Методика проведения судебной психолого-лингвистической экспертизы материалов по делам, связанным с противодействием экстремизму и терроризму
Abstract
Настоящая методика – второе, переработанное и дополненное издание методики проведения судебной психолого-лингвистической экспертизы материалов по делам, связанным с противодействием экстремизму и терроризму (М.: ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России, 2014). Издание дополнено с учетом экспертной практики, изменений законодательства и разъяснений, данных Верховным судом Российской Федерации. На положениях методики была основана Типовая межведомственная методика (№ 11/П/2-184), утвержденная решением НАК России. Применение методики предусматривает определенные требования к базовому образованию и уровню подготовки экспертов, а также прохождение обучения в системе судебно-экспертных учреждений Минюста России или сертификацию компетентности негосударственных экспертов по соответствующим экспертным специальностям, поэтому материалы не могут быть распространены на неограниченный круг лиц для предотвращения неверного применения, экспертных ошибок.
... Несмотря на критическую оценку применения методов, основанных на ассоциациях, в лингвистической экспертизе, в нейминговых исследованиях по сей день активно предлагают учитывать ассоциативные связи слов. В своей монографии, посвященной теории и практике нейминговой экспертизы, Т. П. Соколова еще в 2016 г. говорила о некорректности применения результатов ассоциативных 8 экспериментов: «Вызывает серьезные возражения попытка перенести в методические приемы определения сходства до степени смешения неймов прием ассоциативного эксперимента» 10 , а также о том, что в результате исследования ассоциации происходит «подмена объекта анализа», исследуются «не товарные знаки, а психолингвистические ассоциации респондентов» 11 . Несмотря на это, в совсем свежей публикации 2023 г. снова поднимается вопрос о важности ассоциативного эксперимента. ...
The article raises the question of the criteria of admissibility of the use of certain methods in forensic linguistic examination. Despite the methodology of forensic linguistic examination that has been worked out over the years, some specialists prefer to use extremely controversial methods, for example, such as the method of associative experiment and phonosemantic analysis. These methods do not meet the criteria required by forensic expertology, which leads to the expert exceeding the limits of his/her competence, as well as to serious expert mistakes.
... Существенным толчком к развитию новых и перспективных направлений психологических исследований стала разработка методики проведения экспертизы и принципов анализа текстов предположительно экстремистской направленности [10]. Так, определение объекта судебно-психологической экспертизы информационных материалов как «текста» и продукта психической деятельности, представляющего собой замкнутую систему иерархической содержательно-смысловой структуры элементов, предмета как зафиксированных и отражённых в тексте особенностей функционирова-ния психической деятельности автора, имеющих юридическое значение и влекущих правовые последствия, и использование мотивационно-целевого анализа позволяет на научной основе разрабатывать и проводить широкий спектр судебных исследований [1,5]. К ним могут относится экспертизы по делам о защите чести, достоинства и деловой репутации, предсмертных записей, текстов с угрозами, аудио и видеозаписей по делам о вымогательстве или даче взятки, рекламных, пропагандистских и иных материалов. ...
The paper examines key problems and encouraging trends in the evolution of forensic psychology, in terms of elaboration of expert criteria for the forensic psychological evaluation of legally relevant characteristics of examinees. The need for continued practice-based scientific inquiry in this area of forensic science is emphasized
The article addresses the debatable points of research into present-day media genres: memes, surveys, comments, social network posts, etc. that become the materials for forensic linguistic expertise. The issue of identifying the object of linguistic expertise of information materials is discussed. The ways the new discursive reality transforms the existing methodological approaches are conceptualized. The brevity of the texts under examination, the dependence on the sociocultural context and the communicative situation, the presence of hypertext determine the complexity of the expert assessment of new media materials. The cases of ambiguous interpretation of brief comments and the peculiarities of defining the subject of speech in them are dealt with in the article. Special attention is paid to the techniques of play on words (pun) and irony as well as the linguistic semiotic analysis of creolized texts. The problem areas of expert research into new media materials included in the space of social communications are characterized. Special attention is paid to the problem of multi-discipline expertise, since the specificity of the material under study and the tasks to be solved determine the involvement of specialists of the socio-humanistic profile (psychologists, sociologists, political scientists, religious scholars, etc.) and necessitate solving the issue of the boundaries of experts’ competence. The new discursive reality associated with the involvement of mass audience in the production of media content suggests some changes in approaches to the linguistic expert assessment of the materials under scrutiny.
Введение: в статье анализируется понятие «русофобия», обозначающее актуальную угрозу национальной (в частности, информационно-мировоззренческой) безопасности Российской Федерации. Актуальность исследования обусловлена необходимостью совершенствования правового и научного обеспечения информационной безопасности в части защиты общества и государства от агрессивной ксенофобской идеологии, основу которой составляет ненависть не только к государствообразующему народу, но ко всем представителям полиэтнической российской нации. Данное междисциплинарное научное исследование осуществляется на пересечении политологии и таких юридических наук, как криминалистика, теория судебных экспертиз (судебная экспертология) и судебное речеведение. Материалы и методы: методологическую основу исследования составила аналитическая философская традиция наряду с общенаучными методами (описание, сравнение, обобщение и др.), а также частнонаучными методами (формально-юридическим, сравнительно-историческим, сравнительно-правовым и др.). Эмпирической основой исследования выступили материалы практической деятельности Центра правовой экспертизы в сфере противодействия идеологии терроризма и профилактики экстремизма Университета имени О.Е. Кутафина (МГЮА). Результаты исследования: осуществлено выявление типичных черт русофобского дискурса, основных клише, используемых сторонниками данной идеологии. Указываются основные направления русофобской агрессии: против народа, государства и культуры. Рассматриваются разновидности русофобии, характерные для внешних противников и внутренних неконструктивно настроенных сил; уделяется внимание самоненавистничеству как особой разновидности русофобии. Обсуждение и заключение: русофобия как разновидность экстремистской идеологии должна встречать жесткий отпор, а противодействие ей – получить необходимое юридическое оформление. Кроме того, необходима разработка прикладного инструментария, позволяющего осуществлять юрисдикционную деятельность, связанную с комплексной правовой оценкой и противодействием противоправным речевым действиям, относящимся к русофобскому дискурсу. Основным средством, по мнению авторов, должны стать специально разрабатываемые криминалистические диагностические комплексы (КДК) речевых действий, содержащие определенные лингвистические признаки и представляющие собой типовую модель криминогенного речевого действия. В рамках данного подхода авторами предлагаются собственные разработки в данной области и делаются выводы об основных направлениях и перспективах противодействия русофобии со стороны России и ее народа.
Introduction: this article deals with the concept of “Russophobia” which denotes a current threat to the national security of the Russian Federation and particularly informational and ideological security as well. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to improve the legal and scientific support for information security for protecting our society and state from aggressive xenophobic ideology, based on hatred to all representatives of the multi-ethnic Russian nation. This interdisciplinary scientific research is carried out at the intersection of political science and such legal disciplines as criminology, theory of forensic examinations (forensic expertology), and forensic speech analysis. Materials and Methods: the methodology of the study was based on the analytical philosophical tradition and universal research methods (describing, comparing, generalising, etc.) as well as specific research methods (legal, comparative, historical, etc.). The empirical bases for the study were Centre for Legal Expertise in Countering the Ideology of Terrorism and Preventing Extremism, Kutafin Moscow State Law University case studies. Results: the authors identified typical features of Russophobic discourse, basic clichés used by the proponents of this ideology; the main directions of Russophobic aggression: the people, the state, the culture; considers types of Russophobia specific to external opponents and internal unconstructive forces. The authors pay special attention to self-hatred as a special kind of Russophobia. Discussion and Conclusions: Russophobia, as a type of extremist ideology, should be strongly resisted, and the fight against it should receive the necessary legal framework. In addition, it is necessary to create application tools to enable jurisdictional activities to be carried out, connected to comprehensive legal assessment and counteraction to unlawful speech actions related to Russophobic discourse. The main tool, according to the authors, should be specially developed forensic diagnostic complexes of speech actions, containing certain linguistic features and representing a typical model of criminogenic speech action. Within the framework of this approach, the authors propose their own developments in this area and draw conclusions about the main directions and prospects of countering Russophobia on the part of Russia and its people.
The studies of extremist discourse in cyberspace use set scientific methods to protect traditional spiritual values, such as state sovereignty, human rights and freedoms, historical and cultural heritage. The experience of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) on the implementation of regional international agreements aimed at combating extremism should be applied in the organization of countering extremist crimes committed using digital technologies.
Aim . To characterize approaches to combating extremism in cyberspace within the SCO and to determine the methodology for assessing the degree of public danger of manifestations of extremism.
Methods. The study on extremism in SCO apply a comparative legal method when posing the problem of criminalization of extremist practices and use discourse analysis of the extremism in cyberspace problem for assessing the public danger of radical ideology.
Results. Three groups of methods are used in the fight against extremism: methods of legal regulation, methods of studying and assessing the public danger of extremist materials and methods of scientific research of extremism. Prohibitive legal regulation in cyberspace is applied to media content that, according to the conclusion of linguistic expertise, contains signs of extremist materials. The doctrinal basis for the legal assessment of the linguistic expertise of extremist materials is the socio-legal research conducted in the SCO member states.
Conclusions . The propaganda of extremism in cyberspace qualifies as an abuse of freedom of speech, since extremist ideology leads to terrorism. The SCO consensus on the need to combat extremism is based on a scientific methods system for radical ideology research, among which discourse analysis and narrative dialogue research will play an increasing role with the digital transformation.
The article has discussed the issues relating to the involvement of a psychologist in conducting comprehensive psychological and linguistic investigations of texts. The theory of the linguistic and psychological content of legal concepts has been examined in the light of the traditional understanding of expert work. It has been argued that expert studies based on such a theory constitute legal decision-making rather than fact-finding through the use of specialized knowledge. The main problems that arise in the psychological and linguistic expertise in terms of identifying the purpose of the speech product and the outcome of the speech impact have been considered. The authors have questioned the validity of existing approaches to identifying the psychological components of the text (psychological orientation, social attitudes of the author and social attitudes formed in the addressee). The question has been raised as to the correlation between the psychological line of text and the intention and illocutionary purpose, as well as the correlation between the social attitudes formed in the addressee and the perlocutionary purpose and the actual result of the speech effect. According to the authors, both the fact of the existence of such psychological components of the text and the possibility of extracting them from the text by psychological methods require justification. The examples of effective interaction between a psychologist and a linguist in comprehensive expertise have been discussed in the article.
The article describes the usage of expertise in performing linguistic examination in regards to the procedural aspect of forensic practice, as well as the level of expert’s professional competence. The possibility for non-state experts to apply their specialized knowledge during a trial is noted to depend on who initiates the examination – the court, the prosecution or the defence. The notions of “an expert” in the sense of “standing in the proceedings”, “qualifications as per graduation certificate” and “official capacity at an expert institution” are analysed. The author provides cases from personal practice which expose errors related to competent establishment of an object of examination and to remaining within the boundaries of expert speciality.
Статья посвящена истории развития судебной лингвистической экспертизы в Российской Федерации как одной из основных форм применения специальных лингвистических знаний в судопроизводстве. Автор выделяет три главных этапа: 1-й этап – возникновение судебной лингвистической экспертизы (проведение первых лингвистических экспертиз в России в 90-е годы ХХ века; создание региональных ассоциаций экспертов-лингвистов), 2-й этап – ее становление (разработка методических подходов к исследованию продуктов речевой деятельности; расширение перечня категорий дел, по которым назначаются и проводятся судебные лингвистические экспертизы; создание судебной лингвистической экспертизы как рода в государственных судебно-экспертных учреждениях России; разработка первых методик), 3-й этап – развитие (методическое развитие предметных видов рассматриваемого рода экспертизы, прежде всего по делам, связанным с противодействием экстремизму). Описывается современное состояние судебной лингвистической экспертизы в Российской Федерации: разработка общей методологии, методологических принципов исследования продуктов речевой деятельности, выработка методических подходов; стандартизация терминологии. В заключении статьи обозначаются направления развития судебной лингвистической экспертизы. Ключевые слова: судебная лингвистическая экспертиза, лингвистические знания, специальные знания, судебная экспертология.
В статье анализируются основные методологические проблемы судебной лингвистической экспертизы. Автор обосновывает тезис о неэффективности применяемых методик исследования продукта речевой деятельности – текста, которые доминируют в настоящее время в лингвистической экспертологии. Несмотря на множество положительных тенденций в развитии судебной лингвистической экспертизы (разработка отдельных методических рекомендаций в рамках конкретных категорий дел, расширение границ использования лингвистических знаний в следствии, дознании, суде), описательный, а не аналитический уровень лингвистических экспертиз остается преобладающим. Актуальность исследования обусловлена активизацией криминогенной интернет-коммуникации, в которой реализуются диффамационные, экстремистские и иные агрессогенные тексты. В статье основное внимание уделено поликодовым текстам, на примере которых верифицируется методика их анализа, основанная на дистрибутивном анализе как основном дисциплинарном подходе.
The article analyzes the main methodological problems of forensic linguistic expertise. The author substantiates the thesis about the ineffectiveness of the methods used to study the product of speech activity – the text, which currently dominate in linguistic expertise. Despite the many positive trends in the development of forensic linguistic expertise (the development of individual methodological recommendations within specific categories of cases, the expansion of the boundaries of the use of linguistic knowledge in the investigation, inquiry, court, etc. the descriptive rather than analytical level of linguistic expertise remains predominant. The relevance of the study is due to the activation of criminogenic Internet communication, in which defamatory, extremist and other aggressive texts are implemented. The article focuses on polycode texts, on the example of which the methodology of their analysis based on a descriptive linguistic approach is verified.
The current political situation has given rise to a surge of terrorist activity, which is often embodied in the information space in texts with explicitly and implicitly expressed information of an extremist and terrorist nature. That is why the paper is devoted to the problems arising in the linguistic study of texts with signs of extremist or terrorist orientation distributed publicly. In addition, the paper raises the issue of information expansion as an integral part of modern terrorism- and extremism-related texts, since such texts have a manipulative impact on the addressee. The research aims to identify the main problems in conducting linguistic examinations of texts with signs of public justification of terrorism and/or extremism. The authors of the work clarify the role of information expansion in terrorism- and/or extremism-related texts. The research is novel in that it is the first to consider information expansion as a part of terrorism- and/or extremism-related texts. As a result, it has been proved that information expansion is a part of modern terrorism- and extremism-related texts. The identification of implicit information and strict compliance with scientific and methodological recommendations when conducting examinations are of particular importance for linguistic examinations.
Повышение эффективности идентификации психоактивных веществ органами судебной экспертизы на основе цифровой системы межведомственного сотрудничества (Доклад в сборнике докладов стр. 149-151) III международная научно-практическая конференция «Судебная экспертиза: теория и практика в современных условиях» г. Минск, 26 – 27 апреля 2023 г Юрченко Р.А., Павловец Ю.С. Международный форум Судебных экспертов «Судебная экспертиза: теория и практика в современных условиях», проводившийся 26-27 апреля 2023 г. в Минске, на базе Государственного Комитета Судебных Экспертиз Республики Беларусь. На форуме обсуждалась текущая ситуация в экспертной службе Республики Беларусь, Российской Федерации и ряда дружественных стран, придерживающихся принципа неотвратимости наказания за уголовные преступления и непримиримой борьбы с незаконным распространением наркотических средств и психотропных веществ. Обсуждались перспективы развития экспертной службы. Представленный доклад касался возможности информационного объединения экспертной службы правоохранительных органов и государственных органов дружественных стран в целях успешного противодействия контролируемой наркоагрессии со стороны недружественных стран.
Improving the Efficiency of Identification of Psychoactive Substances by Forensic Examination Bodies on the Basis of a Digital System of Interdepartmental Cooperation (Report in the collection of reports, pp. 149-151) III International Scientific and Practical Conference "Forensic Examination: Theory and Practice in Modern Conditions" Minsk, April 26 - 27 2023 Yurchenko R.A., Pavlovets Yu.S. International Forum of Forensic Experts "Forensic Expertise: Theory and Practice in Modern Conditions", held on April 26-27, 2023 in Minsk, on the basis of the State Committee of Forensic Examinations of the Republic of Belarus. The forum discussed the current situation in the expert service of the Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation and a number of friendly countries that adhere to the principle of the inevitability of punishment for criminal offenses and the uncompromising fight against the illegal distribution of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The prospects for the development of the expert service were discussed. The presented report dealt with the possibility of information association of the expert service of law enforcement agencies and government agencies of friendly countries in order to successfully counter controlled drug aggression from unfriendly countries.
The paper is about the research of the forensic linguistic expertise evaluation in criminal proceedings. The interest for forensic linguistic expertise grows yearly. This is conditioned by the introduction of additions to the Russian Criminal Code represented by articles 207.3, 284.2; by the constant growth of extremist crimes; by instances of forensic examinations made by incompetent linguists, etc. In this regard, the problem of evaluation of forensic linguistic expertise is quite relevant and requires an immediate and practical solution in particular. The article discusses the peculiarities of forensic linguistic expertise evaluation from the perspective of different subjects of evaluation, the process of forming their inner conviction and options for the final decision. We believe that one of the important stages of solving this problem is to determine the formal parameters of the expert opinion evaluation. These parameters will allow the subjects of evaluation to form an inner conviction regarding the acceptance of the conclusion of linguistic expertise as evidence. In addition to the existing recommendations for forensic linguistic examination, it is necessary to thoroughly assess the competence of the expert, the object of the examination, the list of terms, literature, etc. We believe that the formal criteria of forensic linguistic examination evaluation contribute to a more objective evaluation of the forensic examination, which is especially relevant for the subjects of evaluation who meet the linguistic examination for the first time in the investigative or judicial practice.
The article is devoted to the language of linguistic expert’s opinion as one of aspects of language problem of forensic examination and as a part of general theoretical block in structure of modern forensic expertise. It is stated that the expert’s opinion is a heterogeneous procedural document by its style since it is combining elements of both official and scientific style of speech. A form and a content of constituent parts of the linguistic expert’s opinion are considered from perspective of language. These parts are: introduction, research part and conclusion. It is determined that compliance with principles of drawing up the expert’s opinion and responsible attitude of the expert to the choice of linguistic means when describing process of study will make this procedural document a strong argument when used as an evidence.
Рассматриваются особенности семантики слов с элементом черн-. Анализу подвергаются слова с данным элементом разных частей речи: имена существительные, имена прилагательные. Внимание уделяется функционированию данных слов в интернет-коммуникации, рассматриваются особенности интернет-комментария как жанра. В статье выявляются особенности анализа слов с элементом черн- в аспекте судебной экспертизы, рассматриваются проблемы экспертной оценки и квалификации данных слов. Анализируются материалы по делам, связанным с противодействием экстремизму. В статье представлена специфика лингвистического анализа данных материалов с учетом коммуникативной ситуации и особенностей материала.
The article reviews the key principles of the forensic linguistic research conducted within the framework of forensic linguistics: linguistic, author’s, forensic analysis of video and sound recordings and examination of intellectual property objects. They are the principles of objectivity, comprehensiveness and completeness of the study, consistency, scientific validity, necessity and sufficiency, verifiability, criteria orientation, accessibility of the description of study process and results. It has been shown that the listed principles represent the guiding ideas, attitudes applied by an expert linguist when con[1]ducting expert activities.
The article presents the results of the development of the main terms of the forensic psychological analysis of information materials. At the current stage the author suggests the definitions of twelve terms, including the subject of this type of examination, its object, tasks, and methods. She also defines “information materials” as a collective, generalized concept of the forensic psychological analysis of information materials. It is shown that the new direction of forensic psychology is a continuation of its traditional areas related to the study of living persons and post-mortem (absentee) studies, as well as the reliance on the forensic expertology is justified.
The article is the first in the series of works on the unification of the terms and definitions of the forensic psychological analysis of information materials. The author invites the expert community to a discussion to develop the most correct definitions of the main terms of this type of examination for their subsequent standardization.
The article concentrates on the study of the well-known call-slogan Beet the Jews, save Russia, which was published as a comment to the text in the social network "VKontakte". In the course of a preliminary study, it was found that this statement contains linguistic signs of motivation in the form of a call for active action against a group of people. However, it is not possible to say unequivocally which group of people these actions should be aimed at, since in the analyzed context (text-stimulus + text-reaction) it is possible to have a double understanding of the noun жид ‘Jew, Kike, Yid’: a group of people in relation to their nationality or a group of people, with which the greedy deputy is associated. To answer the question of whether the noun жид could really be used by the author of the disputed text in the meaning of a 'greedy person', data from the Russian national corpus were analyzed in the period from 2002 (herein Law N 114-FZ "On Couneraction of Extimist Fctivities" was enacted) through 2021. Linguistic analysis of the controversial text, analysis of the comments of the author of the controversial text to other stimulus texts, data from the Russian national corpus led to the conclusion that in the analyzed commentary the noun жид is used in the meaning of ‘Jew’. Consequently, the controversial text contains linguistic signs of expressing several types of meaning: humiliation of a group of persons in relation to their nationality; an inherent threat that poses a danger not to the addressee, but to third parties (Jews); inducements in the form of a call for violent actions against a group of persons in relation to their nationality.
In view of the urgency of solving expert tasks resulting from the application of the new norms of the legislation of the Russian Federation regulating actions aimed at discrediting the use of the Armed Forces of Russia in order to protect the interests of the state and its citizens, maintaining international peace and security (Article 280.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, Article 20.3.3 of the Administrative Code of the Russian Federation), the author reviews the methodical approach in the basis of the methodical letter for state forensic experts. The author justifies the expediency of appointing complex forensic psychological and linguistic examinations to analyze this kind of objects. She also presents the grounds for its appointment, the subject and objects, the tasks to be solved, and the main expert concepts of such examinations.
The article deals with some problems of the forensic linguistic examination in cases of drug propaganda, we analyze platform YouTube as an example. Problems with the traffic of narcotics link with the propaganda of narcotic, it has a certain influence on these figures, both among adults and among minors. The article highlights the problem of defining the concept of «propaganda», examines the discrepancy between the legislative formulation of the concept of «propaganda of narcotic drugs» and the concept of «propaganda» in the linguistic sense.
Federal law of June 7, 2017 g. № 120-FZ "On amendments to the criminal code of the Russian Federation and article 151 of the Criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation in the part of establishing additional mechanisms to counter activities aimed at encouraging children to suicidal behavior" establishes criminal liability for inducement to commit suicide or assist in its Commission (article 110.1 of the criminal code), as well as for the organization of activities aimed at encouraging citizens to commit suicide (article 110.2 of the criminal code). Two additions to the criminal code include using a publicly performed work, the media or information and telecommunications networks (including network "Internet"). There are new legal consequences relevant to forensic psychological assessment related to suicide. The article analyzes the legal situation (pre-investigation check of materials and incitement to suicide) that define the subject of judicial-psychological or psychological and psychiatric examinations as the mental state of the subject in the period preceding the suicide (death). Legislative innovations require expertise in psychology and linguistics. One of the subjects of psychological-linguistic expertise is the focus of the information material (text, graphic, together verbal and non-verbal information) or the communicative activity of the subject to encourage the addressee to co-concluding suicide. Formulate possible questions for the ex-experts and psychologists.
A summary of the methodology covers the theoretical underpinnings of forensic linguistic analysis in cases involving criminal insult, as well as methods of achieving forensic objectives.
The article reviews the main physical and physicochemical factors influencing the three-component system “fingerprint powder – prints bearing surface – sweat and grease print substance”. The authors propose new model compositions of fingerprint powders considering the reviewed common patterns: non-magnetic and luminescent magnetic. The features of prints bearing surfaces and developed fingerprint powders have been evaluated by applying electronic microscopy methods (scanning and probe microscopy). The authors have proven that the use of nano- and ultra disperse materials in the developed compositions (carbon nanotubes and shungite) enables to vary the sorption and adhesive capacity of fingerprint powders, which allows detecting fingerprints on varying surfaces with high selectivity toward the sweat and grease print substance and contrasting effect.
The article presents complex forensic psychological and linguistic examination models developed basing on various kinds of integration of psychological and linguistic knowledge in solving typical expert tasks. Based on forensic expertise, expert practice, methodological developments in complex, as well as psychological and psychiatric examinations, the author describes the following types of studies: a sequential complex of examinations, parallel complex examination, complex sequential analysis, sequential-parallel complex study.The author also illustrates the sequence of the use and integration of the results of applying specialized knowledge with particular examples.
The article provides the periodization of the development of forensic linguistics as one of the primary forms of application of specialized linguistic knowledge in legal proceedings. The author distinguishes four main stages: the 1st stage – the emergence of forensic linguistic expertise, the 2nd stage – its formation, the 3rd stage - development, and the 4th stage - improvement. Finally, at a more generalized alternative periodization (before-the-expert/philological and expert stages), the author reveals pressing issues of developing this kind of expertise and the prospects for its evolution.
The article addresses the basic methodological principles of psychological analysis of information materials applied during the forensic psychological examination of a new direction established in the system of forensic institutions of the Ministry of Justice of Russia in 2017. The foundation of the direction is the general methodology of forensic psychological examination, deeply elaborated by F.S. Safuanov. At the same time, the features of objects (information materials and communications included in social activities and human behavior that are subject to legal assessment and can be recognized as criminal) and the subject of research (forensically and legally significant features of information materials) determine the number of particular methodological principles, methods, and procedures for their application. These distinguish the study of information materials from the study of the mental activity of investigated persons (accused, victims, witnesses) during the legally significant period.The author notes a connection of psychological research of information materials with the general methodology of forensic psychological examination. At the same time, methodological features are determined due to the interdisciplinary connections of a new kind of forensic examination with other sciences and practical expert tasks. Next, the article describes the main methodological approaches of psychological research of information materials: system-structural, activity-based, phenomenological, and hermeneutic, as well as level, communicative, qualitative, and discursive analysis.
The the paper is devoted to the results of a comprehensive legal and linguistic study of the "Columbine" ("school shooting") subculture from the standpoint of criminology, criminal law, forensic science and forensic speech studies. Despite some conventionality of the well-established term "school shooting" borrowed from the English language, the author proceeds from the fact that any form of violent actions in educational institutions committed by a student (group of students) or an outsider in relation to teachers and students using weapons and improvised means should be understood as school shooting.
Empirically, the study is based on the publications of Russian and foreign scientists, the results of semi-automated monitoring of social networks for the promotion of school shooting, as well as materials of criminal cases held in the archives of the investigative departments of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the Volgograd, Moscow, Saratov, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions, Krasnoyarsk Territory and Republic of Khakassia. The author concludes that the the Columbine subculture is extremist-terrorist in its essence. The paper summarizes the most characteristic ideological attitudes of this subculture, signs of a person's involvement in the targeted community, examines the problems of the legal characterisation of school shooting acts and proposes criminalistic diagnostic complexes to examine extremist speech actions aimed at promoting Columbine. These complexes give a law enforcement officer clear criteria for recognizing information materials as extremist, as well as for holding liable or discharging an individual under Art. 205.2, 280, 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation depending on the presence or absence of mass executions propaganda aimed to intimidate the population in order to influence the authorities or other extremist motives.
The article addresses the influence of multidirectional processes of differentiation and integration of specialized linguistic knowledge on the development of forensic science and the practice of expert research, where it is used. The author highlights that both processes contribute to developing theoretical and methodological provisions that allow experts to solve new and complex problems at a higher quality level. The role of differentiation of specialized linguistic knowledge is to create new kinds and types of forensic examinations: author’s, linguistic, forensic analysis of video and sound recordings, forensic research of intellectual property objects. At the same time, the integration of specialized linguistic knowledge ensures the development of the whole scientific direction.
• По каким категориям уголовных дел производится большинство
лингвистических экспертиз
• Какие проблемы возникают на этапе назначения
лингвистической экспертизы по уголовным делам и каковы
пути их преодоления
The article addresses one of the current problems of forensic linguistics - the problem of a forensic linguist’s specialized knowledge. Basing on the study of the concept of “specialized knowledge” in legislation and the theory of forensic science and the practice of forensic linguistic analysis, the author demonstrates that a forensic linguist’s specialized knowledge is inhomogeneous in its nature. It is not limited to linguistic knowledge only but has a complex structure, which includes background knowledge, awareness of forensic science theory, and understanding of substantive and procedural law. It seems that at the present stage, such a structure of specialized knowledge of a forensic linguist most fully contributes to solving the tasks of forensic linguistics and implementing the principles of forensic expert activity regulated by Federal Law No. 73-FZ of 31.05.2001.
This article presents the actual materials in which the lexical and
semantic features of the words expressing holidays, wedding and other events are given, translated in 1519 by Muhammad Ali ibn Darves Alm al-Bukhari from the works of "Boburname" by Babur and "Zafarnoma" by Sharafuddin Ali Yazdiyya two works that were created in the 16th century in Old Uzbek literary language and could incorporate the language of that time , as well as their relation to the modern literary Uzbek language.
The method of lexicographic analysis is actively used in forensic linguistic examination of controversial statements and texts. Law experts interpret words and expressions as the most important argument in the process of procuring evidence. At the same time, when referring to various lexicographic sources, there are discrepancies known in the interpretation of the word meanings, as well as dictionary lables. The work classifies the problems arising in the course of lexicographic analysis of lexemes that occur in disputable texts. To name a few, the problems of the study of words of literary language and non-literary stratums are analyzed, the features of the study of expressive-stylistic coloring of words are described, the necessity to create a specialized dictionary of encyclopedic character to study "extremist" materials is stated.
In order to counteract the spread of aggressive polycode texts in the Internet environment, a legal linguistic approach is required: the legal regulation of counteracting “speech” offenses should be based on a comprehensive study using special knowledge from the field of judicial speech, integrating the provisions of linguistics, social psychology, psycholinguistics, cognitive science and other sciences speech cycle. The authors examine (from the point of view of substantive law and judicial speech) the main speech actions that constitute a threat to the worldview security of communication in a digital environment and are implemented through the generation of polycode texts. The paper proves that the concept of a “multimodal text” is not equivalent to the concept of a “multicode (creolized) text”, because the selection of data from linguistic entities is based on different criteria: sensory modality and communication channel. The classification of communication channels proposed by the authors, the types of relations between the verbal and iconic components of multicode texts, and other abstracts of the paper are the starting points for further legal and linguistic research of criminogenic Internet communication that threatens information (worldview) security in the aspect of judicial linguistic examination.
Based on the expert analysis of legal norms, using the term “provocation”, the author of the paper is trying to develop an expert concept of “provocation”, which can be used in forensic psychological and comprehensive psychological and linguistic examination. It is demonstrated that the focus of a subject’s communicative activity on incitement to commit particular actions (offer, giving or getting a reward, or readiness to do so) leading to negative consequences in the form of prosecution, is such a concept. This focus expresses as a formation of a particular mental set. The development of consent or offer to commit a specific action seem to be the psychological features of the phenomenon described in law as “to incite, incline, induce, directly or indirectly, to commit unlawful acts (provocation)”. The author proposes the questions which may be put to experts when assigning an examination or a "provocation to bribe” diagnostic complex. The expediency to conduct a comprehensive psychological and linguistic expertise when investigating crimes under articles 290, 291, 291.1 of the Russian Federation’s Criminal code in cases of suspicion that illegal actions resulted from entrapment is justified.
The article addresses the problem of using a deliberative category of “expert terms” in forensic linguistics. The issue is related to the questions of the relations between the linguistic and legal terms standing for so-called speech offenses and the use of legal concepts when wording expert tasks and conclusions. Basing on the understanding of the concept “expert terms” of the general theory of forensic science and the provisions of the theory of expert terms of forensic psychology under which the expert terms hold the position between legal and basic sciences’ concepts, an attempt is made to contemplate theoretically the category of “expert terms” as applied to the forensic linguistics. The article also shows the algorithm for developing forensic linguistic terms depending on the wording of a legal provision on examples from expert practice.
The article describes the approach proposed by the authors to the problem of distinguishing between the concepts of justification and approval in the context of forensic linguistic research. Currently, linguistics lacks a single, generally accepted classification of speech acts. At the same time, the conceptual apparatus and methods of the theory of speech acts are actively used in the field of judicial linguistic examination. Therefore, the urgent task for the expert community today is to unify the interpretation of those terms and the categories of the theory of speech acts that they designate that turned out to be the most popular in the examination. The concepts of justification and approval speech acts currently used in linguistic forensic practice have significant similarities; the distinction between these concepts, which, as practice shows, is not always a trivial task and may be crucial for litigation. The authors consider it necessary to take into account that the concept of public justification of terrorism in the form as defined in Note 1 to Article 205.2 of the Criminal Code, is correlated in terms of the theory of speech acts not with RA justification, but more with RA approval. The approach proposed in the article is justified by the authors based on (1) generally accepted lexicographic data, (2) methodological developments of the Federal State Budgetary Institution of the RFCE under the Ministry of Justice of Russia, which have been tested in real court cases and have received well-deserved recognition, and (3) an analysis of the definition to be applied by the legislator .
The article presents intermediate results of an experimental research into psycholinguistic
characteristics of understanding multimodal texts with extremist content. Forensic linguists specializing in
extremism, well-informed and poorly informed in extremism discourse non-experts had to assess and comment
upon multimodal texts. The peculiarities of interpretations have been established. The comprehension of sense
in a multimodal text is constructed from established meanings of individual text components and detected
semantic connections between them. Semantic and grammatical coordination of meanings of text components
was the main mechanism of interpretation. The authors have performed the results of quantitative as well as
qualitative analysis of experimental data using linguistic semantics methods. The indicators confirming the
effectiveness of the expert assessment are given. The data presented confirm that forensic assessment of a
multimodal text is influenced by presence or absence of both professional and general discourse knowledge.
Both experts and non-experts have been proved to interpret multimodal texts using the semantic and grammatical
coordination mechanisms. The correlation between these mechanisms and distorted text comprehension has
been established. The factors of non-forced expert mistakes have been determined as excessive habit of
interpretation, predominance of expert experience in assessment of materials of a particular discourse and priming
effect. The results of the study can be used to develop science-based methods and recommendations on
methodology of forensic analysis of extremist texts for experts.
The article considers the characteristics of targeting when identifying the signs of incitement in extremist materials: in texts, commentaries to articles, videos, audios etc. on the Internet. The methods of linguistic analysis (lexical-semantic, stylistic analysis, semantic analysis, communicative-pragmatic analysis) were used in the study. As a result, the following forms of targeting expression in the aspect of linguistic signs of incitement were identified: 1) an appeal to a specific interlocutor (to a specific person, group of persons); 2) through the components of the communicative situation in general (focus on the mass, public addressee and even on the self which is transformed into a focus on the own group). Complicated cases of the implementation of the targeting category in texts with a pronounced or hidden language game are noted. The definition of the targeting category is shown to be an important component when identifying the linguistic signs of the “incitement” meaning, the speech (text) purpose depends on it. Targeting is closely related to the types of incitement: direct/indirect, explicit/implicit. To identify the linguistic features of the “incitement” meaning it is necessary to conduct a multidimensional analysis considering the general communicative situation, the category of targeting and its implementation in the statement.
The article is devoted to the analysis of one of the rights forming the procedural status of a forensic expert, that is the right of expert initiative. The right is considered not only from a procedural point of view, but also in the context of professional, moral and ethical standards that should guide a forensic expert in his activities. The right of expert initiative is considered as a professional responsibility of an expert. From the perspective of legal hermeneutics an attempt is made to identify its direct recipient and more importantly - the form of realization of this right by the expert. The norm in question is examined within the context of regulatory legal acts and in this connection, we try to understand the content of this norm considering the basic principle of forensic expert activity - the objectivity principle and the complementary principles of comprehensiveness and completeness of a research. The question is raised of the mandatory nature of the norm for the expert regardless of the procedural form of its implementation.
The need for the imposition of the new expert specialty stems from the law enforcement agencies’ demand for psychological research of informational materials in cases involving extremism and terrorism display, indecent assaults on the Internet, corruption offences, inducement and instigation of suicide, propaganda of nontraditional sexual relations among minors, propaganda of Nazi symbols and emblems and many others. Formation particularities of the new type of forensic psychological expertise and the new expert specialty ‘Psychological research of informational materials’ in the Russian Ministry of Justice forensic institutions are contemplated. The defnitions of subject and objects of this type of expertise as well as of the term ‘informational material’ are given. In the context of experts’ further vocational retraining problem it is underscored that during the public forensic experts’ preparation for the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Russian Federation Ministry of Justice system an innovative author’s further vocational training programme in expert specialty ‘Psychological research of informational materials’ is used. Meanwhile some non-State organizations, the so-called non-proft organizations, providing educational and certifcation services in the forensic feld apply the same specialty description furnishing non-original content. As a result, the members of law enforcement agencies and judges appointing an expertise form a misconception about the qualifcation of the experts having such certifcates. The unifcation of experts’ training programmes for state and non-state organizations can change the situation and improve the quality of services in forensic psychology as well as the implementation of mandatory experts’ certifcation, training programmes and materials licensing and the governmental control of the certifying organizations.
The article presents the methodological basis for the psychological examination of information materials for the presence of propaganda of non-traditional sexual relations among minors. Based on the analysis of legal provisions, its legal significance is determined, specific tasks, the resolution of which requires special knowledge, and basic expert concepts are described. The necessity of participation of the psychologist in examinations on this category of cases and advantages of psychological understanding of object of examination — the text as the closed system of hierarchical content-semantic structure of its elements and a product of communicative activity of the person are noted. The specific subject of the EIT in this category of cases is defined as reflected and recorded in the text of the actual data on the author's intention to form among minors a positive perception of non-traditional sexual relations, the idea of their social equivalence with traditional relations, the willingness to accept the appropriate gender-role behavior. Based on the analysis questions to experts are formulated and justified. The necessity of expert analysis compliance with the General principles of solving diagnostic problems in the presence of some specific aspects is shown. It is noted that the EIT in the category of cases allows to take into account the socio-psychological and socio-cultural context of communication, to determine the intentions of the author and corresponds to the basic provisions of the theory of forensic examination.
The paper looks at the increasingly pertinent issue of interdisciplinary analysis in forensic casework. Integrated psychological and linguistic evaluations in cases relating to extremism and terrorism prevention are used as an example to compare the possibilities of mono- and multidisciplinary analysis. A comprehensive (integrated) approach is demonstrated to have clearadvantages in application to the analysis of information materials. This approach helps to identify the special (linguistic, psychological, etc.) features of those language and psychological phenomenathat constitute the various aspects of the objective element of so-called «crimes of speech». The priority status of such evaluations has been highlighted by the Interdepartmental Commission forthe Prevention of Extremism in the Russian Federation. A integrated approach to the evaluation of information materials is actively implemented by forensic science organizations in other countries(Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus and Uzbekistan)
Federal law of June 7, 2017 g. № 120-FZ "On amendments to the criminal code of the Russian
Federation and article 151 of the Criminal procedure code of the Russian Federation in the part of
establishing additional mechanisms to counter activities aimed at encouraging children to suicidal
behavior" establishes criminal liability for inducement to commit suicide or assist in its
Commission (article 110.1 of the criminal code), as well as for the organization of activities aimed
at encouraging citizens to commit suicide (article 110.2 of the criminal code). Two additions to the
criminal code include using a publicly performed work, the media or information and
telecommunications networks (including network "Internet"). There are new legal consequences
relevant to forensic psychological assessment related to suicide. The article analyzes the legal
situation (pre-investigation check of materials and incitement to suicide) that define the subject of
judicial-psychological or psychological and psychiatric examinations as the mental state of the
subject in the period preceding the suicide (death). Legislative innovations require expertise in
psychology and linguistics. One of the subjects of psychological-linguistic expertise is the focus of
the information material (text, graphic, together verbal and non-verbal information) or the
communicative activity of the subject to encourage the addressee to co-concluding suicide.
Formulate possible questions for the ex-experts and psychologists.
Key words: suicide; suicidal behavior; promoting suicide; incitement to commit suicide; postmortem forensic psychiatric examination; comprehensive judicial psychological-linguistic
expertise.
The article gives an analysis of the legal definition of pornography. The author identified descriptive and target criteria groups which are required for the analysis and analyses the content of descriptive criteria of pornography and the way how they should be documented. Fixing attention to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the sexual relations is determine as necessary target criterion. It is noted that the term "pornography" is a legal and cannot be subject of expertise. That is why author underlined some methodological basis of complex psycho-linguistic and psycho-art expertise. The article presents general issue depends on expert conclusion and studies cases where the research is necessary to involve doctors, as well as criteria for expert's opinion. Besides that, author defined subject, object and main tasks of psychological studies of pornographic information.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.