployment at different altitudes in the exosphere orbit (500 km and above). A continuous global coverage is demonstrated to serve the Internet of Space Things, a new paradigm for next generation satellite communication networks.
Recently, there has been an explosive growth in the development and implementation of various Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). Accordingly, CPS-related research and advancements in CPS technologies have increasingly been part of the emerging trends in IT areas such as Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data, cloud computing, and Industry 4.0. However, there are only a few research efforts that identify the comprehensive CPS research trends relevant to the emerging IT trends. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore what CPS research topics are related to the emerging IT trends and to investigate how industries have implemented CPS technologies.
Recent technology advances have made CubeSats not only an affordable means of access to space, but also promising platforms to develop a new variety of space applications. In this paper, we explore the idea of using nanosatellites as access points to provide extended coverage to the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. This study is mainly motivated by two facts: on the one hand, it is already obvious that the number of machine-type devices deployed globally will experiment an exponential growth over the forthcoming years. This trend is pushed by the available terrestrial cellular infrastructure, which allows adding support for M2M connectivity at marginal costs. On the other hand, the same growth is not observed in remote areas that must rely on space-based connectivity. In such environments, the demand for M2M communications is potentially large, yet it is challenged by the lack of cost-effective service providers. The traffic characteristics of typical M2M applications translate into the requirement for an extremely low cost per transmitted message. Under these strong economical constraints, we expect that nanosatellites in the low Earth orbit will play a fundamental role in overcoming what we may call the IoT digital divide. The objective of this paper is therefore to provide a general analysis of a nanosatellite-based, global IoT/M2M network. We put emphasis in the engineering challenges faced in designing the Earth-to-Space communication link, where the adoption of an efficient multiple-access scheme is paramount for ensuring connectivity to a large number of terminal nodes. In particular, the trade-offs energy efficiency–access delay and energy efficiency–throughput are discussed, and a novel access approach suitable for delay-tolerant applications is proposed. Thus, by keeping a system-level standpoint, we identify key issues and discuss perspectives towards energy efficient and cost-effective solutions.
Mobile Cloud Computing is a new technology which refers to an infrastructure where both data storage and data processing operate outside of the mobile device. Another recent technology is Internet of Things. Internet of Things is a new technology which is growing rapidly in the field of telecommunications. More specifically, IoT related with wireless telecommunications. The main goal of the interaction and cooperation between things and objects which sent through the wireless networks is to fulfill the objective set to them as a combined entity. In addition, there is a rapid development of both technologies, Cloud Computing and Internet of Things, regard the field of wireless communications. In this paper, we present a survey of IoT and Cloud Computing with a focus on the security issues of both technologies. Specifically, we combine the two aforementioned technologies (i.e Cloud Computing and IoT) in order to examine the common features, and in order to discover the benefits of their integration. Concluding, we present the contribution of Cloud Computing to the IoT technology. Thus, it shows how the Cloud Computing technology improves the function of the IoT. Finally, we survey the security challenges of the integration of IoT and Cloud Computing.
Ubiquitous sensing enabled by Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technologies cuts
across many areas of modern day living. This offers the ability to measure,
infer and understand environmental indicators, from delicate ecologies and
natural resources to urban environments. The proliferation of these devices in
a communicating-actuating network creates the Internet of Things (IoT),
wherein, sensors and actuators blend seamlessly with the environment around us,
and the information is shared across platforms in order to develop a common
operating picture (COP). Fuelled by the recent adaptation of a variety of
enabling device technologies such as RFID tags and readers, near field
communication (NFC) devices and embedded sensor and actuator nodes, the IoT has
stepped out of its infancy and is the the next revolutionary technology in
transforming the Internet into a fully integrated Future Internet. As we move
from www (static pages web) to web2 (social networking web) to web3 (ubiquitous
computing web), the need for data-on-demand using sophisticated intuitive
queries increases significantly. This paper presents a cloud centric vision for
worldwide implementation of Internet of Things. The key enabling technologies
and application domains that are likely to drive IoT research in the near
future are discussed. A cloud implementation using Aneka, which is based on
interaction of private and public clouds is presented. We conclude our IoT
vision by expanding on the need for convergence of WSN, the Internet and
distributed computing directed at technological research community.
Recently Earth observation by remote sensing has evolved to an
operational status in many application areas. After the successful
launch and operation of ERS-1 and with ERS-2 being finalised for launch
in 1994, the European Space Agency has set the scene for further
atmosphere-ocean-climate missions with particular emphasis on ocean and
ice processes. Beyond the ERS series of satellites, ESA is supporting
the requirements of the science community with regards to our
environment by the provision of the environmental satellite
“Envisat-1”. The payload of Envisat-1, which exploits both
the optical and microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum, will
continue and extend the ERS missions focusing primarily on environmental
studies with a special emphasis on oceanography and atmospheric
chemistry. In parallel the provision of a series of satellites (the
METOP series) is being studied with EUMETSAT. These satellites are
intended to make a major contribution to operational meteorology. The
proposed launch dates are 1998 for Envisat-1 and the year 2000 for
METOP-1. Via its Earth Observation Preparatory Programme (EOPP), ESA is
also studying candidate payloads for thematic missions after Envisat-1
and METOP. This paper concentrates on the planned contribution of ESA to
Earth observation from polar orbit in the near and long term, outlining
the main objectives and components of the planned missions
A technical framework for selection of autonomous uav navigation technologies and sensors
- Al-Darraji I Derbali
- M Jerbi
- H Khan
- I Al-Darraji
Mastering IOT: build modern IoT solutions that secure and monitor your IoT infrastructure
- C Dow
- P Lea