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Rima International Journal of Education (RIJE), Vol. 2 (No. 2): July, 2023; 159–169: ISSN: 2756 - 6749
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND MARITAL STABILITY AS
CORRELATES OF ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH STUDENTS
OF AL-HIKMAH UNIVERSITY, ILORIN
1Rahmat Tinuke Kamaldeen; 2Kamoru Abidoye Tiamiyu, Ph.D. & 3Abdulkareem
Olalekan Abubakar
1,2&3Department of Educational Management and Counselling,
Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
E-mail: 1kamalbiodun613@gmail.com; 2katiamiyu@alhikmah.edu.ng &
3olalekan5953@gmail.com
Abstract
This study investigated emotional intelligence and marital stability as correlates of academic performance
of Sandwich Students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin. Descriptive survey design was used in the study. One
hundred (120) respondents were selected randomly from two programmes in each of the three departments
of Faculty of Education, Al-Hikmah University. The respondents were measured with relevant standardized
scale (instruments) and data obtained was analyzed using the percentage and Pearson Product Moment
Correlation (PPMC) and Multiple Regression. Four research Hypotheses were formulated and tested at
0.05 level of significance. The result showed that there was significant relationship between emotional
intelligence and academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin (r=.739;
p<0.05), there was significant relationship between marital stability and academic performance of
sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin (r=.677; p<0.05), when emotional intelligence and
marital stability pulled together have significant effect on academic performance of Sandwich students. The
value of R (adjusted) =.689 and R2 (adjusted) =.570. The analysis of variance performed on the multiple
regressions yielded an F- ratio value of 44.57 and was found to be significant at 0.05 level. In view of these
findings, it was recommended that counseling psychologist should intensify effort in organizing workshop
for educational stakeholders on the implications of the study.
Keywords: Emotional Intelligence, Marital Stability, Academic Performance and
Sandwich Students.
Introduction
Education no doubt remains the most outstanding development priority area in the world
today. The core purpose of education, unquestionably, is human development. This
simple fact explains why researchers and scholars, all over the world, continue to do
research in to ways of improving human knowledge and development. Debates on
education and human development more generally can hardly be a boring exercise. The
socio-political, economic and technological developments, which bring about a high
frequency of innovations and reforms, have all combined to make discussions or debates
on education and human development trendy, exciting and unending (Ogundokun &
Adeyemo, 2010).
Student academic performance measurement has received considerable attention in
previous research, it is challenging aspects of academic literature, and science student
performance are affected due to social, psychological, economic, environmental and
personal factors. These factors strongly influence on the student performance, but these
factors vary from person to person and country to country (Mushtaq and Khan, 2012).The
trend in the academic achievement of students in Nigeria in the last two decades has
become a major source of concern to all stakeholders in the education sector. This is so
Emotional Intelligence and Marital Stability as Correlates of Academic Performance of Sandwich Students
of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
160
because of the great importance that education has on the national development of the
country ( Nwadinigwe and Azuka-Obieke, 2012). One of the variable of interest is
emotional intelligence. According to Coleman (2008), emotional intelligence (EI) is the
capability of individuals to recognize their own and other people's emotions, to
discriminate between different feelings and label them appropriately, to use emotional
information to guide thinking and behaviour and to manage and/or adjust emotions to
adapt environments or achieve one's goal(s). Corroborating this, (Mayer, Salovey and
Caruso 2008) defined emotional intelligence as the ability to engage in sophisticated
information processing about one’s own and others’ emotions and the ability to use this
information as a guide to thinking and behaviour. That is, people who are emotionally
intelligent pay attention to how they relate with others in order to have harmonious
relationship. Relatedly, marital stability is of interest to this researcher. Stability is the
state of being consistent, upright, tranquil, well established. Instability, on the other hand,
means the direct opposite of stability. A stable family is one which is united, members
accept others’ shortcomings, understand and appreciate the contribution of each member,
always ready to assist, forgive and think on how to see the progress of each member and
the entire family. On the other hand, instability is the complete state of disunity, chaos,
anarchy and confusion, capable of changing at any time. Structurally, a family can be
broken into two types; stable (intact) and unstable (broken) family.
The family lays the psychosocial, moral and spiritual foundations in the overall
development of the child. A closely knitted family, solidified by love, understanding and
respect for each other is certainly more likely to bring up a child well-disciplined and
socially upright than a disagreeable family. (Anyakoha 2000) reported that family
instability is the degree to which families fail to provide continuity, cohesiveness and
stability for children, while those that are able to do so are said to be stable. A cordial and
healthy relationship is expected to exist between the husband and the wife, sharing
common interest, goals in life, good and bad times and in most cases the general
philosophies of life. Such unity or coexistence has been responsible for the wellbeing and
social upliftment of mankind. One of the leading institutions that strengthened
togetherness is the marriage institution. Edinyang (2012) defined academic performance
as the outcome of education which reveals the extent to which a student, teacher or
institution have achieved their educational goals. Academic performance or achievement
is commonly measured by examinations or continuous assessment (Abdulhamid, 2013).
For a child to be able to achieve this, he/she must be in the best state of mind;
psychologically, mentally, physically, morally, spiritually and emotionally. These are
attributes that are systematically built through the process of upbringing by the immediate
family.
A stable marriage tends to assist in all-round development. No wonder, this researcher is
interested in emotional intelligence and marital stability as correlates of academic
performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin.
The government has implemented several measures at various levels towards improving
the academic performance of the students. A general family atmosphere of peace,
harmony and cohesion strongly influences the overall development of the child, just as an
atmosphere of anger and discord has a greater impact on children. Therefore, the
successful passage through the process of educational attainment is partly dependent on
the entire family assistance. Marital stability can be a strong determinant of students’
academic performance in school, the opposite of which can be disastrous (Hassan, 2016).
Rima International Journal of Education (RIJE)
161
Marital instability can cause parent to become more inconsistent and ineffective in
parenting and may reduce responsiveness to children cognitive needs, diminishing the
quality of the emotional relationships and attachment between parents and children. This
will consequently promote less parental involvement in school work, less or no attention
given to early and regular attendance at school and less supervision outside the home.
These children are more likely to drop out of school: disengagement from school is
associated with low parental involvement and educational aspirations (Hassan, 2016). The
associations between emotional intelligence, social and behavioral outcomes, and
importantly, academic performance, promotes the idea that assessing emotional
intelligence in children can lead to conclusions about their current and future academic
success.
However, there have been a limited number of studies looking at emotional intelligence
and marital stability on academic performance of sandwich students. Thus, this study is
looking to fill the gap in research related to emotional intelligence and marital stability as
correlate of academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this study was to investigate emotional intelligence and marital stability as
correlates of academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University,
Ilorin. Specifically, the `researcher intends to achieve the following purpose:
i. to investigate the relationship between emotional intelligence and academic
performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin.
ii. to assess the relationship between marital stability and academic performance of
sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin.
iii. to determine the joint contributions of emotional intelligence and marital stability
to academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin.
iv. to determine the relative contributions of emotional intelligence and marital
stability to academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University,
Ilorin.
Research Hypotheses
Based on the research purpose, the following null hypotheses were formulated:
1. There is no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and academic
performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
2. There is no significant relationship between marital stability and academic
performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
3. There is no joint contribution of emotional intelligence and marital stability to
academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
4. There is no relative contribution of emotional intelligence and marital stability to
academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
Methodology
The study adopted descriptive survey design. Descriptive survey design attempts to
fragment and delimit phenomena into measureable or common categories that can be
applied to all of the subjects or wider and similar situations (Winter, 2000). The
Emotional Intelligence and Marital Stability as Correlates of Academic Performance of Sandwich Students
of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
162
descriptive survey method is appropriate for this study since it focused interest in
collecting information from a representative sample on emotional intelligence and marital
stability as correlates of academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah
University, Ilorin. The population for this study comprised of all sandwich
undergraduates of Al-Hikmah University. All 1,267 students in the 3 departments in the
Faculty of Education are the population of this study. However, simple random sampling
technique was used in selecting One hundred (120) respondents from two programmes in
each of the three departments of Faculty of Education, Al-Hikmah University.
The research instruments that was used for this study were three. The first instrument was
adapted questionnaire, titled ‘’ Marital Stability Questionnaire ‘’ (MSQ). The second
instrument was Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS) which used to measure self-awareness
and social skills, while their last CGPA was used to determine their academic
performance. The instrument contained three sections A, B, & C. Section A consisted of
personal information and Academic level of the respondents, section B sought
information on marital status, section C consisted on information on the level of their
Emotional Intelligence. The section contained 15 items and Likert-Type format of
Strongly Agreed (SA) Agreed (A) Strongly Disagreed (SD) and Disagree (D). This
enables the respondents to indicate the extent of agreement or disagreement to the items.
In order to ascertain the reliability of the instrument, the same instrument were applied to
same set of students from population outside the area of study after two week (2) interval.
The finding revealed that the study was reliability coefficient obtained on analysis was
0.82.
The instruments for this study were personally administered by the researchers on the
respondents in the sample departments. Before the administration, a letter of introduction
was collected from the Head of Department of the selected departments for the
administration of the questionnaire. The respondents were informed of the purpose of the
study and their consent was sought before the administration of the instruments. They
were assured of the confidentiality. The respondents were asked not to write their names
and Matric numbers. Data was collected by the researchers. Before the administration of
the questionnaire, interaction was held with the respondents so as to create rapport with
them.
The data obtained in the study were analysed statistically using percentage for the
demographic section of the instruments. Also Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation
Coefficient was used to establish relationship among the variables, to answer Hypothesis
1 and 2, while Multiple Regression was used to established joint and relative
contributions of Independent Variables to Dependent Variable, also to answer Hypothesis
3 and 4. Out of 120 questionnaires that were distributed only was retrieved and used for
data analysis.
Results
Results: Hypotheses Testing
Hypothesis One: There is no significant relationship between emotional intelligence and
academic performance of sandwich students in Ilorin
Rima International Journal of Education (RIJE)
163
Table 1: Significant relationship between emotional intelligence and academic
performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin
Variable
Mean
SD
DF
N
R
p
Remark
Emotional
Intelligence
44.03
15.65
98
100
.739
.001
Significant
Academic
Performance
40.13
13.23
Table 1 showed that there was significant relationship between emotional intelligence and
academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin (r= .739;
p<0.05). The implication of this showed that emotional intelligence had significant
influence on academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin.
Hypothesis Two: There is no significant relationship between marital stability and
academic performance of sandwich students in Ilorin
Table 2: Significant relationship between marital stability and academic
performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin
Variable
Mean
SD
DF
N
R
p
Remark
Marital Stability
41.98
14.44
98
100
.677
.002
Significant
Academic Performance
40.13
13.23
Table 3showed that there was significant relationship between marital stability and
academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin (r=.677;
p<0.05). The implication of this revealed that marital stability has significant influence on
academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin.
Hypothesis Three: There is no joint contribution of emotional intelligence and marital
stability to academic performance of sandwich students in Ilorin.
Table 3: Multiple Regression Analysis on Students’ Academic Performance of
Sandwich Students Data
Multiple R(adjusted)=.689
Multiple R2(adjusted)=.570
Standard error of estimate= 3.599
Analysis of Variance
Sum of square
(SS)
DF
Mean square
F
Regression
230.86
2
115.43
44.57
Residual
251.14
97
2.59
Total
482.00
99
Table 3 showed that the independent variables (emotional intelligence and marital
stability) when pulled together have significant effect on academic performance of
Sandwich students. The value of R (adjusted) =.689 and R2 (adjusted) =.570. The analysis
of variance performed on the multiple regressions yielded an F- ratio value of 44.57 and
was found to be significant at 0.05 level.
Hypothesis Four: There is no relative contribution of emotional intelligence and marital
stability to academic performance of sandwich students in Ilorin.
Emotional Intelligence and Marital Stability as Correlates of Academic Performance of Sandwich Students
of Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin
164
Table 4: Relative Contribution of Independent Variables to the Predictions
Unstandardized
coefficients
Standardized
coefficients
t
P
Model
B
Standard
error
Beta
Constant
1.21
1.34
.01
p<0.05
Emotional
intelligence
.34
.07
.41
4.96
p<0.05
Marital Stability
.39
.10
.32
3.91
p<0.05
Table 4 showed that each of the independent variables (emotional intelligence and marital
stability) made a significant contribution to the prediction of academic performance of
Al-Hikmah University Ilorin. In term of magnitude of contribution, emotional intelligence
made the most significant contribution (Beta= .41; t= 4.96;p<0.05) to the prediction
follow by marital stability (Beta= .32; t= 3.91;p<0.05).
Discussion of Findings
The first research hypothesis showed that there was significant relationship between
emotional intelligence and academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah
University Ilorin. The implication of this showed that emotional intelligence had
significant influence on academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah
University Ilorin. This is in support with the findings of Richardson (2012), examined the
relationship between Emotional Intelligence and academic performance as part of a wide-
sweeping meta-analytic review of 42 non cognitive correlates of academic performance.
They reported a slightly smaller relationship between EI and academic performance but
included only 14 studies and did not differentiate between ability scales and rating scales.
The second research hypothesis showed that there was significant relationship between
marital stability and academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah
University Ilorin. The implication of this revealed that marital stability has significant
influence on academic performance of sandwich students of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin.
This is in support with the finding of Coleman (2001), states that parents involvement in
learning activities has substantial emotional and intellectual benefits for children. He
observed that supportive and strong families are significant for school success. And it is
generally accepted that the quality of family interactions has associations with children's
and adolescents academic motivation and achievement, and with young adult's eventual
educational and occupational attainment.
The third research hypothesis showed that independent variables (emotional intelligence
and marital stability) when pulled together have significant effect on academic
performance of Sandwich students. The analysis of variance performed on the multiple
regressions yielded an F- ratio value and was found to be significant at 0.05 level. This is
in support with the finding of a number of studies which have shown that separated and
divorced couples experience greater risk for mental and physical health problems (Amato,
2010; Wang, 2015), as well as can have strong negative consequences for their children,
such as impacting their children’s mental health, emotionally, academic and social
performance (Schramm, 2006; Amato, 2007; Lansford, 2009).
Rima International Journal of Education (RIJE)
165
The fourth research hypothesis showed that each of the independent variables (emotional
intelligence and marital stability) made a significant contribution to the prediction of
academic performance of Al-Hikmah University Ilorin. In term of magnitude of
contribution, emotional intelligence made the most significant contribution to the
prediction follow by marital stability. This is in support with the finding of Mayer,
Salovey & Caruso, (2004), state that Emotional Intelligence has been found to account for
overall success in life, good physical health, mental wellbeing, developing healthy
relationships, conflict resolution skills and effective leadership, (Sculderi, 2013).
Conclusion
Based on the findings of the study the researcher drew the conclusion that Sandwich
Students with high emotional intelligence will perform better academically. Stability is
also a vital factor in any kind of association, let alone family set up, a stable marriage
tends to assist in all-round development and when pulled together with Emotional
Intelligence it has more significant effect on academic performance of Sandwich students.
Recommendations
In view of the research results and the conclusions drawn, the following are
recommended.
1. Since the researcher discovered that academic performance of sandwich students
from stable marriages was better than that of those from unstable marriages,
couples should hence know that stability is a must, and endeavour further to
maintain stability within them for their overall benefit.
2. Every family must inculcate the habit of understanding, tolerance and forgiveness
in order to avoid instability. This is because instability has negative effect on
academic performance of students.
3. Emotional intelligence factors should incorporate in to regular human
development programme to help improve safety performance of students.
4. Counseling psychologist should intensify effort in organizing workshop for
educational stakeholders on the implications of the study.
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