The sustainability status analysis of apple farming in Batu City, East Java

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1
Ferdianto Budi Samudra et al.
Plant Archives Vol. 21, No. 2, 2021 pp. 221-229 e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210
Plant Archives
Journal homepage: http://www.plantarchives.org
DOI Url : https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.no2.035
SUSTAINABILITY OF APPLE PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS USING LAND RENT
ANALYSIS IN BATU CITY INDONESIA
Ferdianto Budi Samudra
1
, Santun R.P. Sitorus
2
, Edi Santosa
3
and Machfud
4
1
Study Program Natural Resources and Ecological Management, Graduate School, IPB University,
Bogor 16680, Indonesia
2
Departement of Soil and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
3
Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, IPB University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
4
Department of Agricultural Industrial Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, IPB University,
Bogor 16680, Indonesia
Corresponding Author: budisamudra@gmail.com
(Date of Receiving-28-01-2021; Date of Acceptance-11-05-2021)
ABSTRACT
Apples have gone through a long process of adapting to the Indonesian climate. Limited availability of non-renewable
land creates fierce competition for land use. The purpose of this study was to a) determine the history and condition of
apple farming, b) to analyze the land rent value of apple plants with plants that have the potential to replace them,
namely oranges, guava, and seasonal plants, c) to determine the factors that affect the land rent value of citrus, guava,
and seasonal plants. Data obtained through interviews with selected informants using a questionnaire and analyzed
using land rent analysis to determine the value and factors that influence it. The results showed that apple plants'
introduction has resulted in several varieties that have successfully adapted to the Indonesian climate. Indonesian
apples' development is still 99.81% centered in East Java, with bad apples' sustainability because the land rent value is
much lower than other commodities.
Keywords : land rent, tropical apple, apple sustainability
INTRODUCTION
The agricultural sector is an integrated sector that
depends on natural resources, especially land. Land as the
primary input is an irreplaceable and essential factor for
economic growth (Li, 2014 and Czyżewski and Matuszczak,
2016). Otherwise, farmland is the most efficient wealth-
producing asset (Muyanga et al., 2013 and Sitko and Jayne,
2014 and Jager, 2009). Even degraded land that unable to
sustain their livelihoods, Ethiopian farmers still maintain
their land (Moreda, 2018). Its shows that the paradigm of
sustainable agriculture through a “land-based approach”
faces a new challenge, where land is expected to provide
more environmental facilities that ensure food security and
profitable production at the same time (Gliesman and
Rosemeyer, 2010).
Since the beginning of human civilization, the land has
resulted in certain benefits that meet the community's needs.
One of the bases for applying such a paradigm to agricultural
economics is that developed countries' natural environment is
almost entirely anthropogenic. In such conditions, how to use
natural resources must also be changed. Land availability is
limited and can not be updated fierce competition of land
use, which occurs between agricultural commodities (Rondhi
et al., 2018). To maximize economic benefits, farmers tend
to over-exploit land by cultivating high-value crops, although
sometimes they are not under the land's characteristics
(Kutywayoa et al., 2014). However, land quality will decline
in the long term or require agricultural infrastructure support
(Sitorus et al., 2007a). For example, the conversion of 1,521
ha of paddy fields into oil palm in Lampung Indonesia
(Daulay et al., 2016a) shows a reduction in fertile land
devoted to crops (Vignola et al., 2015) amid increasing
alternative fuel (Wheeler and von Braun, 2013).
Based on traditional location theory, agricultural land
conversion is caused by relatively higher rents generated
from urban land use than agricultural land use (Irwin and
Bockstael, 2007). The conversion of agricultural land in
developing countries is rapid and unplanned. Uncontrolled
conversion directly reduces food production and provides
ecosystem goods and services (Foley et al., 2005). Moreover,
according to United Nations estimates, the world's population
will reach 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050, and 10.9
billion in 2100 (United Nation, 2019) driving up prices.
Food, especially in developing countries, will trigger
urbanization (McIntyre et al., 2009). Encourage scarcity of
agriculture labor (Satterthwaite et al., 2010 and Jiang and
Zhang, 2016), in addition to the higher demand for land as a
place to live (Waddell and Moore, 2008). Research on land
rents is still helpful for comparing each commodity's land
rent value because the land rent gap between commodities
encourages land-use change (Daulay, 2016). But combining

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Sustainability of apple production in the tropics using land rent analysis in Batu city Indonesia
land rent with another variable like the price of land by
(Střeleček et al., 2011), which is usually the selling price of
land is influenced by location, size, and purpose of use. The
results show a significant increase, also impact from land rent
to migration that’s positively correlated (Di Suo et al., 2016).
Batu City is a producer area for various agricultural
commodities, especially horticulture. The city's rapid
development has shifted from an agropolitan city into a
tourist city in the last ten years. Tourism can contribute
significantly to Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP),
so development aims to develop tourism-supporting sectors
(Rahayu et al., 2013). On the other hand, the large number of
tourist visits encourages road infrastructure, homestays,
hotels, villas/rest areas, and restaurants which causes
pressure on land values (Hardjowigeno and Widiatmaka,
2007). The area of tropical apple plantations in Batu City has
decreased by> 70% from 2008 to 2019, and there are 903 ha
remaining. Based on (Yudichandra et al., 2020) research, the
Batu area can still develop apple plants. But if viewed from
the current challenges of apple cultivation, it is difficult for
farmers to expand their land. Therefore, this research was
conducted to determine the vulnerability of the apple crop.
Through a long process of adapting to Indonesia's tropical
climate, even apple has become part of the community's
ethnobotany towards other commodities that are considered
beneficial for farmers, especially in certain areas. This study
aims to (1) determine the history and condition of apple
farming; (2) to analyze the apple land rent value with
commodities such as guava and oranges and seasonal crops;
and (3) to determine the factors that affect the land rent value
of apple, guava, orange and seasonal crops in Batu City, East
Java.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
Time and Location
Field research activities were carried out from March to
July 2020 during the Covid 19 pandemic. The location of the
research was carried out in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia.
The research area's focus was on Bumiaji District as an
agricultural center in the City of Batu area, while in other
districts, apple plants no longer exist.
Data collection
Data collected in the form of primary data and
secondary data. Secondary data in the form of Statistic center
data, Agriculture Service, and literature review. Primary data
includes interviews with researchers for apple history in
Indonesia and farmers by interviewing selected farmers using
a questionnaire.
Data Analysis
Regarding apple farming history and condition, an
informant was determined from apple plant researcher
ICSFRI Batu. Then, check and disseminate information to
the Indonesian agricultural extension network to determine
and verify the data through the apple land coordinates.
Respondents for land rent were determined by grouping the
number of farmers based on the potential commodity to
replace apple crops such as citrus, guava, and seasonal crops
in each village, then the number of respondents was
determined using the Slovin formula.
( )
2
eN1
N
n+
=
...(1)
Information:
n = sample size
N = population size
e = percentage of leeway in not careful sampling
The analysis stage includes a descriptive analysis of the
history and current conditions of apple farming. Meanwhile,
analysis of land rent and analysis of factors affecting the
value of land rent is carried out in the following stages: (a)
multiple correlation analysis to know the closeness of the
relationship between the explanatory variables; (b) multiple
linear regression analysis is carried out to determine the
factors that significantly influence the value of land rent and
ensure that there is no multicollinearity of data (classical
model test), and (c) multiple determination coefficient
analysis (R).
Operationally land rent can be measured as the net
income received by a plot of land per square meter per year
due to carrying out an activity on that plot of land.
Mathematically, land rent can be formulated as follows
(Sitorus et al., 2007b):
2
m
tcosoductionPrincome
rentLand −
=
...(2)
or
2
n
i
n
ijjii
m
CBHp
rentLand
∑ ∑
−
=
...(3)
Information:
P
i
= the i
th
volume product output
H
i
= the i
th
output price
B
j
= the j
th
production input
C
j
= the j
th
input price/cost
Multiple linear regression was carried out using the
Ordinary Least Square (OLS) approach. Multiple linear
regression equation with variables:
Y = β
0
+ β
1
x
1
+ β
2
x
2
+ β
3
x
3
+ β
4
x
4
+ β
5
x
5
+ β
6
x
6
+ β
7
x
7
+ β
8
x
8
+ e ...(4)
From the equation above, β
0
is the intercept and slope
coefficient β
1
variable, independent variable coefficients. β
1
measures the average change in Y against the change per unit
variable X1 (production) by assuming the other variable X is
constant (partial regression coefficient). The variables
analyzed are presented in Table 1.
Table 1 : Dependent variable (Y) and independent variable
(x) to determine the factors that affect the land rent of apples,
citrus, guava plants, and seasonal crops.
Variable Unit Information
Y Rp year
-1
Land rent
X1 Kg ha
-1
year
-1
Production
X2 Rp kg
-1
Yield price
X3 Rp kg
-1
Production cost
X4 Rp year
-1
Distance from city center
X5 Ha Planted area
X6 year Age
X7
1=elementary school;
2=junior high school;
3=High School;
4=Diploma/Ba
Education
X8 Years Farning experience

223
Ferdianto Budi Samudra et al.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Apple in Indonesia
Apple crop plants are introduced from subtropical
regions, imported from Australia in 1930, and planted in the
Tebo Village, Pujon District, Malang as many as 20 varieties
(Kusumo, 1974). In 1953 the branch of the Malang
Horticultural Research Institute brought in several types of
apples from abroad. Furthermore, since 1960 apple plants
have been widely planted in the Malang area (now we call it
Batu City) to replace citrus plants that have died from the
disease. Climatic conditions affect the apple plant, especially
by the temperature that causes phenological phase changes,
including the induction and differentiation of flowers (Petri et
al., 2012). But some plant varieties already adapt to regional
conditions, as says by (Anggara et al., 2017), which states
that domesticated plants must adapt to produce. However, in
general, cultivation modification steps are carried out, so the
plants bear fruit by breaking dormancy either mechanically
or chemically to encourage flowering (Anggara et al., 2017).
In tropical areas, apple plant defoliation can be done twice a
year.
The various varieties that have been planted in
Indonesia, only five varieties of apple plants have survived,
namely Rome Beauty, Anna, Manalagi, Huanglin, and
Princess Noble. Meanwhile, the government recommends
that farmers cultivate three varieties: Rome Beauty,
Manalagi, and Anna, because they can produce high yield
and harvest twice a year. In 1981, more than 2 million apple
plants were reported (Notodimedjo et al., 1981). Until the
end of 1990, the apple crop in Batu City experienced its glory
and spread widely until 9,043,276 trees in such a small City
(Suharyono, 2014). Still, after the year 2000, it continued to
decline.
However, even with high productivity of apple in
Indonesia, the production costs incurred are also high due to
poor management in cultivation (Anggara et al., 2017). The
low fertility of farmers' apple fields is due to intensive
farming and lack of attention to soil conservation. Decreased
organic matter is dangerous to fertility and productivity
(Boone et al., 2018 and Zhu et al., 2018) because the soil's
microorganisms are reduced. Overall, the soil hardens, and
the soil fertility decreases (Hakim and Siswanto, 2015) and
creates dependence on farmers. Soils that are poor in organic
matter will be less able to support water and fertilizers.
Through the Indonesian Citrus And Subtropical Fruits
Research Institute (ICSFRI), Batu has been made efforts to
spread plants to various Indonesian regions by collaboration
with ICSFRI-local governments. However, only a few have
survived, namely in the areas: (Table 2).
Table 2 : Distribution of Apples Orchard in Indonesia
No Territory Large (Ha) Coordinate point
1 Central Aceh District, Aceh 1.5 4
o
28'12'', 96
o
50'0", 1560,0m
2 Solok District, West Sumatera 0.6 1°15'18.13"S, 100°51'54.64"E
3 Rejang lebong District, Bengkulu 0,6 -331'5", 102
o
41'29", 1059,6m, 160
o
4 Pasuruan District, East Java 2,427.88 7°53'40.39"S, 112°49'28.36"E
5 Batu City, East Java 903 7°49'55.49"S, 112°31'37.90"E
6 Malang District, East Java 399.75 8° 1'47.70"S, 112°49'11.20"E
7 East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara 2 8°22'12.16"S, 116°30'45.23"E
8 Kabupaten Bantaeng District, Southeast Sulawesi 0.85 -5
o
26'3", 119
o
56'53", 1386,0m, 298
o
9 Flores District, NTT 1.5 -8.75879, 121.838923, 970.66, 1.6 m
10 Timur Tengah Selatan District, NTT spread -9,60189, 124,20975, 1475,0m, 255
o
Yield and major constraints
The development of apple plants is still concentrated in
East Java Province, with 99.81% plants in the Pasuruan
District, followed by Batu City and Malang District (Table
2). The lack of crops spreading to another area because apple
is one of the spoiled crops and requires more attention from
farmers (Hinman and Ames, 2011). Besides, many pests and
diseases potentially harm crops if not controlled, and attacks
on five-year-old apple plants can reduce yields by 43%
(Malling, 2015). Overview of apple production and apple
import rate in Indonesia is presented as follows:
Fig. 1 : Total Apple Production and Imports of Apples,
Pears, and Quinces
Based on Figure 1, the number of apple production can
not fully supply the community's needs. Lack of interest from
farmers in other areas is possible due to high production costs
but low selling prices. Another reason is that the apple plants
that have existed until now are inherited from old plants, and
farmer efforts to replant are less. Event It is evident that
currently, the age of apple plants is> 25 years, and some are>
40 years. Indonesian apples produce 481,372 t from a land
area of 3,737.68 ha. While China the largest apple producing
country produce 41,390,000 t from 2,220,430 ha area, United
States produce 5,173,670 t from 130,710 ha, Turkey produce
3,032,164 t from 175,357 ha (FAOSTAT, 2019).
Land rent value
Based on Table 3. the land rent value of apple plants is
obtained from the average value of the revenue amount with
the average value of expenditure per m
2
/year. The research
results on 93 respondents of apple farmers in Batu City
obtained land rent value IDR. 12,438.30. The value of land
rent on non-apple annual crops, with 95 respondents of 52
guava farmers (land rent value of IDR. 17,019.57) and 43
citrus farmers with land rent IDR. 42,068.59. Meanwhile, the
analysis of the land rent of seasonal crops with the average
cropping pattern of potato-carrots, cabbage-carrots-cabbage,

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Sustainability of apple production in the tropics using land rent analysis in Batu city Indonesia
lettuce-andewi-lettuce, and carrots-broccoli-carrots with the
highest land rent value of IDR 26,627.28.
The potential for land changing the function of apple
land into 55 tangerine land is also a superior option in the
Batu area [42]. In addition to citrus crops, alternative
commodities were chosen to consider easy in plant care and
guava plants, both guava and crystal guava. In this research,
vegetable farming is divided into four groups of cropping
patterns, namely 1) Lettuce-andewi-lettuce, 2) cabbage-
carrots, cabbage 3) lettuce-broccoli-lettuce, and 4) carrots-
broccoli-carrots.
Table 3 : Land rent value for Apples, Guava, Citrus, and
Seasonal Commodities
No Plant Commodities Value of Land rent
(IDR meter year
-1
)
1 Lettuce-andewi-letuce 2,382.59
2 Apple 12,438.30
3 Potato-Carrots 13,597.73
4 carrots-broccoli-carrots 15,319.02
5 Guava 17,019.57
6 cabbage-carrots,cabbage 26,627.28
7 Orange 42,068.59
The factor affecting the change in cultivated
commodities is the economic value (Sitorus, 2004) from
cultivated commodities (Yudichandra, 2019). Land rent is the
remaining economic surplus as part of the total product value
or total income after paying for all costs or total costs
(Barlowe, 1986). In terms of soil fertility/quality and water
availability (ricardian rent), annual crops (apples, guava, and
oranges) tend to be the same as seasonal crops planted only
twice per year, namely potatoes carrots. Even though the
seasonal crop cropping pattern is only double due to water
availability constraints, farmers are still very enthusiastic
about producing carrot vegetables that consumers like. It is
shown by a willingness to learn to use their capital to go to
the Karo area of North Sumatra to cultivate red carrots,
similar to imported carrots. Previously, Karo farmers could
cultivate them. It shows farmers' firm intention to learn and,
of course, from market needs that consumers like. The high
land rent value of citrus plants is due to consumers' high
demand for seasonal vegetables, a source of food needed by
the community to fulfill nutrition and fiber.
The lowest land rent value is the lettuce-andewi-lettuce
plant. Farmers are reluctant to do farming, so they choose to
maintain and are needed by the community. Apple plants are
in the second-lowest rank, and this is possible for several
reasons. The average age of apple plants is> 25 years, with
decreasing productivity and higher maintenance costs. Based
on land suitability in the Bumiaji area, apple plants are
classified as very suitable (Aditiyas et al., 2015). Various
challenges for farmers in cultivating apple plants in
controlling pests and diseases have higher production costs.
Pests and diseases of apple plants can reduce yields by 43%
for five-year-old plants (23-57% on average) (Malling,
2015).
Compared to citrus plants' maintenance, cultivating
apples' operational costs are more expensive (Yudichandra,
2019). Proven as an example of the Bangli District of Bali
and Karo District of North Sumatra, which have relatively
the same regional characteristics as Batu and previously have
apple plants, now there are no more apples and replaced by
other plants such as oranges. Because apple plants are
subtropical plants that require ripping, bending branches
before flowering, and fruiting, farmers' operational costs for
controlling pests and diseases remain high because pests and
diseases that continue to occur are not treated for fruit.
According to research (Rondhi et al., 2018), there will be
competition for land use between agricultural commodities.
Besides that, economically profitable commodities will be
farmers' choice even though they are not following land
characteristics (Kutywayoa et al., 2014). Even though the
intensive cultivation pattern still makes the use of pesticides
as the primary weapon, which results in resistance to pests
and diseases so that the costs needed to control them are
getting higher over time because the frequency of pesticide
applications will be more frequent (McKenzie, 2001 and
Damos et al., 2015).
Analysis of factors affecting land rent
(a) Analysis of the factors that influence apple land rent
Multiple correlation analysis with reference to the
Pearson Correlation value shows no strong correlation
between the independent variables x1 to x8. Multiple
regression analysis, as dependent variable/response (Y) and
independent variable x1- x8 shows the results based on the
significance test regarding the value of P (probability), it
appears that the variables that have a very significant effect
on the value of land rent at the level of confidence 1% are x1,
x2, x3, and x5. The variables x4, x6, x7, and x8 have no
significant effect, or the effect of both is small for land rents
(Table 4). The classical model test shows no data collinearity
problem as indicated by the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
value smaller than 10. The regression line's evaluation
(goodness of fit) shows the coefficient of determination (R-
Sq) of 88.5% and the coefficient value. adjusted
determination (R-Sq (adj)) 87.2%. This value indicates that
the variability that can be explained by the explanatory
variables (X) in the model on the Y value (land rent) is
88.5%. In comparison, the remaining 11.5% is explained by
other variables not observed in this analysis model.
Based on the F test, it is known that the overall model is
fitted with the data where the F count is 71.057 with a
significance value of 0.000 <α 0.05 or statistically
significant. The multiple regression model reporting for apple
land rents is as follows:
Land rent = 5,712 + 0,012 x1 + 0,025 x2 – 0,471 x3 – 0,043
x4 + 0,555 x5 + 0,088 x6 + 0,114 x7 + 0,010 x8
(b) Analysis of the factors that affect the land rent of
annual crops (Guava and Citrus)
Multiple correlation analysis by referring to the Pearson
correlation coefficient shows no strong relationship between
the independent variables (X). Multiple regression analysis of
land rent as dependent variable/response (Y) and independent
variable x1 - x8. The independent variable test individually
shows that three variables significantly affect the land rent
value of guava and orange plants at α = 0.01, namely x1, x2,
x3, and x5. In contrast, the variables that significantly affect
α = 0.05 are x4; other variables. not real different (Table 4).

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Ferdianto Budi Samudra et al.
Table 4 : Estimation results of the factors that affect the land rent of apple
Variable Interpretation coefisien SE coefisien T P VIF
Constant 5.712 0.622 9.191 0
X1 production (kg Ha
-1
year
-1
) 0.012 0.001 10.601 0** 5.138
X2 price (Rp kg
-1
) 0.025 0.002 11.376 0** 2.559
X3 Production Cost (Rp) -0.471 0.085 -5.563 0** 5.372
X4 Distance (Km) -0.043 0.046 -0.924 0.358 1.393
X5 Large (m
2
) -0.555 0.102 -5.417 0** 7.644
X6 Age (year) 0.088 0.250 0.351 0.726 1.811
X7 Education 0.114 0.058 1.962 0.054 1.725
X8 Farming experiece (year) 0.010 0.024 0.408 0.684 2.522
The classic model test shows no data collinearity
problem as indicated by the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF)
value smaller than 10. Evaluation of the regression line
(goodness of fit) shows the value. The coefficient of
determination (R-Sq) is 83%, and the coefficient of
determination adjusted (R-Sq (adj)) is 80.7%. This value
indicates that the variability that can be explained by the
explanatory variables (X) in the model to the Y value (land
rent) is 83%. In comparison, the remaining 17% is explained
by other variables not observed in this analysis model.
Based on the F test, it is known that the overall model is
fitted with the data where the F value is 37.139 with a
significance value of 0.000 <α 0.05 or statistically
significant. The multiple regression model reporting for apple
land rents is as follows:
Land rent = -7634,718 + 4,072 x1 + 4,347 x2 – 0,001 x3 -
3456,168 x4 – 7,334 x5 + 280,595 x6 +
816,420 x7 – 80,716 x8
(c) Analysis of factors affecting seasonal cropland rent
Multiple correlation analysis by referring to the Pearson
correlation coefficient shows no strong relationship between
the independent variables (X). Multiple regression analysis of
land rent as dependent variable/response (Y) and independent
variables x1, x2, x3, x4, x5, x6, x7, and x8 are shown in
Table 6. The individual independent variable test shows that
there are three very significant variables. Affect the land rent
value of seasonal plants at α = 0.01, x1, x2, x3, x5, x6, and
x8, while other variables are not significantly different.
Table 5 : Estimation results of factors affecting land rent of guava and citrus plants
Variable Interpretation coefisien SE coefisien T P VIF
Constant -7634.718 15844.941 -0.482 0.632
X1 production (kg Ha
-1
year
-1
) 4.072 0.300 13.584 0** 1.572
X2 price (Rp kg
-1
) 4.347 0.811 5.360 0** 1.198
X3 Production Cost (Rp) -0.001 0.000 -3.925 0** 1.634
X4 Distance (Km) -3456.168 1418.294 -2.437 0.018* 1.303
X5 Large (m
2
) -7.334 1.315 -5.576 0** 1.355
X6 Age (year) 280.595 272.621 1.029 0.307 4.359
X7 Education 816.420 1488.349 0.549 0.585 1.610
X8 Farming experiece (year) -80.716 193.838 -0.416 0.679 3.849
The classical model test shows that there is no data
collinearity problem as indicated by a tolerance value that is
smaller than 1. Evaluation of the regression line (goodness of
fit) shows the coefficient of determination (R-Sq) of 75.7%
and the value of the adjusted coefficient of determination (R -
Sq (adj)) 73.4%. This value indicates that the variability that
can be explained by the explanatory variables (X) in the
model on the Y value (land rent) is 75.7%. In comparison,
the remaining 24.3% is explained by other variables not
observed in this analysis model.
Based on the F test, it is known that the overall model is
fitted with the data in which the F value counts 32,683 with a
significance value of 0.000 <α = 0.05 or statistically
significant. The multiple regression model for apple land
rents is as follows:
Land rent = 494,204 + 6,698 x1 + 2,399 x2 + 0,000 x3 -
396,957 x4 -6,535 x5 + 395,238 x6 + 490,003
x7 – 668,610 x8
Agricultural production costs are an essential factor in
farming. As previously mentioned, the dominant factor and
has the most influence on production is labor (Ntakyo et al.,
2013 and Kireeti et al., 2014). Meanwhile, labor is
increasingly difficult to find. Even farmers have to give more
privileges to them, so they are easier to work with than
urbanization (Satterthwaite et al., 2010 and Jiang and Zhang,
2016). Various information regarding good crop production
management has been carried out in various studies. Still, in
its application, farmers are expected to find a suitable pattern
for their agricultural land. For example, soil conservation
uses ground cover crops (Hussain et al., 2018) to minimize
topsoil loss through erosion (Mozumdar, 2012). These
practices are already being used and can benefit ecosystem
management on land while maintaining crop production
profitability. Other practices used to achieve production, and
stewardship goals include monitoring nutrient levels to help
limit nutrient costs per area (Schimmelpfennig, 2018), weed
monitoring (Tilman et al., 2002), and specialist application of
pesticides (Castle and Naranjo, 2009).

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Sustainability of apple production in the tropics using land rent analysis in Batu city Indonesia
Table 6 : Estimation Results of Factors Affecting Seasonal Crop Land Rents
Variable Interpretation coefisien SE coefisien T P Tolerance
Constant 494.204 2476.465 0.200 0.842
X1 production (kg Ha
-1
year
-1
) 6.698 0.762 8.792 0.000** 0.093
X2 price (Rp kg
-1
) 2.399 0.381 6.299 0.000** 0.354
X3 Production Cost (Rp) 0.000 0.000 -3.331 0.001** 0.102
X4 Distance (Km) -396.957 302.183 -1.314 0.193 0.181
X5 large (m
2
) -6.535 0.885 -7.386 0.000** 0.143
X6 Age (year) 395.238 91.141 4.337 0.000** 0.131
X7 Education 490.003 1662.251 0.295 0.769 0.274
X8 Farming experience (year) -668.610 153.132 -4.366 0.000** 0.177
Plant productivity is an essential factor in calculating
the land rent value of all commodities. Productivity must be
seen from various aspects, both cultivation management and
environmental factors. Environmental factors (Anggara et
al., 2017) include farming experience, education, and
agricultural insurance (Topcu et al., 2010). For example, the
most influential apple crop production factors are organic
fertilizers, labor, and farmer experience (Ntakyo et al., 2013),
pesticides (Kireeti et al., 2014). Because intensive apple crop
care encourages US farmers to use pesticides 12-20 times per
season (Sisson, 2009 and Herz et al., 2019). However, more
intensive agriculture will have an impact on the environment
(Simon et al., 2017 and Orpet et al., 2020), resulting in
changes in the composition of agricultural land, and
decreased biological activity and soil fertility (Sharma et al.,
2019 and Tang et al., 2014).
It shows the role of land as an irreplaceable primary
input and most efficient wealth-producing asset for farmers
(Muyanga et al., 2013), such as Ethiopian farmers who do
not leave their land even it has been degraded (Moreda,
2018). In fact (Hilger et al., 2013) stated that a decrease in
productivity could be anticipated by increasing farmers'
knowledge.
For this reason, the role of agricultural extension agents
is needed in conveying the results of research or cultivation
knowledge that are suitable for farmers. One of the main
problems in traditional trading is related to the instability of
agricultural commodity prices (Nuryadin et al., 2016),
especially for horticultural commodities (Irawan, 2007)
These price fluctuations are often more detrimental to
farmers than traders. In contrast, the main factor determining
consumer demand is price compared with other related
goods. Because traders can control farmers' purchase price so
that even though the price at the consumer level is relatively
constant, the trader can reduce farmers' purchase price to
maximize their profits. Likewise, if there is an increase in
prices at the consumer level, traders can imperfectly pass on
the price increase to farmers. In other words, the price
increase received by farmers is lower than the increase in the
price paid by consumers. This price transmission pattern is
not profitable for farmers because the price increases at the
consumer level cannot thoroughly be enjoyed by farmers
((Irawan, 2007). Andani et al., (2017) say there has been
market distortion due to market failures which have caused
economic output not to be achieved optimally. Besides,
differences in infrastructure, income, and population density
affect product prices.
An alternative to increasing the income of apple farmers
in the last few years before the pandemic is to turn the land
into agro-tourism land because agricultural commodities with
their diversity and uniqueness have become a strong
attraction agro-tourism. In contrast to tropical plant agro-
tourism, tropical apple agro-tourism is still classified as
attractive to Indonesians because this plant is rarely found in
other places. Agro-tourism is a recreational activity that has
been successful in rural and cultural environments at
attractive prices for various markets. In 2010, agro-tourism
became popular, but it is still limited to industrial land with a
relatively large area. With the increasing interest of tourists,
agro-tourism is growing and emerging with community
management (López and García, 2006). That will double
impact on socio-economic relations and space in rural areas
(Brščić and Huguesa, 2006).
For this reason, to overcome this, a certified tour guide
is required by the agriculture and tourism offices. Another
impact of implementing agro-tourism on small farms is that
the value of benefits is felt quite large, as evidenced by
farmers' readiness in preparing plant seeds as replacements
for old and less productive plants. In contrast, other farmers
whose land has not been used as agro-tourism land are not
ready for plant rejuvenation and tend to maintain existing
plants.
Another influence of tourism activities other than agro-
tourism is the need for tourists to get souvenirs. The high
number of tourists in Batu City encourages diversification of
apple products so that it is no longer just in the form of fresh
fruit. Increasingly prefer processed apples as souvenirs to
take out of town because they are practical, light, and
relatively more durable than fresh apples. The profit obtained
if fresh products are processed into processed products is 3 to
5 times higher than fresh products (Damayanti et al., 2014).
Types of preparations produced by the apple fruit processing
industry are currently popular such as chips, jenang, and
apple cider (Relawati et al., 2015), brem, jam, apple dodol,
apple cider vinegar, apple candy.
Processed apples utilize fresh apples of good quality,
such as apple chips and fruit with poor quality. It is an
opportunity for farmers to market all fruit types produced,
whether small or large, even slightly damaged. Ripe apples
can be used as a substrate for making nata de apple. When
viewed from the supply chain network map in developing
diversified products, there are five integrated entities: farmer
suppliers, users/consumers, related industries, supporting
industries, and supporting institutions. The role of farmers is
the most vital because if there are no apples, there will be no
unique souvenirs that tourists will bring or vice versa. No
derivative products will be produced. Therefore it is
necessary to have a follow-up effort to extend the product's
life and increase profit (Damayanti et al., 2014).

227
Ferdianto Budi Samudra et al.
The difference in land rent between apple and orange
and guava land is one of the driving factors for converting
apple land in Batu City. Following the opinion of Zakaria
and Rachman (2013), factors of soil fertility, distance from
the market, production costs can have an impact on land rent.
It is known that there are gaps that need to be overcome so
that farmers do not mind defending their land. Next is the
land rent obtained from plants, then the two gaps need
government intervention. According to (Yakin, 2015), if the
management of natural resources and the environment has
problems and cooperation cannot be carried out. The role of
the government as the more dominant party is needed.
Encouraging the use of apple derivative products and
providing subsidies can encourage the acceleration of
behavior change in the expected results and provide
replacement costs for decreased income or adjustment costs
outside the main production costs (Daulay et al., 2016b).
CONCLUSION
The development of apple plants in Indonesia is still
centered in the initial planting area in East Java, with an area
percentage of 99.81%. Development constraints in other
areas are due to high production costs and low prices.
Compared to other commodities, apple plants' land rent value
tends to be lower, except for land with the lettuce-andewi-
lettuce cropping pattern, especially for citrus plants that are
more than three times higher than apple land rent. It makes it
challenging to achieve the sustainability of Indonesian apple
production even though the apple plant is felt to have become
part of the people of Batu City. The factors affecting each
commodity's land rent value tend to be the same: production,
production costs, and land area. Increasing land rent value
can be done by attracting tourists through agrotourism and
improving cultivation management to increase production
and production costs, implement agricultural conservation,
and reduce farmer's and collector traders' dependence.
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