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An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust
Abstract
The topic of trust is generating increased interest in organizational studies. Gambetta (1988) noted that ‘scholars tend to mention [trust] in passing, to allude to it as a fundamental ingredient or lubricant, an un-avoidable dimension of social interaction, only to move on to deal with less intractable matters’ (unnumbered foreword). The importance of trust has been cited in such areas as communication (Giffin, 1967), leadership (Atwater, 1988), management by objectives (Scott, D., 1980), negotiation (Bazerman, 1994), game theory (Milgrom & Roberts, 1992), performance appraisal (Cummings, 1983), labormanagement relations (Taylor, 1989), and implementation of self-managed work teams (Lawler, 1992).
... These interactions present challenges to existing methods of measuring and modeling trust. The inherent anthropomorphic characteristics of AI chatbots create ambiguity regarding whether students form trust in these systems based on interpersonal trust frameworks typically applied to human relationships (Mayer et al., 1995) or technology trust frameworks designed for human-technology interactions (McKnight et al., 2011). ...
... There is limited understanding regarding how traditional frameworks for measuring and modeling trust, designed for either human-human or human-technology contexts (e.g. Mayer et al., 1995;McKnight et al., 2011), apply to more social or anthropomorphic technologies, like AI chatbots. Interpersonal trust frameworks designed for human-human interactions may not fully capture the technological aspects of these systems, as measuring constructs like perceived benevolence requires different interpretations when applied to AI systems that function without genuine intention or agency (McKnight et al., 2011). ...
... Definitions of trust have changed over time, with no one definition garnering universal acceptance, remaining largely dependent on the context and discipline in which it is applied (Bach et al., 2024;McKnight et al., 2011). Generally, trust is a subjective and psychological construct that enables cooperation, reduces uncertainty, and facilitates interactions between individuals, groups, and systems (Mayer et al., 1995;McKnight et al., 2011;Mishra, 1996). Several definitions have been provided in prior work. ...
As AI chatbots become increasingly integrated in education, students are turning to these systems for guidance, feedback, and information. However, the anthropomorphic characteristics of these chatbots create ambiguity regarding whether students develop trust toward them as they would a human peer or instructor, based in interpersonal trust, or as they would any other piece of technology, based in technology trust. This ambiguity presents theoretical challenges, as interpersonal trust models may inappropriately ascribe human intentionality and morality to AI, while technology trust models were developed for non-social technologies, leaving their applicability to anthropomorphic systems unclear. To address this gap, we investigate how human-like and system-like trusting beliefs comparatively influence students' perceived enjoyment, trusting intention, behavioral intention to use, and perceived usefulness of an AI chatbot - factors associated with students' engagement and learning outcomes. Through partial least squares structural equation modeling, we found that human-like and system-like trust significantly influenced student perceptions, with varied effects. Human-like trust more strongly predicted trusting intention, while system-like trust better predicted behavioral intention and perceived usefulness. Both had similar effects on perceived enjoyment. Given the partial explanatory power of each type of trust, we propose that students develop a distinct form of trust with AI chatbots (human-AI trust) that differs from human-human and human-technology models of trust. Our findings highlight the need for new theoretical frameworks specific to human-AI trust and offer practical insights for fostering appropriately calibrated trust, which is critical for the effective adoption and pedagogical impact of AI in education.
... La confianza en los líderes educativos se genera cuando los docentes perciben que sus líderes implementan prácticas concretas de cuidado, lo que manifiesta que se preocupan genuinamente por su bienestar tanto personal como profesional. Para ello, las prácticas de cuidado, como la escucha activa, el apoyo emocional y el reconocimiento, son fundamentales para crear un ambiente de predictibilidad y seguridad, elementos clave para el desarrollo de la confianza en la escuela (Mayer;Davis;Schoorman, 1995). Bryk y Schneider (2002) destacan que la confianza se construye sobre la base de la reciprocidad y la interacción constante entre los miembros de la comunidad educativa, donde los docentes responden a las acciones de cuidado con una mayor disposición a colaborar y comprometerse con las metas institucionales, lo que genera un buen líder o lideresa educacional. ...
... La confianza en los líderes educativos se genera cuando los docentes perciben que sus líderes implementan prácticas concretas de cuidado, lo que manifiesta que se preocupan genuinamente por su bienestar tanto personal como profesional. Para ello, las prácticas de cuidado, como la escucha activa, el apoyo emocional y el reconocimiento, son fundamentales para crear un ambiente de predictibilidad y seguridad, elementos clave para el desarrollo de la confianza en la escuela (Mayer;Davis;Schoorman, 1995). Bryk y Schneider (2002) destacan que la confianza se construye sobre la base de la reciprocidad y la interacción constante entre los miembros de la comunidad educativa, donde los docentes responden a las acciones de cuidado con una mayor disposición a colaborar y comprometerse con las metas institucionales, lo que genera un buen líder o lideresa educacional. ...
... La confianza en los líderes educativos se genera cuando los docentes perciben que sus líderes implementan prácticas concretas de cuidado, lo que manifiesta que se preocupan genuinamente por su bienestar tanto personal como profesional. Para ello, las prácticas de cuidado, como la escucha activa, el apoyo emocional y el reconocimiento, son fundamentales para crear un ambiente de predictibilidad y seguridad, elementos clave para el desarrollo de la confianza en la escuela (Mayer;Davis;Schoorman, 1995). Bryk y Schneider (2002) destacan que la confianza se construye sobre la base de la reciprocidad y la interacción constante entre los miembros de la comunidad educativa, donde los docentes responden a las acciones de cuidado con una mayor disposición a colaborar y comprometerse con las metas institucionales, lo que genera un buen líder o lideresa educacional. ...
El liderazgo para el cuidado se refiere a un conjunto de prácticas que promueven el bienestar integral (emocional, social y académico) dentro de la comunidad escolar. En este contexto, este artículo busca reconocer en qué medida los docentes perciben y valoran prácticas (o acciones) de cuidado y confianza por parte de sus directores/as. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario a 333 docentes de la Región Metropolitana de Chile. Los resultados indican que los docentes valoran positivamente la competencia e integridad de sus directores/as escolares, sin embargo, las dimensiones de estima y respeto, aunque valoradas positivamente, muestran espacios más descendidos.
... The idea of trust in technology has progressed a lot in the last years. The early research in the late 1990s includes a foundational trust model in human-technology interaction by Mayer et al. (1995) [18]. As a continuation of those, Nass and Moon (2000) [19] studied on how user-trust in computers is affected by perceived competence and perceived social engagement. ...
... The idea of trust in technology has progressed a lot in the last years. The early research in the late 1990s includes a foundational trust model in human-technology interaction by Mayer et al. (1995) [18]. As a continuation of those, Nass and Moon (2000) [19] studied on how user-trust in computers is affected by perceived competence and perceived social engagement. ...
This study explores the effect of transparency on
human user trust and usability of AI chatbots, one of the core
mechanisms that constitute human-AI interaction. Previous work
has studied the way transparency can enhance building trust, but
the relationship between transparency and usability has not been
well studied.Therefore to fill this gap researchers compared user
experiences with chatbots in its transparent and non-transparent
versions.The findings reveal that while transparency, including
clear privacy policies, can enhance user understanding and trust,
it can also negatively impact usability. The contribution of this
study lies in the balance between information provision and user
experience to form AI chatbot that are not only informative but
are also user friendly.
... In a widely applied interpersonal trust model in the social sciences, trust is conceptualized along three dimensions: competence, integrity, and benevolence [50]. Building on the premise that people attribute human-like qualities to technologies, particularly interactive AI systems, this framework has been frequently used to study trust in technology. ...
... Building on the premise that people attribute human-like qualities to technologies, particularly interactive AI systems, this framework has been frequently used to study trust in technology. Specifically, three perceived system propertiescompetence (the ability to perform tasks effectively), integrity (adherence to acceptable principles), and benevolence (having good intentions aligned with the user's best interests) [5,50,51]-shape users' trust in technology [41]. ...
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is an essential benefit support system provided by the US administration to 41 million federally determined low-income applicants. Through interviews with such applicants across a diverse set of experiences with the SNAP system, our findings reveal that new AI technologies like LLMs can alleviate traditional burdens but also introduce new burdens. We introduce new types of learning, compliance, and psychological costs that transform the administrative burden on applicants. We also identify how trust in AI across three dimensions--competence, integrity, and benevolence--is perceived to reduce administrative burdens, which may stem from unintended and untoward overt trust in the system. We discuss calibrating appropriate levels of user trust in LLM-based administrative systems, mitigating newly introduced burdens. In particular, our findings suggest that evidence-based information disclosure is necessary in benefits administration and propose directions for future research on trust-burden dynamics in AI-assisted administration systems.
... However, defining Trustworthy AI (TAI) within specific realworld contexts remains a topic of active debate [67]. The first gap is epistemological, requiring a distinction between trustworthiness, an inherent property of a system's actual capabilities, and trust, which reflects the user's perception of trustworthiness [40]. Moreover, the * Corresponding Author. ...
... A seminal framework for modelling trust within organisations is the ABI framework by Mayer [40]. In the ABI model, trust is defined as a relation between a trusting party (trustor) and a counterpart to be trusted (trustee), based on the trustor's belief in the trustee's Ability, Benevolence, and Integrity. ...
The rapid adoption of Vision Language Models (VLMs), pre-trained on large image-text and video-text datasets, calls for protecting and informing users about when to trust these systems. This survey reviews studies on trust dynamics in user-VLM interactions, through a multi-disciplinary taxonomy encompassing different cognitive science capabilities, collaboration modes, and agent behaviours. Literature insights and findings from a workshop with prospective VLM users inform preliminary requirements for future VLM trust studies.
... Concept of confidence Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman (1995) referred in Inthawan (2015), the study of factors of traits and psychological traits that build trust. It has been found that a number of factors appear in the trusted person who results in that trust. ...
... competence, virtue, and moral principles. Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995) cited in Sangsawat (2015), the meaning of Trust Building Factor refers to the credibility of the person who perceives the ability and goodwill to pass on. This will be the case only if the trusted customer recognizes the trustworthiness of the trust. ...
The purposes of the study research were: 1) to study to the individual factors when making decisions to buy precast concrete wall houses, and 2) to study the marketing mix from the consumer view and the effects of the confidence level on such decisions. The study was a quantitative research with the samples of 401 people. The research tool was a questionnaire. The statistics for data analysis used were frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The statistics for hypothesis test were t-test, One-way ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. The research results show that: 1) There are statistically significant differences in age, occupation and monthly income to buying decision in a residential house, precast concrete wall system of the housing estate project. 2) Marketing mix factor (X1) and brand confidence factor (X3) have a statistically significant influence on prefabricated concrete wall purchase decision. Accordingly, the equations can contribute to 53 percent of the forecast. The equation can be written as Ytot = 0.31 + 0.32 (X1) + 0.52 (X3).
... Trust also requires interdependence and associated risk. Most theorists (e.g., Mayer et al., 1995) also advocate for a separation between trust and trustworthiness. Thus, trust is usually defined as a psychological willingness to be vulnerable to or rely upon, support, or (Rousseau et al., 1998), while trustworthiness or perceived trustworthiness refers to trustee characteristics and/or trustor perceptions of the trustee which are commonly hypothesised to motivate the trustor's 'willingness'. ...
... Relating to specific perceptions, empirical studies informing Path 1 tend to rely on theories of democracy, legitimacy, procedural justice (e.g., Tyler, 2006), and trustworthiness (e.g., Mayer et al., 1995). Thus, as will be subsequently evident, Path 1 studies typically propose some subset of trustworthiness and legitimacy perceptions will change during participatory engagements-or as a result of becoming aware of participatory engagements-thereby increasing public trust. ...
... This study proposes VizTrust, a visual analytics tool which can capture user trust dynamics in real-time human-agent communication process. VizTrust applies a multi-agent collaboration framework to decompose user trust evaluation task, based on four established trust dimensions, including competence, integrity, benevolence, and predictability [5,12,20,21,29,31,36,54]. VizTrust also presents a variety of social signals in real-time analysis, including linguistic strategies, empathetic responses, and emotional tones, aiding conversational design stakeholders better observe human-agent communication process. ...
... G2. Multidimensional trust evaluation: Multiple dimensions of trust provide a holistic understanding necessary for optimizing conversational agent design [29]. VizTrust should evaluate user trust across four key dimensions, including competence, integrity, benevolence, and predictability, incorporating social psychology principles. ...
Trust plays a fundamental role in shaping the willingness of users to engage and collaborate with artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Yet, measuring user trust remains challenging due to its complex and dynamic nature. While traditional survey methods provide trust levels for long conversations, they fail to capture its dynamic evolution during ongoing interactions. Here, we present VizTrust, which addresses this challenge by introducing a real-time visual analytics tool that leverages a multi-agent collaboration system to capture and analyze user trust dynamics in human-agent communication. Built on established human-computer trust scales-competence, integrity, benevolence, and predictability-, VizTrust enables stakeholders to observe trust formation as it happens, identify patterns in trust development, and pinpoint specific interaction elements that influence trust. Our tool offers actionable insights into human-agent trust formation and evolution in real time through a dashboard, supporting the design of adaptive conversational agents that responds effectively to user trust signals.
... Moreover, the level of trust employees have in their leaders is positively correlated with their organizational commitment (Yuan et al., 2022). Employees who trust their leaders are more likely to engage in riskier behaviors, such as sharing sensitive information, because they believe their leaders will act with integrity (Mayer, 1995;Boudrias et al., 2021). On the contrary, when trust is lacking, employees may experience mental distractions, reducing their focus and hindering performance (Mayer & Gavin, 2005;). ...
... Trust is commonly defined as the trustor's positive expectations towards the trustee, combined with the trustor's vulnerability and uncertainty within the specific context [7,34]. Research has shown that trust levels in human-human interaction depend on three perceived qualities of the trustee: ability, integrity, and benevolence [38]. In the context of human-automation interaction, these three factors have been reframed as performance, process (e.g. ...
As the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) by students, lecturers and researchers becomes more prevalent, universities - like other organizations - are pressed to develop coherent AI strategies. LLMs as-a-Service (LLMaaS) offer accessible pre-trained models, customizable to specific (business) needs. While most studies prioritize data, model, or infrastructure adaptations (e.g., model fine-tuning), we focus on user-salient customizations, like interface changes and corporate branding, which we argue influence users' trust and usage patterns. This study serves as a functional prequel to a large-scale field study in which we examine how students and employees at a German university perceive and use their institution's customized LLMaaS compared to ChatGPT. The goals of this prequel are to stimulate discussions on psychological effects of LLMaaS customizations and refine our research approach through feedback. Our forthcoming findings will deepen the understanding of trust dynamics in LLMs, providing practical guidance for organizations considering LLMaaS deployment.
... In a between-subject design, participants rated the same emails with varying supposed authorship. The authors measured trustworthiness using the three dimensions: ability, benevolence, and integrity [43]. Results showed that higher AI agency reduced perceived trustworthiness, with an increase in AI agency being linked to a reduction of trustworthiness. ...
Large Language Models (LLMs) are seemingly infiltrating every domain, and the legal context is no exception. In this paper, we present the results of three experiments (total N = 288) that investigated lay people's willingness to act upon, and their ability to discriminate between, LLM- and lawyer-generated legal advice. In Experiment 1, participants judged their willingness to act on legal advice when the source of the advice was either known or unknown. When the advice source was unknown, participants indicated that they were significantly more willing to act on the LLM-generated advice. The result of the source unknown condition was replicated in Experiment 2. Intriguingly, despite participants indicating higher willingness to act on LLM-generated advice in Experiments 1 and 2, participants discriminated between the LLM- and lawyer-generated texts significantly above chance-level in Experiment 3. Lastly, we discuss potential explanations and risks of our findings, limitations and future work.
... Trust plays a vital role (Sheep, 2006). Trust has garnered interest as organizations have started to adopt a flexible mode (Dirks & Ferrin, 2001;Mayer et al., 1995). Numerous determinants and consequences of trust have been depicted in the literature, and these studies have aimed to augment the trust environment and remove distrust (Dimoka, 2010). ...
Organizations are universally under pressure to retain their workforce and keep them
engaged. The transition from pure economic motives to spiritual development makes
spirituality an inseparable and indispensable element of the holistic development of
the organizational workforce. In this context, this research endeavours to examine the
influence of workplace spirituality (WPS) on work engagement and organizational
commitment in an Indian setting. The study also aims to bridge existing gaps in literature
by establishing the association of WPS with occupational attitudes connected with
the job, that is, work engagement and organizational commitment, based on the social
exchange theory. A survey was conducted with a sample of 387 employees from diverse
industries using a structured questionnaire to collect quantitative data. Factor, correlation,
regression, and mediation analyses were performed using SPSS and AMOS software.
The results showed that WPS influences work engagement and organizational
commitment. Additionally, trust mediates the association of WPS with work engagement,
and organizational commitment. The results suggest that WPS is an important
factor in organizational theory. This research contributes extensively by projecting
spirituality in the workplace as a remedy for a high degree of trust in the workforce.
The study makes a contribution by filling a gap in the management and organization
literature where research on WPS is inadequate. Our findings serve as stepping stones
toward integrating WPS in the stream research concerning trust, work engagement, and
organizational commitment.
... Esto condujo a una expansión en el ámbito de la investigación del consumidor, incorporando técnicas cualitativas y perspectivas posmodernas. Este período, se centró cada vez más en los aspectos psicológicos del comportamiento del consumidor, y las investigaciones en cómo los diversos estímulos, experiencias pasadas, emociones y factores sociales influyen en las percepciones de los consumidores y en los procesos de toma de decisiones (Kliemt, 1993;Malter et al., 2020;Mayer et al., 1995;Simon, 1978). ...
Resumen El comportamiento del consumidor engloba un conjunto complejo de acciones y procesos de toma de decisiones que los individuos o grupos realizan al buscar, adquirir, utilizar, evaluar y disponer de productos o servicios. Este comportamiento está influenciado diversos factores, incluyendo características personales, percepciones, motivaciones e influencias sociales. En este sentido, se considera relevante el estudio de las diferentes reflexiones teóricas y conceptuales que han explicado los factores que intervienen en la decisión de compra del consumidor. Consecuentemente, el objetivo del artículo es sistematizar los fundamentos teóricos, que explican y conceptualizan las decisiones de compra del consumidor, con la finalidad de encontrar una visión convergente, para lo cual se recurre a una metodología de revisión de la literatura, utilizando una síntesis descriptiva para analizar 36 sustentos teóricos y conceptuales que explican el comportamiento del consumidor desde 1738 hasta 2017. Los resultados de la investigación van desde las percepciones puramente racionales hasta la comprensión holística que integra dimensiones psicológicas, sociales y emocionales, con avances notables por la fusión de la economía y psicología, por lo que se destaca la importancia de analizar el fenómeno a través de una compresión holística que comprende aspectos estos aspectos para predecir con mayor certeza el comportamiento del consumidor. Palabras clave: fundamentos teóricos, dimensiones psicológicas, sociales, comportamiento, consumidor final. Código JEL: B25, M31, A12
Abstract: Consumer behavior encompasses a complex set of actions and decision-making processes that individuals or groups engage in when searching for, acquiring, using, evaluating, and disposing of products or services. This behavior is influenced by various factors, including personal characteristics, perceptions, motivations, and social influences. In this regard, it is considered relevant to study the various theoretical and conceptual reflections that have explained the factors involved in consumer purchasing decisions. Consequently, the objective of the article is to systematize the theoretical foundations that explain and conceptualize consumer purchasing decisions, in order to find a convergent vision, for which a literature review methodology is used, using a descriptive synthesis to analyze 36 theoretical and conceptual supports that explain consumer behavior from 1738 to 2017. The results of the research range from purely rational perceptions to a holistic understanding that integrates psychological, social and emotional dimensions, with notable advances due to the fusion of economics and psychology, which is why the importance of analyzing the phenomenon through a holistic understanding that includes these aspects to predict consumer behavior with greater certainty is highlighted. Keywords: theoretical foundations, psychological, social dimensions, behavior, final consumer. JEL Code: B25, M31, A12
... Higher level of trust between partners leads to more efficient governance of the alliance arrangement and raise objective outcomes (Bidault, de la Torre, & Zanakis, 2016; Kwon, Haleblian, & Hagedoorn, 2014). Trust in international alliances is often defined as the expectation by one partner that the other partner(s) take actions that are in the joint interest, without the presence of hierarchical control or the presence or absence of intense monitoring (Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995). Therefore, partners in non-equity alliances are greater beneficiaries of trust than those engaged in equity alliances (Zollo, Reuer, & Singh, 2002). ...
This paper investigates the role of perception of home country susceptibility to international political influences in the structure of international alliances. We study the effect of international economic sanctions imposed unilaterally by one country on another and how those sanctions may alter decisions to abandon equity alliance structures in favor of non-equity contractual forms. Are empirical findings from 496 alliances find support for our hypotheses and emphasize a triple interaction effect which includes the joint moderation of the decision for alliance structure by balance of trade and the volume of trade between countries relative to total size of the economy.
... This is especially pertinent in long-term commitments where vulnerability is inherent, leading individuals to prefer trustworthy partners (Hrebiniak, 1974;Spekman, 1988). Trust not only reduces perceived uncertainty in partnerships (Schoorman et al., 1995) but also fosters environments in which consumers feel more comfortable and inclined to maintain long-term commitments with firms. ...
This research delves into how Supply Chain Transparency and Traceability (SCTT) facilitate value co-creation in Vietnam's Food Supply Chains (FSCs), with a focus on the intermediary roles of consumer trust and relationship commitment. Through analyzing data from 249 valid respondents in Ho Chi Minh City via Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis, it was found that traceability exerts a more substantial influence on consumer trust and relationship commitment compared to transparency. Nonetheless, both transparency and traceability indirectly contribute to value co-creation, predominantly through the mediation of trust and relationship commitment. The study also reveals that perceived supplier and product quality moderate the relationship between trust and value co-creation, and identifies significant gender differences in perceptions of SCTT. These findings emphasize SCTT's critical role in promoting value co-creation and inform the development of nuanced supply chain management strategies in Vietnam.
... Confiançaé definida como a predisposição de um agente a se colocar em uma situação vulnerável em relação a outro esperando que este lhe proporcione algum benefício em contrapartida [Mayer et al. 1995]. Uma vez que uma SCé composta por firmas individuais colaborando para servir consumidores finais, sua eficáciaé altamente dependente da confiança entre os parceiros da rede [Vlachos and Bourlakis 2006]. ...
Empresas em cadeias de suprimentos tem como objetivo maximizar suas produtividades, e consequentemente seus lucros. Uma maneira de estudar o comportamento destas cadeias é simulá-las utilizando sistemas multi-agentes; um modelo adotado na literatura é o Beer Game. Neste trabalho, adicionamos múltiplos agentes nos níveis do Beer Game para avaliar a eficiência local e global dos fornecedores, utilizando perfis baseados em confiança ou em preço. Medimos o impacto de usar tal política de seleção baseada em confiança no lucro dos agentes.
... Operator trust in both human and autonomous teammates is fluid; it is gained through familiarity and consistent, reliable performance, and it is lost following unreliable and/or poorly understood behaviours. Trust refers to one's willingness to be vulnerable to another entity [15], and in the case of swarms, one might operationalize trust subjectively and behaviourally in terms of behavioural inputs to the swarms. Owing to the dynamic and complex nature of trust, there could be times when an individual's trust of a swarm is too high (i.e. it outpaces the objective reliability of a system), or too low in the case where a reliable swarm is subjected to unwarranted control inputs. ...
We adopt a tripart approach in describing the human-centred challenges with human–swarm interaction. First, the results of large-N laboratory studies will be discussed which found evidence of trust biases (e.g. system-wide trust (SWT)), uncertainties regarding appropriate control strategies and timing, and inaccuracies of perceived swarm reliability. Second, the results of a small-N subject-matter expert study will be discussed, highlighting evidence for component-specific trust (CST) and will highlight concerns from expert operators regarding: understanding appropriate inputs for swarm control, transfer of control, general transparency for swarms including the need for understanding why errors might occur and concerns regarding the effects of command latency. Third, human-centred challenges from the use of swarms in the real world will be discussed. These challenges include lessons learned regarding human–swarm interfaces, the intense challenges of logistics when using swarms in the real world, and otherwise hidden challenges of using swarms for real-world scenarios such as the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA) OFFensive Swarm-Enabled Tactics (OFFSET) programme and the use of swarms for monitoring operations for the Air Force Marathon. This article will close with a brief discussion of the opportunity space within human–swarm interaction if the research community is able to close the gap on these human-centred challenges.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The road forward with swarm systems’.
Nowadays, online shopping is not a new concept but for few people it is a new phenomenon. Well, shopping is the most used term in everybody’s life, but online shopping is trending in this era. Some get the necessities from shopping, others get something more. It is viewed a way to complete some desire in the mind. If someone wants to talk to their closed one, they can, they see then they can send message free of cost, they can search anything on Google, they can find someone, they can send their love with gifts to their special ones and so on. This is the power of technology enhancement. This study is for shopping of electronic products whether consumer buys it online or offline. With the takeover of online market traditional market has down but some consumers are there who still prefer to shop offline. Electronic goods are the goods which one cannot easily buy from online and hence most of the people prefer offline shopping and some prefer online shopping. The purpose of this whole study is to find out that how many consumers prefer shopping electronic goods online and offline.
Many decisions in life involve tradeoffs: to gain something, one often has to lose something in return. As robots become more autonomous, their decisions will extend beyond mere assessments (e.g., detecting a threat) to making choices (e.g., taking the faster or the safer route). The aim of the current research was to study perceived trustworthiness in scenarios involving adverse consequences due to 1) an assessment error, versus 2) a choice. Perceived trustworthiness (ability, benevolence, integrity) was measured repeatedly during a computer task simulating a military mission. Participants teamed with either a virtual human or a robotic partner who led the way and warned for potential danger. After encountering a hazard, the partner explained that it 1) failed to detect the threat (error) or 2) prioritized the mission and chose the fastest route despite the risk (choice). Results showed that: a) the error-explanation repaired all trustworthiness dimensions, b) the choice-explanation only repaired perceptions of ability, not benevolence or integrity, c) no differences were found between human and robotic partners. Our findings suggest that trust violations due to choices are harder to repair than those due to errors. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Background
Resilience is a crucial protective factor for dietitians, helping them manage the negative impacts of routine stressors and crises in their daily work while maintaining their well‐being. Based on Ungar ecological model of resilience, this study aims to understand the multi‐level resilience resources that help dietitians maintain their well‐being in the context of protracted conflict.
Methods
The study employed a cross‐sectional design. Data were collected between December 2023 and February 2024 in Israel. Participants were recruited via a snowball sampling to recruit dietitians who graduated from one academic institution. An electronic flyer detailing the study's aims and a link to a Qualtrics questionnaire was emailed to them, with a request to share it with colleagues. A total of 110 participants completed the questionnaire.
Results
Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that dietitians' personal resilience and their perceptions of the preparedness of the National Nutrition Division in the Ministry of Health to handle crises were negatively associated with strain symptoms beyond the effects of stress levels and control variables (β = −0.31, p < 0.001; β = −0.17, p < 0.05, respectively). However, dietitians' coping strategies and their trust in their organization's management decisions were not significantly related to decreased stress symptoms (p > 0.05).
Conclusions
The findings highlight the importance of using an ecological framework of resilience and understanding why and under which context‐specific factors each resilience level contributes to dietitians' well‐being. Practical implications involve prioritizing systemic national preparedness support and resilience‐building programmes tailored to the unique challenges faced by dietitians.
There are conflicting suggestions concerning the developmental trend of trust beliefs during middle childhood. Across three studies, the current research developed a brief measure of child general trust beliefs, as well as child measures of trust in peers and online, and examined age-related differences in these beliefs. Study 1 explored the appropriateness of downward extending the General Trust Scale. Studies 2 and 3 developed the child version of this scale and adapted the target of trust to construct two additional scales measuring trust beliefs in peers and online. These studies also provide evidence of the psychometric quality of the scales, and that trust beliefs are positively associated with friendship quality and psychosocial well-being outcomes in children. In addition, Study 3 demonstrated small age-related decreases in general and peer trust. This finding suggests children may become more discerning during middle childhood. Implications of these age-related differences and the use of these novel scales is discussed.
Trust is a fundamental aspect of social life and essential for the proper functioning of democratic systems. In recent years, a growing number of studies and public discourses have diagnosed a crisis of trust in key public institutions. Such verdicts often rely on large‐scale surveys and experiments that aim to measure institutional trust. But how is trust exactly measured in these contexts, and what underlying conceptual assumptions shape these measurement approaches? In this interdisciplinary review, we provide an overview of current measures of institutional trust and discuss their advantages and limitations. We also address key conceptual questions surrounding the definition and operationalization of institutional trust, such as what trust actually means and whether trust surveys measure trust, or related concepts like confidence, reliability, or a combination of these. Finally, we propose directions for future research to address methodological gaps and enhance the validity of trust measures.
We examine the effect of internal employee coordination on customer trust, focusing specifically on employees’ responsiveness to each other as an important, quantifiable, and objective aspect of internal coordination. Using proprietary data from a company with exogenous assignment of employees to teams that serve individual customers, we study how inter‐employee responsiveness influences customer trust. Each customer is served via an app‐based group chat by a randomly assigned team of employees. Our data include more than 2 million group chat messages with over 16 thousand customers. We find that inter‐employee responsiveness serves as a credible signal that helps build customer trust, as evidenced by their subsequent contracting choices. The effect is more pronounced when the signal is (1) more frequent and (2) more intense. Our findings highlight the novel value of internal employee responsiveness as a credible signal that helps build trust with external stakeholders.
The Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm is evolving and the Next-Generation IoT (NG-IoT) ecosystem will incorporate distributed ledger and blockchain technology, AI-adapted components, and intelligent edge solutions that take advantage of edge computing, Artificial Intelligence (AI), networks, and communications. In addition to the low integration of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) in the IoT or NG-IoT contexts, the explainability of these systems is rarely evaluated. Due to these limitations, we thoroughly examined the current state of XAI integration with IoT services. We propose a new conceptual framework called eXING-IoT (eXplainability Integrated in the Next Generation IoT) for better NG-IoT systems' explainability integration and evaluation. This includes a list of qualities that future NG-IoT environments should have, thus paving the way for the advancement of NG-IoT beyond the state of the art.
This research is aimed at examining the influence of e-service quality and perceived tariffs on customer satisfaction and its impact on intention to reuse. The research problem is how to increase interest in reuse through e-service quality and perceived rates by mediating customer satisfaction? The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of e-service quality and perceived tariffs on customer satisfaction and its impact on intention to reuse. The sample for this research was OVO users in Semarang, specifally in Central Semarang, Tembalang, Gajah Mungkur, and South Semarang. With the total sample was 126 OVO users. SEM AMOS was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis showed that e-service quality and perceived tariff had a significant effect on customer satisfaction in increasing interest in reuse. These empirical findings indicate that e-service quality influences customer satisfaction, perceived tariff has a positive effect on customer satisfaction, e-service quality has a positive effect on intention to reuse; perceived tariff has a positive effect on intention to reuse; and customer satisfaction has a positive effect on intention to reuse.
To find out whether it is possible to train pilots and controllers to adequately trust their partners, and thus modify their behavior and increase their performance, this study experimentally tested whether individuals’ disposition to trust is influenced by their social learning. Objective measurements related to the task to perform, collected over two successive phases, were used for two different groups of aviation staff. The results highlight a link between swift trust, supervision strategies, and time management and point to the social nature of the disposition to trust. This opens the way to a new experimental approach to the study of behaviors induced by interpersonal trust and to new pedagogical levers for optimizing the activity of ephemeral teams through training.
This study explores factors affecting the continuance intention of e-wallet usage in Bali, applying the extended Technology Continuance Theory (TCT) with added variables of perceived savings and perceived trust. Due to limited research on the impact of perceived savings and trust on e-wallet continuance intention, it is necessary to explore their integration into the Technology Continuance Theory (TCT) to enhance understanding in this area. Targeting active e-wallet users aged 17 and above, the research surveyed 160 respondents through an online questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using SEM-PLS and Smart PLS software. The results reveal that confirmation significantly enhances perceived usefulness and satisfaction, both of which, along with perceived ease of use, significantly impact continuance intention.
Media portrayals of scientific disagreements can blur distinctions between experts and non-experts, or include disagreements from vested individuals, potentially undermining trust in science and belief in scientific claims. We investigated how disagreeing sources’ expertise and conflicting interests impact trust in scientific experts and belief in their claims, and whether scientific literacy moderates these effects. Across three, 2 × 2 factorial experiments with a student (N = 105) online (N = 110), and general Australian sample (N = 105), participants read articles describing a scientific claim followed by a disagreeing source whose subject-matter expertise (present/absent) and vested interest (present/absent) were manipulated. Participants in all samples judged the original scientific expert as more trustworthy and their claims more believable when the disagreeing source lacked relevant subject-matter expertise. Among student participants, conflicts of interest also impacted belief in scientific claims (but not trust in the scientist), and scientific literacy enhanced sensitivity to expertise and conflict, however, the other samples were largely insensitive to vested interests, and scientific literacy had varied effects in these samples. Our results show disagreement in the news, even from questionable sources, can sway evaluations of scientific claims and scientists, and highlight the value of literacy-based interventions in science communication.
This study explores the crucial role of Thai university students proficient in Chinese in revitalizing cross-border e-commerce for Chinese tourists within Thailand’s recovering hospitality sector. By leveraging their language proficiency and cultural insight, these students enhance platform usability, foster cultural sensitivity, and drive business innovation—offering unique solutions for post-COVID economic recovery. Through qualitative interviews, the research highlights how these students act as cultural intermediaries, bridging gaps between Thai service providers and Chinese tourists. Students reported contributing to improved platform features, such as better communication channels for seamless transactions, and the implementation of culturally tailored marketing strategies. However, they also identified challenges, including navigating cultural nuances, overcoming technological barriers, and the need for stronger institutional support. The study offers practical recommendations within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) framework, including fostering Thai-Chinese student collaborations in digital platform design, developing user-friendly payment systems tailored to Chinese preferences, and integrating cultural sensitivity training for stakeholders involved in cross-border trade. The findings underscore the transformative impact of student involvement in enhancing Thailand’s e-commerce and tourism ecosystems. By aligning educational, technological, and policy strategies, Thailand can accelerate its hospitality sector’s recovery while promoting sustainable, inclusive growth in the broader regional context of the BRI.
In response to the societal crisis of trust widely documented by researchers and pollsters, this conceptual paper proposes a Trust Erosion Framework (TEF). By drawing analogies with the process of soil erosion, we postulate that the erosion of trust proceeds in stages: detachment, transportation and deposition. Furthermore, erosion of trust may be precipitated by the gravitational pulls of sticky and spillover crises, moderate weather events (e.g., disinformation), or extreme weather events (e.g., global crises). Responses to trust erosion and further management of trust is a dynamic, cyclical process. We illustrate the key ideas within our framework through a case study of the World Health Organization's crisis communication management during the COVID‐19 pandemic. In these ways, the TEF offers an organised, evidence‐based way to understand and respond to trust erosion especially during major global crises. The expanded conceptualisation of trust erosion may enable crisis communication stakeholders from academia, practice and policy to develop innovative, proactive communication strategies, that anticipate headwinds and respond in a timely, effective manner.
Incarcerated people face many social and health challenges, and have particular support and rehabilitation needs. The digitisation of services enables the efficient provision of different services including those used during imprisonment. The objective of this study is to investigate the significance of trust in the use of digital social and healthcare services among incarcerated people. Many studies have found that trust has an effect on intention to use digital social and healthcare services; however, the matter has not been studied among incarcerated people. This study asks two principal questions: How do incarcerated people's levels of trust in the internet and social and healthcare services affect their intention to use digital services? What factors explain incarcerated people's levels of trust? A cross‐sectional survey (n = 225) was carried out in 11 prisons in Finland and the results analysed using the Pearson product–moment correlation coefficient, a two‐tailed t‐test, and linear regression analysis. Since prisons are a quite unique context from the point of view of the use of digital services and there is no previous research on trust in digital social and healthcare services among incarcerated people, the statistical analysis was supplemented with qualitative interview data (n = 18). The study shows the importance of trust in relation to the use of digital social and healthcare services among incarcerated people. Previous use of services is positively associated with trust, and deficiencies in basic digital skills are negatively associated with trust. The qualitative analysis reveals that positive experiences of the trustworthiness of social and healthcare services do not always lead to affective trust. The community and social impact statement for this article can be found in the Supporting Information.
How people make assessments of trustworthiness remains controversial, as several factors may inflect such assessments and subsequent decisions. This research programme aims to reveal implicit trustworthiness judgements specifically caused by spelling errors and online “shouting” (unnecessary capitalisation of whole words for emphasis). In a series of online experiments, participants were instructed to rate the trustworthiness of the content of nine short text excerpts about multiple sclerosis in the format of posts to an unmoderated health forum. In randomised, counterbalanced designs, some excerpts had no typographic errors, some had spelling errors, some had shouting text, and some had both types of unconventionalities. In linear mixed effects models, unconventionality number or type was coded as a fixed effect. Participants—encoded as random effects to correct statistically for repeated measures from individuals—rated the text samples by marking their judgement of trustworthiness on an unnumbered slider scale. The resulting data showed that multiple unconventionalities caused linearly additive penalties to trustworthiness. Adding more spelling errors caused lower trustworthiness ratings, and spelling errors plus shouting text caused additive trustworthiness penalties. Thus, when participants rated brief scientific information in this context, they implicitly assigned to unconventionalities linearly additive trustworthiness penalties. This contravenes a dichotomous heuristic or local ceiling effect on trustworthiness penalties. It supports an integrative cost–benefit model that includes insight into one's psychological judgements of trustworthiness.
Live streaming has become one of the effective ways sellers can generate sales using social media platforms. Through live streaming, streamers can demonstrate their products and interact with shoppers through live inquiries. Therefore, the technical capability to support product demonstration and customer interaction is essential in the live streaming commerce. Furthermore, stimulating the intention to purchase products during live-stream services is conducive to trust building. Using the social-technical systems perspective, this research investigates the combinative use of IT affordance capabilities and information quality of eWOM as the critical antecedents of platform trust, that subsequently affects purchase intention in the live-stream context. The findings are based on quantitative data from 205 Vietnamese online shoppers. The study highlights the joint effect of technological and social factors in enhancing consumers’ intent to purchase through cultivating institution-based trust. While technical aspects are critical to providing product information and improving viewer interaction, platform managers should pay more attention to the development of eWOM to facilitate trust building, which in turn helps to promote consumers’ positive behavior toward products traded in live streaming on their platforms.
The central objective of this article is to thoroughly examine the ins and outs of social exchange Theory, with a particular emphasis on foundational elements such as Perceived Organizational Support (POS), Perceived Procedural Justice (PPJ), and trust. This study aims to evaluate the predictive potential of these factors on companies’ financial performance through the lens of human resource performance. The methodology employed is based on a systematic literature review, analyzing 71 articles from the Scopus academic database. This review evaluates the core constructs of Social Exchange Theory regarding their predictive capacity for both human resource performance and financial performance. The findings of this study reveal significant conclusions. POS emerges as a primary predictor of companies’ financial performance, significantly enhancing employee performance and reducing turnover rates. Additionally, PPJ exerts a substantial influence on employee behavior, positioning it as a crucial predictor of financial performance. Finally, trust in management proves to be a critical predictor of overall performance, employee retention, and financial performance. The originality of this research lies in elucidating the predictive potential of Social Exchange Theory, thereby expanding the literature on this theoretical framework and its outcomes as reflected in objective company indicators. Beyond its theoretical contributions, this study has significant managerial implications. Organizations can leverage these findings to enhance their human resource practices, particularly by implementing targeted strategies to strengthen POS, PPJ, and trust. For instance, companies can develop structured support programs for employees, establish transparent and fair procedural frameworks, and foster a culture of trust through consistent and ethical leadership. By adopting these strategic actions, organizations can optimize employee engagement, improve retention rates, and ultimately drive sustainable financial success. In conclusion, this study reinforces the premise that understanding relational behaviors within companies is fundamental to predicting financial success through effective human resource management. By providing concrete insights into the link between social exchange dynamics and organizational performance, this research serves as a practical guide for business leaders and HR professionals seeking to enhance both employee well-being and financial stability. Notably, this research is among the first, to our knowledge, to conduct a systematic review of 71 articles from 1986 to 2023, examining POS, PPJ, and trust in management in the context of predicting outcomes related to workplace behaviors (employee performance and voluntary turnover rates) and financial performance, thus highlighting its contribution to the predictive potential of Social Exchange Theory.
The United States is a diverse, multiethnic country, where there are many examples of different racial and ethnic minority groups working together for myriad causes. What predicts the emergence, maintenance, and dissolution of interracial coalitions? Ample research establishes perceptions of shared interest as crucial to coalition‐relevant outcomes, yet this work often takes a unidirectional approach—assessing perceptions of how one's ingroup relates to an outgroup, or how outgroups are perceived to relate to the ingroup. By contrast, this review takes a relational approach—considering how groups assess the bidirectional relationship with one another to effectively coordinate towards shared goals. Drawing from the interpersonal relations literature, we posit that interracial coalitions can be pragmatic or communal based on relational norms. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of the novel framework and recommendations for individuals seeking interracial support.
Recent research and conventional wisdom suggest that behavioral demonstrations of trust by supervisors toward their subordinates are most effective when those demonstrations match subordinates’ desires. In the present research, we offer a more nuanced view by identifying one downside of a match between supervisors’ expressions and subordinates’ desired trusting behaviors (i.e., trust congruence). Namely, this situation may inadvertently encourage subordinates to engage in unethical acts with the intention of benefiting their supervisor (i.e., unethical pro-supervisor behavior; UPSB). Drawing on social exchange theory and moral disengagement theory, we argue that trust congruence helps promote positive social exchange relationships between supervisors and subordinates. The desire to maintain or reinforce these relationships, in turn, leads subordinates to engage in UPSB indirectly via moral disengagement. We further argue that ethical leadership represents an important boundary condition regarding this process, as it guides subordinates’ social exchange responses and thus prevents them from engaging in behaviors that are not aligned with the ethical expectations of their supervisors. Our model is progressively supported by four main studies (an experiment and three time-lagged field studies) and two supplemental studies. This research improves our understanding of the ethical consequences of trust congruence and has practical implications for organizations seeking to support trust-building initiatives.
Despite an extensive body of literature on trust in technology, designing trustworthy AI systems for high‐stakes decision domains remains a significant challenge. Widely used system design guidelines and tools are rarely attuned to domain‐specific trustworthiness principles. In this study, we introduce a design framework to address this gap within intelligence analytic tasks, called the Principles‐based Approach for Designing Trustworthy, Human‐centered AI using the MAST Methodology (PADTHAI‐MM). PADTHAI‐MM builds on the Multisource AI Scorecard Table (MAST), an AI decision support system evaluation tool designed in accordance to the U.S. Intelligence Community's standards for system trustworthiness. We demonstrate PADTHAI‐MM in our development of the Reporting Assistant for Defense and Intelligence Tasks (READIT), a research platform that leverages data visualizations and natural language processing‐based text analysis to emulate AI‐enabled intelligence reporting aids. To empirically assess the efficacy of PADTHAI‐MM, we developed two versions of READIT for comparison: a “High‐MAST” version, which incorporates AI contextual information and explanations, and a “Low‐MAST” version, designed to be akin to inscrutable “black box” AI systems. Through an iterative design process guided by stakeholder feedback, our multidisciplinary design team developed prototypes that were evaluated by experienced intelligence analysts. Results substantially supported the viability of PADTHAI‐MM in designing for system trustworthiness in this task domain. We also explored the relationship between analysts' MAST ratings and three theoretical categories of information known to impact trust: process, purpose, and performance. Overall, our study supports the practical and theoretical viability of PADTHAI‐MM as an approach to designing trustable AI systems.
We contend that the degree of closure in women entrepreneurs’ social networks affects how concerned they feel about being judged through the lens of negative gender stereotypes (i.e., their experience of social identity threat). Using data from a survey of entrepreneurs in Study 1, we observe that women (but not men) entrepreneurs who report more closure in their social networks experience less social identity threat. Study 2 shows that the trust that is inherent in closed social networks accounts for our effects. Using an experimental design, we find that a field sample of entrepreneurs who are assigned to develop a closed (vs. open) network experience more trust, which is associated with reduced social identity threat for women (but not men). Our findings suggest that a closed social network may inoculate women against the risk of being derailed by negative stereotypes in the venture creation process. We conclude by discussing the theoretical and practical implications of our findings.
Employee voice at its simplest refers to having a say in the workplace. The concept of employee voice has gathered interest from the employment relations, human resource management and organisational behaviour disciplines over recent years. We take an inclusive view of voice in this article rather than one from a single discipline. We discuss the importance of examining the various dimensions and attributes of voice and with a process model of voice, conduct two studies to develop, test and produce 15 voice scales. Theoretical and practical implications and future research directions are discussed.
Trust, previous collaboration history, power asymmetry, and shifts from horizontal to hierarchical governance are factors that have been argued and, to some extent, shown to impact the success of collaboration. However, we know little about how these factors play out in the context of emergency response collaboration, particularly between public authorities and organized search and rescue (SAR) volunteers. Using a conjoint experiment with organized SAR volunteers in Norway, we examine how collaboration that blends hierarchical command and horizontal network coordination works in practice by randomly varying multiple features of a hypothetical mission. Our exploratory study confirms that the shift from horizontal to vertical modes of governance poses a challenge for collaborative emergency response. Furthermore, the findings highlight that trust, as social capital built through repeated interactions, is a key resource in multi‐actor emergency management, both as an initial condition and during the response phase.
Trust has long been studied as a key factor in explaining why an actor is willing to risk vulnerability to others amid uncertainty and potential risks. While various forms and antecedents of trust have been explored, its development between strangers during periods of heightened uncertainty remains underexamined. To address this gap, we conducted a qualitative study of a mutual aid platform launched during the COVID-19 pandemic in China. Our process model identifies three core digital affordances—verifiability, targetability, and protectability—that foster institution-based trust among platform users. Additionally, our findings suggest that institution-based trust acts as a critical precursor to emotional trust. This indicates that digital platforms not only activate impersonal, system-based trust as previously theorized, but also enhance interpersonal and emotional trust. Moreover, we show that positive platform interactions during times of crisis can lead users to extend their trust to a broader range of societal members and social activities beyond platform interactions. Lastly, our study highlights that while uncertainty is essential for trust to emerge, trust building on platforms also depends on the platform provider’s established reputation, which aids trust transfer and facilitates the initial exploration of the platform.
This conceptual study explores the dynamics shaping the public perception of artificial intelligence (AI). In addition to the expanding role of AI in daily life and the adoption of platforms such as the ChatGPT, this systematic conceptual research explores the psychological and ethical dimensions influencing societal acceptance or rejection of AI. Central to this inquiry are factors such as personal experiences with AI, perceived self-efficacy, job threat perceptions, and the pivotal role of trust in technology. Utilizing cognitive appraisal theory and uncertainty reduction theory, this study explores how positive interactions and high self-efficacy foster acceptance of AI. In contrast, fear, fuelled by uncertainties and ethical concerns, leads to resistance. This research further extends the current knowledge in practice and education in psychology and offers valuable insights for policymakers and technologists. The study provides practical recommendations to facilitate more informed, ethical, and psychologically attuned integration of AI into society.
As for any innovation, integrating farmland biodiversity into agricultural practices is a complex process, leading to decisions made under uncertainty, due to the difficulty of foreseeing the consequences of decisions. This uncertainty comes under many different forms, depending among others on the type of environmental innovation in agriculture, in a continuum from Efficiency/Substitution‐Based Agriculture (ESBA) to Biodiversity‐Based Agriculture (BBA). To handle this uncertainty, new knowledge production tools, some of which rely on citizen science on farms (CSOF), are developed. They aim to support decision‐making by collecting large databases but also by enabling knowledge production ‘on the field’, directly by farmers. Yet, the ability of CSOF to actually meet these challenges has little been studied. It is now necessary to understand how new biodiversity knowledge production tools are designed and used.
Using a user‐centred approach, we analysed a CSOF monitoring scheme, the Farmland Biodiversity Observatory (FBO), wherein farmers monitored biodiversity in their fields (3558 fields, from 2011 to 2023, still ongoing). As insiders in the research group, and using an exploratory approach based on 32 interviews, we observed an operational limitation of the scientific knowledge produced, which fails at producing technical recommendations to protect biodiversity locally. While this led to a difficulty to offer prescriptive practices, some participants shifted to non‐prescriptive knowledge, that is, they accepted high uncertainty and used FBO to gain knowledge and navigate through this uncertainty.
As a theoretical result, we witnessed that shifting to high uncertainty due to the complexity of ecological processes consists in accepting a leap into the unknown. Farmers must trust the action of biodiversity, making themselves ‘vulnerable’ with respect to the possible responses of the ecosystems to a change in farming practices. We identified several factors likely to favour this trust towards biodiversity.
As a practical outcome, our results show that, to work with biodiversity, farmers must move from reduction and control of uncertainty to acceptance and reliance on trust towards biodiversity. The ensuing management recommendation is to favour a clinical and contextual production of knowledge, emerging from individual experience, over a controlled, standardised and statistical production, inherited from industrialization.
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Professional learning communities are essential for school success, and principal leadership is crucial for teachers' participation in them. Based on social exchange theory and ambidextrous leadership theory, this study explored the mediating role of teachers' trust in principals between moral leadership and professional learning communities and the moderating role of principals' controlling behavior in this relationship. A total of 577 elementary school teachers in China participated in this study. The study found that moral leadership was positively related to professional learning communities, and this relationship was mediated by teachers' trust in principals. Additionally, principals' controlling behavior positively moderated the relationship between moral leadership and trust in principals, and negatively moderated the relationship between moral leadership and professional learning communities. These results contribute to the delivery of guidance for principals to enhance teacher trust and develop professional learning communities.
Academic interest in scientists who regularly appear in the media dates back to Rae Goodell’s seminal book “The visible scientists”, in which she lists distinct characteristics of visible scientists, including being controversial, articulate, colorful, and reputable as a scientist. Visible scientists thus share relevant media-related characteristics that stand out in their portrayal as a group and are reminiscent of other celebrities’ characteristics. However, questions arise: what is special about the celebrity being a scientist? How many and what types of scientists fall into this category? What are the peers’ and the public’s expectations towards the social role of the visible scientist? To date, work on visible scientists has focused on theorizing them in the context of the relationship between science and its publics and empirical studies have mainly sought to characterize visible scientists and focused on single countries. This paper fills research gaps on the public perception of and expectations towards visible scientists as well as comparative studies by surveying publics in Germany and South Africa. Our data shows that Goodell’s criteria also apply to how respondents see and expect visible scientists to be. Interestingly though, a majority of non-responses to the request to name up to three visible scientists currently living in the respective country demonstrates that, overall, scientists are rather invisible to the public. Visible scientists remain a rare phenomenon despite changing media environments and a recent pandemic. In conclusion, we suggest that “visibility” (rather than “celebrity”) is the more appropriate term to refer to the temporary phenomenon of scientists who become visible in the public sphere.
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