Chapter 7 SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION INSECT FAUNA III (ORDER LEPIDOPTERA II: SUPERFAMILIES Papilionoidea, Pyraloidea, Tineoidea, Yponomeutoidea, Tortricoidea, Zygaenoidea) OF TURKEY

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Chapter 7
SOUTHEASTERN ANATOLIA REGION INSECT
FAUNA III (ORDER LEPIDOPTERA II:
SUPERFAMILIES Papilionoidea, Pyraloidea,
Tineoidea, Yponomeutoidea, Tortricoidea,
Zygaenoidea) OF TURKEY
Hall BOLU1
1 Assoc. Dr./ Dcle Unversty, Faculty of Agrculture, Department of Plant Protecton, TR 21280/
besn@dcle.edu.tr, ORCID ID: 0000-0001-5488-0056

100 .Halil Bolu
Introduction
Insects (Insecta) are the most numerous group of animals in the world,
with over one million species that have been described (Price, 1997). Insects
are dicult to study because they represent the most species-rich, yet one of
the least known, of all taxa of living organisms, a problem that is compounded
by a dearth of skilled entomologists. Although the number of described
insect species is uncertain due to synonyms and the lack of a global list, most
authorities recognize 900 000-1 000 000 named morpho-species, representing
56% of all species known on Earth (Groombridge, 1992; Anonymous, 2003).
Sensible estimates of the number of insects yet to be discovered range from
another 1 million to 30 million species (Erwin, 1982-1991), although most
predict around 2-8 million more species (May, 1990; Gaston, 1991; Stork, 1997;
Ødegaard, 2000). Conservative estimates suggest that 50-90% of the existing
insect species on Earth have still to be discovered, yet the named insects alone
comprise more than half of all known species of organism.
Insects constitute the most diverse form of animal life in terrestrial
ecosystems. Most species are innocuous and essential components of natural
ecosystems. Because they are cold-blooded, the rates of key physiological
processes in their life cycles are determined by environmental conditions,
especial ly temperature and precipitation. In general, they have short generation
times, high fecundity and high mobility (Moore & Allard 2008).
About 150,000 species of living Lepidoptera have been described in
approximately 124 families. At the species level, this is about 17% of the
world’s known insect fauna. However, estimates suggest that there may be
two or three times this number of species in the order.
e order Lepidoptera is divided into two as diurnal butteries (Rhopalocera)
and noctiurnal butteries (Moths) (Heterocera). e antennae of the former
are of the knob type; frenulum (bristle or bristles located at the bottom of the
anterior edge of the second wing) is absent; the body is thin; they y during the
day. In the latter, the antenna is of dierent shapes; there is a frenulum; the body
is thickly built; they y at night. However, many systematists nd it correct to
divide Lepidoptera into 2 suborders, called Frenatae and Jugatae. In the Jugatae,
the veining of both pairs of wings is similar and the wings are joined to each other
by a small protrusion (Jugum). In Frenatae, the hind wings are smaller and less
veined, and the two wings are joined to each other only by the frenulum, or they
are attached to each other by the enlarged bottom of the hindwing.
Lepidoptera species utilize all parts of plants roots, trunk, bark, branches,
twigs, leaves, buds, owers, fruits, seeds, galls and fallen material. Larvae
feeding in concealed situations wood borers, leaf and bark miners, casebearers,
leaf tiers and leaf rollers usually belong to more primitive families; exposed
feeders, especially those that feed by day, are from more recent lineages.

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Butteries and moths play an important role in the natural ecosystem
as pollinators and as food in the food chain; conversely, their larvae are
considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture, as their main source
of food is oen live plant matter.
Turkey in fact seems to be like a small continent in terms of biological
diversity. Despite the Anatolia is not a continent alone, it contains all
properties of a continent that should have an ecosystem and habitat. Each of
seven geographical regions in Turkey has a distinguishable climate, ora and
fauna.
is study aims to determine insect species found in various ecologies on
Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey.
Material and Methods
Entomology studies on insect species of Southeastern Anatolia Region
(Adıyaman, Batman, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Şırnak)
in dierent ecological provinces were made between the years 1948-2020
(Fig u re 1).
Fgure 1. Samplng localtes n the Southeastern Anatola Regon of Turkey.
In this study, I prepared for the inventory has reached the major advantage
of the waterways:
-Currently in Turkey, published or unpublished entomology journals
related to scanning,
-Giving more weight to faunistic studies, and in the meantime, the insect
fauna of our country foreign scientic journals that publishes articles about
scanning,

102 .Halil Bolu
-Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Regional Plant Protection
Research Institute in the library of books on insect fauna and the screening
of the booklet,
-e doctorate (PhD) and the master’s thesis of entomology in the region
on the scanning,
-Review of other studies on the insect fauna in the area.
In this study, I evaluated the information as described above were
obtained.
It is also the addition of my current research and observations.
Results and Discussion
Surveys on insect species in various ecologies have been conducted in
the provinces (Adıyaman, Batman, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, Mardin, Siirt,
Şanlıurfa, Şırnak) of Southeastern Anatolia region between the years 1948-
2020. Almost 2600 species and subspecies almost 180 families belonging to
13 insect orders are dened owing to these studies. In this study: 34 species
belonging to 4 superfamilies in the order Lepidoptera were determined.
Species are given in systematic order. In addition, information was given
about the distribution of Lepidoptera species in the Southeastern Anatolia
Region and their host plants.
ORDER Lepidoptera
SUPERFAMILY Papilionoidea Latreille, 1802
FAMILY Hesperiidae Latreille, 1809
Carcharodus alceae (Esper, 1780)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).

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Fgure 2. Dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) vew of the adult stage of Carcharodus
alceae.
FAMILY Lycaenidae Leach, 1815
Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 3. Dorsal (a), and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Lampdes boetcus.

104 .Halil Bolu
Lycaena phlaeas (Linnaeus, 1761)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 4. Dorsal (a), and ventral (b) vew of the adult (female) stage of Lycaena
phlaeas.
Nordmannia acaciae (Fabricius)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Southeastern Anatolian
Region, Host plant: Almond (Maçan, 1986; Bolu et al., 2005a-b; Bolu & Çınar,
2005; Bolu et al., 2011).
Fgure 5. Larva (a), prepupae (b) and the adult stage (c) (lateral vew) of Nordmanna
acacae.

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Fgure 6. Adult stage (dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew) of Nordmanna acacae.
Polyommatus coridon (Poda, 1761)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 7. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Polyommatus cordon.
Polyommatus agestis (Denis & Schiermüller, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).

106 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 8. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (male) of Polyommatus
agests.
Fgure 9. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (female) of Polyommatus
agests.
FAMILY Nymphalidae Ranesque, 1815
Argynnis pandora (Denis & Schiermüller, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 10. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Argynns pandora.

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Chazara briseis Linnaeus, 1764
Distribution of the studies area: Mardin, Ho st plant: A lmond (Recorded
by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 11. Dorsal (a) and ventral (a) vew of the adult stage (male) of Chazara brses.
Hipparchia (Neohipparchia) parisatis (Kollar, [1849])
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 12. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (male) of Hpparcha
parsats.
Hipparchia statilinus Hufnagel, 1766
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).

108 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 13. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (male) of Hpparcha
statlnus.
Hyponephele lycaon (Rottemburg, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 14. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of male ndvdual of Hyponephele lycaon.
Fgure 15. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of female ndvdual of Hyponephele lycaon.

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Coenonympha tullia (Müller, 1764)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 16. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (male) of Coenonympha
tulla.
Issoria lathonia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 17. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) vew of male (a) and female (b)
ndvduals of Issora lathona.

110 .Halil Bolu
Kirinia roxelana (Cramer, 1777)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 18. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (Male) of Krna roxelana.
Melanargia galathea (Linnaeus, 1758) larissa
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 19. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Melanarga galathea.

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Polygonia egea (Cramer, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds (Aydın,
2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 20. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (Male) of Polygona egea.
Vanessa atalanta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: D iya rba k ır, Ho st plant: Plum (Recorded
by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 21. e adult stage of Vanessa atalanta on the plum tree.
Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Southeastern Anatolian
Region, Host plant: Weed s (Karaat et al., 1986; Aydın, 2012; Recorded by
Halil Bolu).

112 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 22. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Vanessa cardu.
FAMILY Papilionidae Latreille, 1802
Archon apollinus (Herbst, 1789)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 23. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of female (top) and male (bottom)
ndvduals of Archon apollnus.

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Iphiclides podalirius Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Almond
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 24. Ventral (a) and Dorsal (b) vew of male ndvdual of Iphcldes podalrus.
Fgure 25. Dorsal vew of the adult stage and larval stage of Iphcldes podalrus.
Papilio machaon Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).

114 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 26. Dorsal vew of the adult stage (female) of Paplo machaon.
Zerynthia cerisy (Godart, 1824)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 27. Dorsal (a), and ventral vew of the adult stage of Zeryntha cersy.
Zerynthia polyxena (Denis & Schiermüller, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Aristolochia
rotunda (Polaszek et al., 2022).

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Fgure 28. Adult [dorsal (a), ventral (b)], larval (c) and pupal (d) stage of Zeryntha
polyxena.
FAMILY Pieridae Swainson, 1820
Aporia crataegi (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Almond (Bolu
et al., 2005a-b; Bolu & Çınar, 2005; Aydın, 2012).
Fgure 29. Male (top-bottom) and female (mddle) ndvduals of Apora crataeg.

116 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 30. Larva (a), prepupa (b), and pupa (c) stage of Apora crataeg.
Colias croceus (Georoy, 1785)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 31. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Colas croceus [male
(top) and female (m./b.)]. Polymorphsm of C. croceus (C.c.f. croceus (1,2), C.c.f. helce
(3)).

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Euchloe ausonides (Lucas, 1852)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 32. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Euchloe ausondes.
Pieris brassicae Linnaeus, 1758
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Cabbage
(Aydın, 2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 33. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage (female) of Pers
brasscae.
Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Cabbage
(Aydın, 2012; Recorded by Halil Bolu).

118 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 34. Larva stage (a); lateral (b) and dorsal (c) vew of the adult stage of Pers
rapae.
Pontia edusa Fabricius, 1777
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).

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Fgure 35. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of male (top) and female (bottom)
ndvduals of Ponta edusa.
SUPERFAMILY Pyraloidea Latreille, 1809
FAMILY Pyralidae Latreille, 1809
Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Host plant:
Determined in warehouses and factories (Ergül et al., 1972).
Ancylolomia tentaculella (Hübner, 1796)
Distribution of the studies area: Şanlıurfa, Host plant: Gramineae,
(Ünlü et al., 1995).
Cynaeda dentalis (Denis & Schiermüller, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Şanlıurfa, Host plant:Unknown (Ünlü
et al., 1995).
Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller, 1839)
Distribution of the studies area: Şanlıurfa, Host plant: Pomegranate
(Mart & Kılınçer, 1993).
Nymphula nymphaeata Linnaeus, 1758

120 .Halil Bolu
Distribution of the studies area: Şanlıurfa, Host plant: Potamogeton sp.,
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Ünlü et al., 1995).
Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner, 1796)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Mardin, Şanlıurfa, Host
plant: Maize (Gözüaçık & Mart, 2005).
Plodia interpunctella (Hübner, [1813])
Distribution of the studies area: Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Siirt, Şanlıurfa,
Host plant: Determined in warehouses and factories (Ergül et al., 1972).
SUPERFAMILY Tineoidea Latreille, 1810
FAMILY Psychidae Boisduval, 1829
Amicta oberthuri Hey.
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Host plant:
Barley, Chickpeas, Lentils, Melon, Watermelon, Wheat, (Türkmen, 1987).
FAMILY Tineidae Latreille, 1810
Kermania pistaciella Amsel, 1964 (Oinophilidae)
Distribution of the studies area: Adıyaman, Batman, Diyarbakır,
Gaziantep, Mardin, Siirt, Şanlıurfa, Host plant: Pistachio (Küçükarslan,
1966; Günaydın, 1978; Bolu, 2002; Bolu et al., 2005b; Şimşek & Bolu, 2017;
Bolu, 2020).
SUPERFAMILY Tortricoidea Latreille, 1802
FAMILY Tortricidae Latreille, 1802
Archips rosana (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Mardin, Host plant: Cherry (Çınar et
al., 2004; Bolu et al., 2005a-b).
Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Şanlıurfa, Host plant: Apple,
Pomegranate (Mart & Altın, 1992; Bolu et al., 2005b).
Grapholita janthinana (Duponchel, 1843)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarba kır, Host plant: Almond, Apple
(Maçan & Maçan, 1987; Bolu et al., 2005a-b; Bolu & Çınar, 2005).
Hedya nubiferana Haworth, 1811
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Almond (Bolu
et al., 2005a-b; Bolu & Çınar, 2005).

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Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiermüller, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Adıyaman, Diyarbakır, Host plant:
Vineyard (Maçan, 1984).
Polychrosis botrana Schi
Distribution of the studies area: Gaziantep, Host plant: Vineyard
(Sipahi, 1957).
SUPERFAMILY Yponomeutoidea Stephens, 1829
FAMILY Yponomeutidae Stephens, 1829
Prays oleae Bernard, 1788
Distribution of the studies area: Mardin, Host plant: Olive (Kaplan et
al., 2011).
Ypsolopha persicella (Fabricius, 1787)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Almond (Bolu
et al., 2005b; Bolu & Çınar, 2005).
SUPERFAMILY Zygaenoidea Latreille, 1809
FAMILY Zygaenidae Latreille, 1809
Adscita statices (Linnaeus, 1758)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).

122 .Halil Bolu
Fgure 36. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) vew of the adult stage of Adscta statces.
eresimima ampelophaga (Bayle-Barelle, 1809)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Vineyard
(Maçan, 1984).
Zygaena loti (Denis & Schiermüller, 1775)
Distribution of the studies area: Diyarbakır, Host plant: Weeds
(Recorded by Halil Bolu).
Fgure 37. e adult stage of Zygaena lot.
As a result, Southeastern Anatolia Region is a region bordering with
neighboring countries. erefore, it is a region rich in ora and fauna. It is
necessary to protect and record this biodiversity. However, the random and
uncontrolled entry of plant production materials from neighboring countries
into the region creates negative eects in terms of “Plant Protection”. In
order to preserve the natural diversity and balance, quarantine rules must be
carefully followed when planting materials are brought into the country by
citizens or by import.

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