Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam

Abstract

Indonesia is a country that is included in the top 5 rankings as the country with the most Population, with a population of 276 million people. Jalan Gajah Mada is one arterial road in Sekupang District, Batam City. Jalan Gajah Mada is often used to going to work and school. This has caused Jalan Gajah Mada to become one of the congestion points in Batam. This study aims to determine the effect of diverting cross-traffic flow on road performance during peak hours, namely morning or evening. The method used in this study is quantitative. The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. The primary data includes location conditions, road dimensions, number of vehicles, and vehicle speed. At the same time, the secondary data needed are the location map, data population, and land use. The location of the selected road performance analysis study. From the survey results, it can be concluded that Jalan Gajah Mada has a relatively good level of road service. The vehicle speed at the diversion of traffic flow is 48.78 Km/h, and the speed before the diversion of traffic flow is 26.16 Km/h.

Full text

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92
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TRAFFIC FLOW DIVERSION
ON ROAD PERFORMANCE: A CASE OF JALAN GAJAH MADA
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, BATAM
M. Alfi Wahyudi1, Andri Irfan Rifai2*, Joewono Prasetijo3
1,2Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Universitas Internasional Batam, Indonesia
3Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Malaysia
* e-correspondence: andri.irfan@uib.ac.id
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Published: December 21st,
2022
Indonesia is a country that is included in the top 5 rankings as the country
with the most Population, with a population of 276 million people. Jalan
Gajah Mada is one arterial road in Sekupang District, Batam City. Jalan
Gajah Mada is often used to going to work and school. This has caused
Jalan Gajah Mada to become one of the congestion points in Batam. This
study aims to determine the effect of diverting cross-traffic flow on road
performance during peak hours, namely morning or evening. The method
used in this study is quantitative. The data used in this study consisted of
primary data and secondary data. The primary data includes location
conditions, road dimensions, number of vehicles, and vehicle speed. At the
same time, the secondary data needed are the location map, data
population, and land use. The location of the selected road performance
analysis study. From the survey results, it can be concluded that Jalan
Gajah Mada has a relatively good level of road service. The vehicle speed
at the diversion of traffic flow is 48.78 Km/h, and the speed before the
diversion of traffic flow is 26.16 Km/h.
Keywords: Level of service,
project development road
performance.
This work is licensed under CC
BY-SA 4.0
INTRODUCTION
Many cities around the world are still experiencing Congestion. Congestion is familiar in
countries that have large populations. Congestion has become a common problem the world faces
(Tanzina & Nita, 2020). There are many causes of Congestion ranging from insufficient road
capacity to accommodate the number of vehicles and road repairs to accidents. Traffic congestion
is a significant problem for the transport system. Traffic jams cause to travel to be hampered and
less effective (Metz, 2018). According to a source from The Economic Times News, in 2022, traffic
congestion in the United States jumped by about 7%. In 2021, some cities in the world experienced
an hourly increase in Congestion to the highest level, especially the city of Istanbul, Turkey
congestion rate reached 62%, measured according to the TomTom Traffic Index.
Indonesia itself is a country that is included in the top 5 rankings as the country with the
most Population, with a population of 276 million people. This has caused Indonesia not to escape
the problem of Congestion. With the high number of residents in an area, the transportation needs
will also be higher, which causes traffic to become congested. Congestion in Indonesia is often
also caused by traders selling on the side of the road, so many vehicles slow down their vehicles
or stop on the side of the road. Vehicles that stop on the side of the road will cause a buildup of

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam
93 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
vehicles because the width of the road becomes smaller than the width of the road should be (Lia
& Nur, 2018).
One of the benchmarks for the success of a region is its economic growth. Although Batam
City got the nickname an industrial city, the nickname industrial city was pinned to the city of
Batam because the city of Batam has a variety of industries that encourage economic growth. The
economic collapse caused by the large number of industries in the city of Batam became a draw
for migrants looking for work. With the increase in the number of migrants, the need for vehicles
will also increase, this is also a trigger for Congestion on the streets of Batam City, especially
during peak hours, namely morning and evening (Saurabh, Siddharth, & Khushbu, 2018).
Jalan Gajah Mada is one arterial road in Sekupang District, Batam City. Jalan Gajah Mada
is often used to going to work and school. This has caused Jalan Gajah Mada to become one of the
congestion points in Batam. In addition, road widening work that narrows road sections further
adds to Congestion along Jalan Gajah Mada in the morning and evening (Saleh, Sugiarto, Hilal, &
Ariansyah, 2017). Jalan Gajah Mada is an uphill and downhill road. The large number of large-
load vehicles passing through this road causes Congestion because large-load vehicles will
experience a decrease in speed when going uphill (Xin, Yi. Z., Yong, & Yan, 2020).
This study aims to determine the effect of diverting traffic flow on road performance during
peak hours, namely in the morning or evening so that a policy can be determined whether the
traffic flow diversion policy is appropriately implemented. In addition, the diversion of traffic flow
is significant in untangling Congestion.
LITERATURE REVIEW
A road is a land transportation infrastructure that covers all parts of a road, including its
auxiliary buildings and equipment intended for traffic, which is at the ground and water level, and
above water; surface, except for railroads, lorries, and cable roads (Umam, Hardaningrum, &
Nasihien, 2021). In Indonesia, roads are categorized into National Roads, Provincial Roads,
Regency Roads, City Roads, and villages (Dinas Pekerjaan Umum).
Roads in Batam are included in the category of urban roads. An urban road is a road that
has a permanent and continuous development along all or almost all of the road, at least on one
side of the road, whether it is a land development or not, a road near the urban center with a
population of more than 100,000 inhabitants (F., Sugiarto, & Aprillia, 2017).
The Traffic flow is the number of vehicles calculated by the detector per unit of time is
called traffic flow and according to traffic demand (Ma, et al., 2017). Travel delay time,
Congestion occurs when normal traffic flow is disrupted by high vehicle density resulting in excess
travel time (Tanzina & Nita, 2020). In addition, vehicle overcrowding can occur due to a lack of
road capacity. Capacity is defined as the traffic flow supported on a particular section of a vehicle's
road (Adriansyah, Widodo, & Sulandari).
Traffic congestion is a widespread global phenomenon due to high population density, the
growth of motor vehicles, and their infrastructure. The most common definition of Congestion in
a state of traffic flow is when the travel demand exceeds the Capacity of the road (Tanzina & Nita,

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam
94 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
2020). Batam is an industrial city, one of the cities where Indonesians go to find work, and this
causes Batam City to have a reasonably high population.
Congestion can be measured by measuring vehicle speed and vehicle volume. Vehicle
volume is defined as the number of vehicles passing through a point on a highway, a given lane,
or the direction of a highway over a specific time interval (Anam, Sulandari, & Kadarini, 2018).
Comparing volume with road capacity is one way to measure Congestion with vehicle volume.
Vehicle speed can also be used as a traffic jam gauge (Jain, Jain, & Jain, 2017). Speed is the
distance of displacement in a unit of time. Speed units are expressed in km/h or m/s (Wirnanda,
Anggraini, & Isya, 2018). Road performance analysis of existing lane conditions includes
calculations of free current speed, road capacity, degree of saturation, actual speed, and service
level (Mufhidin, Karimah, Isradi, & Rifai, 2022).
There are two types of traffic jams, repeated Congestion and non-recurring Congestion.
Repetitive Congestion generally occurs in the same place at the same time every day. This is
generally a consequence of factors that act regularly or periodically on the transport system, such
as daily commutes or weekend trips. Recurring Congestion is predictable and usually occurs
during peak hours (Agyapong & Ojo, 2018). Congestion in the city can be caused by various
reasons, such as excess demand, signals, incidents, work zones, weather-related, or special events
(Tanzina & Nita, 2020). Various causes of Congestion have occurred in every country, especially
developing countries. Developing countries have a higher population, which leads to higher
demand for roads than road capacity.
Traffic jams can also occur due to road accidents. In Indonesia, driving accidents are still
very frequent. Road traffic accidents cause traffic jams (Milenković & Glavić, 2017). Road
accidents can cause Congestion caused by vehicles that reduce their speed so that there is a buildup
of vehicles. The exact location of the accident above the road body will reduce the Capacity of the
road, and this is also the cause of Congestion. Inadequate infrastructure is one of the most common
reasons for Congestion, especially in densely populated areas. Due to the higher population rate,
the number of existing vehicles is also getting higher and higher. The increase in the number of
vehicles will cause Congestion if the infrastructure is not upgraded (Isradi, Nareswari, Rifai, &
Prasetijo, 2021). This is what causes infrastructure to be the cause of Congestion.
Infrastructure development, such as widening roads and bridges, and the creation of
culverts, can lead to a reduction in the number or width of roads (Tanzina & Nita, 2020). The
construction area will combine the use of the road with construction activities, which will cause
delays or Congestion (Goswamy, 2019). Maintenance will usually reduce one or more lanes during
road widening or road. Changes in environmental or weather conditions can affect traffic flow and
driver condition behavior caused by bad weather; about 28% of all highway accidents and 19% of
all deaths occur (Tanzina & Nita, 2020). When the weather is rainy, most people use car
transportation, and the large number of people who use cars will increase the density of the road,
which causes delays.
An optimal work zone schedule with effective traffic management strategies, such as traffic
diversion and managed lanes, can significantly reduce Congestion's impact, subsequently

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam
95 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
improving system performance (Zhao, Chien, & Du, 2019). Before choosing a route to be used as
a diversion of traffic flow, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth evaluation of traffic performance
so that the problems that arise can be the best solution (Maya, 2020).
METHOD
The systematic scientific research process must begin with identifying the right problem
(Rifai, Hadiwardoyo, Correia, & Pereira, 2016). Therefore, the research was conducted on the
section of Jl. Gajah Mada, Batam, starting from Pura Agung to the Taman Kota housing complex,
which has a length of 1 km (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Research Location
This research is carried out directly, namely a survey of the location. The thing that needs
to be considered during the survey is the volume of vehicles that occur on Jalan Gajah Mada during
peak hours (Figure 2). The method used in this study is quantitative. Data is one of the main
strengths in compiling scientific research and modeling (Rifai, Hadiwardoyo, Correia, Pereira, &
Cortez, The data mining applied for predicting highway roughness due to overloaded trucks,
2015). The data used in this study consisted of primary data and secondary data. The primary data
is in the form of location conditions, road dimensions, number and speed of vehicles. At the same
time, the secondary data needed is map location, population data, and land use—the location
chosen by the research on the performance analysis of Jalan Gajah Mada Baloi, Batam.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam
96 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Data collection is carried out on the Jalan Gajah Mada. The data collection that author has
done is by using field observation methods (observation-Figure 2) and surveys.
Figure 2. The State of the Road at peak hours
Here is the data on Jalan Gajah Mada:
Road Type = Four-lane split (4/2 D)
Laj your width = Lane width 3.5 meters
Road shoulder width = 1 meter
Total Population = 1.196 million people
This study conducted a survey at the Jalan Gajah Mada location starting at 07:00 WIB –
08:00 WIB. According to IHCM 1997 to calculate the volume of traffic flow, Vehicles are
classified into Light Vehicles (LV) = 1.0; Heavy Vehicle (HV) = 1.2; and Motor Vehicle (MC) =
0.25. After conducting a survey, data on vehicle volume of 3333.3 pcu/ hour was obtained
Road capacity is obtained based on the results of a survey that we have conducted.
Determining the road capacity can use the IHCM 1997 guidelines with the following formula.
     
The value of the essential Capacity (Co) on the Jalan Gajah Mada of 1650 is obtained based
on the IHCM table. The essential Capacity of urban roads can be seen in Table 1; Jalan Gajah
Mada have a type of divided four-lane road or a one-way road
Table 1. Urban Road Capacity
Road Type
Basic Capacity (pcu/h)
Information
Four-lane split or a one-way
street
1650
Per lane
Four-lane undivided
1500
Per lane
Two-lane undivided
2900
Two in total
Source: IHCM 1997

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
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97 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
The capacity adjustment value (FCw) is obtained by 1.00 with the width of the Jalan Gajah
Mada lane, measured at 3.5 meters, obtained from Table 2 below.
Table 2. Capacity Adjustment Factors
Road Type
Effective traffic lane width
FCw
Four-lane split or a one-way
street
Per lane
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
0.92
0.96
1.00
1.04
1.08
Four-lane undivided
Per lane
3.00
3.25
3.50
3.75
4.00
0.91
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.09
Two-lane undivided
Two-way total
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0.56
0.87
1.00
1.14
1.25
1.29
1.34
Source: IHCM 1997
The Capacity Adjustment Factor (FCsp) value for the Gajah Mada four-lane road type
divided by 50% - 50% by 1.00, can be seen in table 3.
Table 3. Table of capacity adjustment values (FCsp) for road types
%-% SP direction separator
50-50
60-40
70-30
80-20
90-10
100-0

Two Lanes 2/2
1,00
0, 94
0,88
0,82
0,76
0,70
Four Lanes 4/2
1,00
0,97
0,94
0,91
0,88
0,85
Source: IHCM 1997
The Capacity Adjustment Value (FCsf) for the Jalan Gajah Mada location has a side
obstacle of 0.97 with a curb width of 1.0. The location of Jalan Gajah Mada is a residential area
that does not have much activity so a side obstacle of 0.97 can be seen in Table 4 below.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
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98 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
Table 4. Table of capacity adjustment values (FCsf)for roadside disturbance
Road
Type
Class of
roadside
disturbance
Adjustment factors for roadside disturbance
and shoulder width 
Kerb Width WS
≤ 0.5 m
1.0 m
1.5 m
≥ 2 m
4/2 D
VL
L
M
H
VH
0,95
0,94
0,91
0,86
0,81
0,97
0,96
0,93
0,89
0,85
0,99
0,98
0,95
0,92
0,88
1,01
1,00
0,98
0,95
0,92
4/2 UD
VL
L
M
H
VH
0,95
0,93
0,90
0,84
0,77
0,97
0,95
0,92
0,87
0,81
0,99
0,97
0,95
0,90
0,85
1,01
1,00
0,97
0,93
0,90
2/2 UD or
one-way
road
VL
L
M
H
VH
0,93
0,90
0,86
0,78
0,68
0,96
0,92
0,88
0,81
0,72
0,97
0,95
0,91
0,84
0,77
0,99
0,97
0,94
0,88
0,84
Source: IHCM 1997
The value of urban capacity adjustment (FCcs) with a population of 1.196 million people
in 2020, based on data from BPS (Central Statistics Agency), obtained an FCcs value of 1.00 can
be seen in Table 5.
Table 5. Table of capacity adjustment values for city groups (FCcs
City Size (Million inhabitants)
Adjustment factors for city size 
<0.1
0,1 – 0,5
0,5 – 1,0
1,0 – 3,0
>3.0
0,86
0,90
0,94
1,00
1,04
Source: IHCM 1997
Based on the data that has been obtained, the value of road capacity on the Jalan Gajah
Mada can be calculated using the 1997 IHCM guidelines as follows
       

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam
99 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
            
  
Then the value of Jalan Gajah Mada capacity is 6400 pcu/hour. The degree of saturation
(DS) is defined as the current ratio to Capacity on a given section of the road. Used as the main
factor in the determination of the level of performance of intersections and road segments. Guided
by IHCM 1997, Jalan Gajah Mada has a saturation degree value of 2.08 (Departemen Pekerjaan
Umum, 1997)
 

 

 0,52
Guided by the 1997 IHCM with the US-HCM approach, the level of road service is viewed
based on the value of the degree of saturation. For example, Jalan Gajah Mada has a saturation
degree value of 0.52 have a stable traffic flow with vehicle speed affected by vehicle volume.
Therefore, vehicle speed when diverting traffic flow.
  

  
   
Vehicle speed before traffic flow diversion
  

  
   
The purpose of traffic engineering in road development in Batam is to obtain or provide
traffic conditions that are as smooth and safe as possible. In addition, it is hoped that without
adding high costs to improving the movement of people, goods, and services with the existing
geometric and traffic conditions through a system of arrangements, arrangements, and regulations.
This analysis is to find traffic management alternatives that result in better road network
performance than actual conditions. Of the alternatives analyzed, four alternatives provide positive
results for improving the performance of the road network in general. In addition, there are even
alternatives that can reduce the value of the degree of traffic saturation by up to several percent. In

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Traffic Flow Diversion on Road Performance: A Case of
Jalan Gajah Mada Development Project, Batam
100 | Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, Vol. 1, Special Issue, No. 1, December
2022
the end, two alternatives are selected that produce the best and most stable performance during the
planning period.
CONCLUSION
Jalan Gajah Mada has a service level value of road C, so the Jalan Gajah Mada section has
a stable traffic flow with vehicle speed influenced by vehicle volume. The diversion of traffic flow
is considered quite effective in unraveling Congestion on Jalan Gajah Mada. This is indicated by
the vehicle speed value that increases during the enactment of the diversion of traffic flow. Jalan
Gajah Mada has a relatively good level of road service. The vehicle speed at the diversion of traffic
flow is 48.78 Km/h, and the speed before the diversion of traffic flow is 26.16 Km/h. Some
alternatives can reduce the value of the degree of traffic saturation by up to several percent. In the
end, two alternatives are selected that produce the best and most stable performance during the
planning period.
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