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Vol.:(0123456789)
Energy Systems
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-023-00627-7
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Performance enhancements andmodelling ofphotovoltaic
panel configurations duringpartial shading conditions
LahcenElIysaouy1,2 · MohammedLahbabi2· KalsoomBhagat3·
MohamedAzeroual4· YounesBoujoudar2· HajarSaadElImanni5·
AymanAljarbouh6· AlexanderPupkov7,8· MayurRele8· StephanieNess9
Received: 27 January 2021 / Accepted: 15 September 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
The growing focus on solar energy has led to an expansion of large solar energy pro-
jects globally. However, the appearance of shades in large-scale photovoltaic arrays
drastically decreases the output power and several peaks of power in the P–V charac-
teristics. The most commonly adopted total cross tie (TCT) interconnection patterns
that effectively minimize mismatch losses are identified. Furthermore, the PV panels
can be organized using electrical or physical reconfiguration methods to overcome
these problems. The physical relocation methods are both practical and efficient to
disperse the shadow. This work fits in this context, where the goal is to study the
magic square view (MSV), the physical rearrangement of the PV module in a TCT
scheme. The simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the MSV in scattering the
shade over the whole photovoltaic array. For validation, four types of partial shading
conditions (PSCs) patterns are considered and then compared with the TCT and the
recently proved competence square (CS) techniques: short and wide (SW), long and
wide (LW), long and narrow (LN), and short and narrow (SN) shading patterns. The
MSV method is essential in improving the PV array’s output power enhancement
under shaded conditions. A very clear improvement is obtained in the long and wide
partial shading pattern.
Keywords Magic square view (MSV)· Partial shading· Photovoltaic· Array
configuration· Total cross tied (TCT)· Competence square (CS)· Dominance
square (DS)· SDK· Power enhancement
1 Introduction
Solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies are well-known around the world for being
environmentally friendly and long-lasting, as well as having a wide range of appli-
cations in both industrial and residential applications [1]. PV energy systems are
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