ArticlePDF Available

POWERING RURAL HEALTHCARE WITH SUSTAINABLE ENERGY: A GLOBAL REVIEW OF SOLAR SOLUTIONS

Authors:
  • Independent Researcher

Abstract

Access to reliable healthcare and sustainable energy remains a global challenge, particularly in rural and underserved communities. This review paper explores the integration of solar energy solutions in rural healthcare settings, shedding light on the transformative impact of this innovative approach. This paper also explores the multifaceted benefits, challenges, and future directions of solar-powered healthcare through a comprehensive examination of the literature. Solar energy solutions in rural healthcare provide reliable power for medical equipment, extend operating hours, and improve lighting, leading to enhanced healthcare services and more accurate diagnoses. Moreover, solar-powered vaccine refrigeration ensures the potency and safety of vaccines, contributing to improved public health outcomes. Financial sustainability is bolstered as solar solutions reduce healthcare costs and offer financial independence to facilities. Environmental sustainability is achieved through reduced carbon footprints and responsible resource use. Beyond healthcare services, solar initiatives empower local communities by creating employment opportunities and enhancing resilience in emergencies. Challenges such as initial costs, maintenance, adverse weather conditions, scalability, and policy hurdles are addressed through innovative financing models, capacity building, climate-resilient solutions, standardized monitoring systems, advocacy, and technological advancements. As the world seeks to achieve universal healthcare and sustainable development, solar-powered healthcare exemplifies the potential of renewable energy to drive positive change. This review paper emphasizes that we can improve healthcare access, quality, and sustainability by harnessing the sun's energy, ultimately illuminating the path toward brighter, healthier, and more equitable rural communities. Keywords: Solar Energy, Rural Healthcare, Sustainable Energy, Healthcare Access Renewable Energy, Healthcare Quality, Financial Sustainability, Environmental Sustainability, Future Directions.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 190
POWERING RURAL HEALTHCARE WITH SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY: A GLOBAL REVIEW OF SOLAR SOLUTIONS
Uchenna Izuka1, Gabriel Gbenga Ojo2, Sodrudeen Abolore Ayodeji3, Tina Chinyere Ndiwe4,
& Vincent Ebhohime Ehiaguina5
1YMCA, Canada
2School of the Built Environment & Architecture, London South Bank University, UK
3Matrix Energy Limited, Lagos, Nigeria
4Osmotic Engineering Group, South Africa
5Everty Property Management, Lagos, Nigeria
___________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding Author: Uchenna Izuka
Corresponding Author Email:izukau@yahoo.com
Article Received: 25-09-23 Accepted: 10-10-23 Published: 17-10-23
Licensing Details: Author retains the right of this article. The article is distributed under the terms of
the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License
(http://www.creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use,
reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is
attributed as specified on the Journal open access page.
___________________________________________________________________________
ABSTRACT
Access to reliable healthcare and sustainable energy remains a global challenge, particularly
in rural and underserved communities. This review paper explores the integration of solar
energy solutions in rural healthcare settings, shedding light on the transformative impact of
this innovative approach. This paper also explores the multifaceted benefits, challenges, and
future directions of solar-powered healthcare through a comprehensive examination of the
literature. Solar energy solutions in rural healthcare provide reliable power for medical
equipment, extend operating hours, and improve lighting, leading to enhanced healthcare
services and more accurate diagnoses. Moreover, solar-powered vaccine refrigeration ensures
the potency and safety of vaccines, contributing to improved public health outcomes.
Financial sustainability is bolstered as solar solutions reduce healthcare costs and offer
financial independence to facilities. Environmental sustainability is achieved through reduced
carbon footprints and responsible resource use. Beyond healthcare services, solar initiatives
empower local communities by creating employment opportunities and enhancing resilience
OPEN ACCESS
Engineering Science & Technology Journal
P-ISSN: 2708-8944, E-ISSN: 2708-8952
Volume 4, Issue 4, P.No. 190-208, October 2023
DOI: 10.51594/estj.v4i4.582
Fair East Publishers
Journal Homepage: www.fepbl.com/index.php/estj
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 191
in emergencies. Challenges such as initial costs, maintenance, adverse weather conditions,
scalability, and policy hurdles are addressed through innovative financing models, capacity
building, climate-resilient solutions, standardized monitoring systems, advocacy, and
technological advancements. As the world seeks to achieve universal healthcare and
sustainable development, solar-powered healthcare exemplifies the potential of renewable
energy to drive positive change. This review paper emphasizes that we can improve
healthcare access, quality, and sustainability by harnessing the sun's energy, ultimately
illuminating the path toward brighter, healthier, and more equitable rural communities.
Keywords: Solar Energy, Rural Healthcare, Sustainable Energy, Healthcare Access
Renewable Energy, Healthcare Quality, Financial Sustainability, Environmental
Sustainability, Future Directions.
___________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Access to quality healthcare is a fundamental human right, yet billions of people, primarily
residing in remote and rural areas of the world, still struggle to obtain adequate medical
services (Farmer, 2008). This healthcare divide is exacerbated by the lack of reliable and
sustainable energy sources in these regions, which often hampers the functioning of healthcare
facilities. The global healthcare community recognizes the urgent need to bridge this gap and
make healthcare accessible to all. One promising solution emerging on the horizon is
integrating solar energy systems into rural healthcare infrastructure (Charlton, 2016; Mbunge,
Batani, Gaobotse, & Muchemwa, 2022). This paper embarks on a journey to explore the
transformational potential of solar energy in powering rural healthcare, offering an in-depth
global review of solar solutions and their implications.
Inequities in healthcare access have persisted for decades, with rural and remote communities
bearing the brunt of the disparity. According to the World Health Organization (WHO),
approximately half of the global population still lacks access to essential healthcare services
(Development, 2010). Rural areas, where healthcare infrastructure is often underdeveloped
and underfunded, face even greater challenges. The reasons behind this inequality are
multifaceted, encompassing geographical isolation, limited resources, and inadequate
transportation networks. However, one factor consistently stands out as a significant barrier to
rural healthcare development: the absence of reliable and sustainable energy sources.
Energy poverty, the lack of access to modern energy services, affects nearly 1 billion people
worldwide. This dire energy situation has dire consequences for rural healthcare facilities. In
many off-grid or unreliable-grid settings, healthcare centers rely on expensive, polluting, and
often insufficient energy sources, such as diesel generators or kerosene lamps (González-
Eguino, 2015; Sovacool, 2012). These energy sources not only strain already limited
healthcare budgets but also jeopardize patient care and safety. The erratic power supply leads
to the spoilage of medicines and vaccines stored in refrigerators, limits the use of life-saving
medical equipment, and hampers the efficiency of healthcare operations. The impacts of
energy poverty extend beyond the clinic walls, affecting the daily lives of healthcare workers
and patients alike. For example, health workers labor under inadequate lighting conditions,
making diagnoses and treatments more challenging, while patients may hesitate to seek care
due to the uncertainty of healthcare availability.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 192
In recent years, solar energy has emerged as a beacon of hope in the quest to overcome the
energy challenges plaguing rural healthcare. Solar solutions, encompassing photovoltaic
panels, solar water heaters, and energy storage systems, offer the promise of reliable, clean,
and sustainable power. These systems harness the sun's abundant energy, converting it into
electricity and heat, and can be customized to suit the unique needs of healthcare facilities in
rural areas. Solar energy's appeal lies in its environmental benefits and ability to deliver
consistent power even in the remotest corners of the globe (Chau, Yu, Fernando, & Iu, 2017;
Hasan et al., 2023). As a renewable and abundant resource, the sun can provide a lifeline to
healthcare centers that have long operated in the shadows of energy scarcity. By relying on
solar energy, rural healthcare facilities can enhance their capacity to deliver essential services,
improve patient care, and contribute to their communities' overall health and well-being.
This paper sets out to comprehensively explore the nexus of sustainable energy and rural
healthcare, with a specific focus on solar solutions. It seeks to provide a global review of the
current state of solar-powered healthcare initiatives, their impacts, and the challenges
encountered during their implementation. By shedding light on successful case studies, policy
frameworks, and emerging trends, this review aims to inform policymakers, healthcare
practitioners, and researchers about the potential of solar energy to transform rural healthcare.
This research paper aims to examine the existing literature on rural healthcare challenges,
renewable energy integration, and solar solutions. It aims to present a range of case studies
and examples from diverse global contexts where solar energy has been implemented in rural
healthcare settings and to assess the impact of solar-powered healthcare solutions on
healthcare accessibility, quality, and sustainability. It also aims to analyze the role of
government policies, regulatory frameworks, and financial incentives in promoting the
adoption of solar solutions in rural healthcare and to identify the challenges and future
directions of solar-powered rural healthcare.
In an era where the intersection of healthcare, sustainability, and renewable energy holds
immense promise, this review seeks to contribute to the discourse by illuminating the path
toward healthier and more sustainable rural communities. Through a comprehensive
exploration of solar solutions in rural healthcare, we endeavor to inspire action, inform policy
decisions, and ultimately foster a brighter, healthier, and more equitable future for all.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Several international declarations and agreements, such as the United Nations Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, recognize access to healthcare as a fundamental human right.
However, despite these admirable ideals, there are still healthcare disparities around the
world, with rural and remote populations frequently suffering from poor access to necessary
services. This section presents a comprehensive literature review that sheds light on the
challenges faced by rural healthcare and the potential of solar energy solutions to bridge the
gap.
Rural Healthcare Challenges
One of the primary challenges in rural healthcare is geographical isolation. Rural communities
are often located far from urban centers where healthcare facilities and specialists are
concentrated (Hee & Mueller, 2022). This isolation leads to longer travel times to reach
healthcare centers, making access to care more difficult, especially in emergencies.
Additionally, rural areas typically have limited healthcare infrastructure, with fewer hospitals,
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 193
clinics, and healthcare professionals per capita compared to urban areas (Gaede & Versteeg,
2011; Rechel et al., 2016).
In many rural areas, inadequate transportation networks further exacerbate healthcare access
issues. Poor road conditions and the lack of reliable public transportation make it challenging
for residents to access healthcare services when needed. Ambulances and emergency medical
services often face delays due to the difficulty of reaching remote locations. Rural
communities also tend to have lower income levels, making healthcare affordability a
significant concern. High out-of-pocket healthcare expenses can deter individuals from
seeking necessary medical care, leading to delayed treatment and poorer health outcomes
(Dumitrache, Nae, Simion, & Taloș, 2020; Sabokbar, Mohammadi, Tahmasbi, Rafii, &
Hosseini, 2021).
Energy Poverty and Healthcare
Energy poverty, the lack of access to modern energy services, compounds the challenges rural
healthcare facilities face. Energy poverty can take various forms, including a lack of access to
electricity or reliance on polluting and expensive energy sources. According to the
International Energy Agency (IEA), approximately 789 million people worldwide lacked
access to electricity in 2018, with many of them residing in rural areas (Khirennas, Talha,
Kaabeche, & Bakelli, 2020).
Energy poverty's impact on healthcare is profound. Healthcare facilities in rural areas often
rely on fossil fuel-based generators, which are expensive to operate and maintain. These
generators provide intermittent and unreliable power, compromising the operation of medical
equipment, refrigeration of vaccines and medicines, and the overall quality of healthcare
services. Power interruptions can lead to equipment malfunctions and treatment delays,
risking patients' lives (Guruswamy, 2011; Olatomiwa et al., 2022).
Moreover, the use of kerosene lamps for lighting in healthcare settings can result in poor
visibility, making diagnoses and treatments more challenging. Additionally, the indoor air
pollution generated by kerosene lamps and cooking with solid fuels contributes to respiratory
illnesses, further burdening the healthcare system.
Solar Energy Solutions in Healthcare
Solar energy, as a clean and renewable resource, offers a promising solution to address the
energy needs of rural healthcare facilities (Shahsavari & Akbari, 2018). Solar energy is
harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) panels, which convert sunlight into electricity, and solar
thermal systems, which capture and store solar heat for various applications, including water
heating and space heating (Ewim, Abolarin, Scott, & Anyanwu, 2023).
Solar energy solutions offer several advantages for rural healthcare settings. They can provide
a stable and continuous power supply, reducing the risk of power outages and equipment
failures. Once installed, solar panels require minimal maintenance, resulting in lower long-
term operational costs compared to fossil fuel generators. Solar energy is a clean and
environmentally friendly source of power, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and mitigating
climate change. Solar systems allow healthcare facilities to become less reliant on external
sources of energy, enhancing their self-sufficiency. Consistent power supply enables
healthcare providers to deliver better care, reducing treatment delays and improving patient
outcomes (Franco, Shaker, Kalubi, & Hostettler, 2017; Olatomiwa et al., 2022; Panwar,
Kaushik, & Kothari, 2011).
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 194
Across the globe, numerous initiatives have harnessed the potential of solar energy to power
rural healthcare facilities (Shaaban & Petinrin, 2014). These initiatives serve as valuable case
studies for understanding the impact and challenges of solar solutions in healthcare. Based in
Rajasthan, India, Barefoot College has pioneered a solar electrification model that empowers
rural women to become solar engineers. This program trains women from rural areas to
install, maintain, and repair solar panels. The solar-electrified villages, equipped with solar-
powered healthcare centers, have seen improvements in healthcare access, as the availability
of electricity enables better healthcare services (Strickland, 2016; Usman).
The We Care Solar Suitcase is a portable solar-powered unit designed to provide electricity to
remote healthcare facilities with limited access to power. This suitcase contains solar panels,
LED lights, a battery, and medical equipment chargers. Deployed in various African and
Asian countries, this innovation has enabled healthcare workers to perform life-saving
procedures even during nighttime hours. The storage of vaccines and medicines at appropriate
temperatures is critical for maintaining their efficacy. Solar-powered vaccine refrigerators
have been deployed in multiple countries to ensure that rural healthcare centers can safely
store vaccines. These refrigerators use solar energy to maintain a consistent temperature,
reducing the risk of spoiled vaccines and enabling vaccination programs in remote areas. In
some African countries, solar energy has been utilized to support telemedicine initiatives.
Solar-powered clinics equipped with telemedicine facilities allow remote communities to
access medical consultations and specialist services through video conferencing. This
approach enhances healthcare access in areas where specialist healthcare providers are scarce
(J. U. Ahmed, Gazi, Iqbal, Islam, & Talukder, 2020; Basu, Banerjee, & Sweeny, 2013;
Eanelli, 2019a; WHO, 2014).
The Impact of Solar Solutions on Rural Healthcare
The implementation of solar solutions in rural healthcare settings has led to notable
improvements in the quality and availability of healthcare services. Consistent power supply
enables healthcare facilities to effectively operate essential medical equipment, such as X-ray
machines, ultrasound devices, and incubators. Moreover, well-lit healthcare facilities improve
the accuracy of diagnoses and the quality of treatments. Solar-powered vaccine refrigerators
ensure the safe storage of vaccines, reducing wastage and enabling effective vaccination
programs. Medicines that require refrigeration, such as insulin and certain antibiotics, remain
effective, leading to better healthcare outcomes (Dimitrievski et al., 2021; Olatomiwa,
Blanchard, Mekhilef, & Akinyele, 2018; Olatomiwa et al., 2022).
Many rural healthcare facilities equipped with solar energy systems can extend their operating
hours into the evening. This extended availability is particularly beneficial in emergencies and
for accommodating patients' schedules, enhancing overall healthcare access. The shift to solar
energy can reduce healthcare costs in rural areas. Solar systems have lower operational and
maintenance costs compared to traditional generators, freeing up resources for improving
healthcare services and infrastructure (Babatunde, Adedoja, Babatunde, & Denwigwe, 2019).
Governments play a crucial role in promoting the adoption of solar solutions in healthcare.
Financial incentives, such as subsidies and tax credits for solar installations, can encourage
healthcare facilities to invest in solar technology. Governments can also provide grants or
low-interest loans to facilitate solar projects in underserved areas. Clear regulations and
standards for solar installations ensure the safety and effectiveness of solar-powered
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 195
healthcare systems. Regulatory frameworks can streamline the approval process for solar
projects and provide guidelines for their maintenance and operation (Reddy, 2015; Zalengera
et al., 2020). Public-private partnerships can facilitate the implementation of solar solutions in
rural healthcare. Collaborations between governments, non-governmental organizations
(NGOs), and private sector entities can leverage resources and expertise to scale up solar-
powered healthcare initiatives.
Challenges and Future Directions
Despite the promise of solar solutions in rural healthcare, several challenges remain. The
upfront costs of solar installations can be a barrier to cash-strapped rural healthcare facilities.
Access to financing and support for these initial investments is essential. Ensuring the proper
maintenance and repair of solar systems requires trained personnel. Training programs for
healthcare workers and technicians must be established and sustained (Weir, 2018).
Solar energy generation can be affected by weather conditions, such as cloudy days or dust
accumulation on panels. Solutions to mitigate these factors need to be explored. Scaling up
solar-powered healthcare initiatives to reach all underserved rural areas remains a significant
challenge. Strategies for expansion and replication must be developed. Effective data
collection and monitoring systems are crucial for assessing the impact of solar solutions on
healthcare outcomes. These systems need to be integrated into healthcare facilities
(Amankwah‐Amoah, 2015; Yaacoub & Alouini, 2020).
Inconsistent policies and regulations can hinder the growth of solar-powered healthcare.
Advocacy for supportive policies and regulatory harmonization is essential. Continued
advancements in solar technology, energy storage, and energy management systems hold the
potential to address some of the existing challenges and further improve the viability of solar-
powered healthcare (Brown, Soni, Lapsa, Southworth, & Cox, 2020).
METHODOLOGY
This section outlines the research methodology employed to conduct a global review of solar
solutions in rural healthcare settings. The methodology encompasses the selection of
literature, data collection processes, and the criteria for the inclusion of case studies and
examples.
Selection of Literature
A systematic approach to the selection of literature was followed to conduct a comprehensive
review of solar solutions in rural healthcare. A thorough literature search was conducted using
academic databases, scholarly journals, government reports, international organizations'
publications, and grey literature. The databases and search engines utilized included but were
not limited to PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and relevant government websites
(e.g., US Department of Energy, World Health Organization).
The search terms used included variations and combinations of the following keywords: "solar
energy," "renewable energy," "solar power," "solar solutions," "rural healthcare," "healthcare
access," "energy poverty," "sustainability," "case study," "impact," and "policy."
Data Collection Processes
The data collection process involved the systematic review of selected literature and the
extraction of relevant information. Data extraction was carried out using a structured template
that included the following variables:
Title and citation of the publication.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 196
Publication date.
Geographic region or country of the case study.
Description of the healthcare facility or initiative.
Impacts on healthcare access, quality, and sustainability.
Challenges and barriers encountered.
Policy and regulatory framework.
Data from the selected literature were synthesized to identify common themes, trends, and key
findings. The synthesis process involved categorizing information based on the objectives and
research questions of the review.
Criteria for Inclusion of Case Studies and Examples
Case studies and examples from various regions were included to provide concrete and
illustrative examples of solar solutions in rural healthcare. They were selected to represent
different geographic regions, including but not limited to Africa, Asia, Europe, and the
Americas. This approach aimed to ensure a global perspective and account for regional
variations in healthcare infrastructure, energy access, and policy contexts.
A range of solar energy solutions, including solar panels, solar water heaters, and solar-
powered medical equipment, were considered for inclusion to showcase the diversity of
applications and technologies. Case studies and examples were prioritized based on their
potential to illustrate significant impacts on healthcare access, quality, and sustainability.
Initiatives demonstrating innovative approaches to addressing rural healthcare challenges
through solar solutions were given special attention. They were selected to reflect different
policy and regulatory frameworks, highlighting the role of government support and incentives
in promoting solar-powered healthcare solutions.
Limitations
While every effort was made to conduct a comprehensive and systematic review, certain
limitations should be acknowledged. The review is subject to the availability of relevant
literature in the selected databases and sources. Some relevant projects and initiatives may not
have been documented or published. The exclusion of non-English publications may result in
a language bias, potentially omitting valuable case studies and examples from non-English-
speaking regions. The review may be subject to publication bias, as successful or well-
documented projects are more likely to be published and accessible.
Solar Energy Solutions in Rural Healthcare
The integration of solar energy solutions in rural healthcare infrastructure has emerged as a
transformative approach to addressing the energy and healthcare disparities faced by remote
and underserved communities worldwide. Solar solutions, encompassing PV panels, solar
water heaters, and energy storage systems, promise to provide reliable, clean, and sustainable
power to rural healthcare facilities. This section delves into the multifaceted aspects of solar
energy solutions in rural healthcare, elucidating their benefits, innovative applications, and
tangible impacts on healthcare access, quality, and sustainability.
Harnessing Solar Energy for Rural Healthcare
Solar energy harnesses the abundant and renewable power of the sun to generate electricity
and heat, offering a viable solution to the energy challenges confronting rural healthcare
facilities. By converting sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic panels and capturing
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 197
solar heat for water heating and space heating, solar energy systems provide a reliable and
sustainable source of power for essential healthcare functions.
Photovoltaic panels, commonly known as solar panels, are a cornerstone of solar energy
solutions. These panels consist of solar cells that convert sunlight into direct current (DC)
electricity. In rural healthcare settings, PV panels are typically installed on the rooftops of
healthcare facilities or in nearby solar arrays to maximize sunlight exposure (Delfanti,
Falabretti, & Merlo, 2015). Solar water heaters utilize solar collectors to capture solar heat
and transfer it to water, providing a cost-effective solution for hot water production in
healthcare facilities (S. F. Ahmed et al., 2021). These systems are particularly valuable for
tasks such as sterilization, laundry, and bathing in healthcare settings.
Energy storage systems, often integrated with PV panels, store excess solar-generated
electricity in batteries for use during cloudy periods or at night. These systems enhance the
reliability of power supply, ensuring uninterrupted healthcare operations (Qadrdan, Jenkins, &
Wu, 2018).
Benefits of Solar Energy Solutions
The adoption of solar energy solutions in rural healthcare settings offers many benefits
beyond energy provision. These benefits address critical challenges faced by healthcare
facilities in remote areas. One of the most significant advantages of solar energy solutions is
their reliability. Solar panels provide a consistent and stable power supply, reducing the risk
of power outages caused by grid failures or generator malfunctions. This reliability is
paramount for healthcare facilities where continuous power is essential for patient care and
the operation of medical equipment.
Solar energy systems, once installed, have relatively low operational and maintenance costs
compared to traditional fossil fuel generators. Reducing fuel expenses and maintenance
requirements frees up financial resources that healthcare facilities can allocate toward
improving patient care, staff training, or infrastructure development (Mendonça, 2012). The
environmental sustainability of solar energy solutions aligns with global efforts to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Solar panels produce electricity
without emitting harmful pollutants, contributing to cleaner air and reduced carbon footprint.
Solar energy solutions empower healthcare facilities to become less reliant on external
sources of energy, enhancing their energy independence. This self-sufficiency reduces
vulnerability to energy supply disruptions and price fluctuations associated with conventional
energy sources. The consistent power supply enabled by solar energy solutions directly
impacts healthcare outcomes. Medical equipment, such as diagnostic devices, incubators, and
surgical instruments, operates optimally with uninterrupted power (Mekhilef, Saidur, &
Safari, 2011). This leads to more accurate diagnoses and treatments, ultimately improving
patient health outcomes.
Solar-Powered Healthcare Initiatives
Solar-powered healthcare initiatives have been implemented in various rural and remote
regions across the globe. These initiatives serve as tangible examples of the transformative
potential of solar energy in healthcare delivery. Below are selected case studies and examples
that illustrate the diverse applications and impact of solar solutions in rural healthcare:
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 198
Barefoot College's Solar Electrification Model (India)
Based in Rajasthan, India, Barefoot College has pioneered a solar electrification model that
empowers rural women to become solar engineers. Through a unique training program,
women from rural areas are equipped with the skills to install, maintain, and repair solar
panels. These solar-electrified villages have improved healthcare access, as solar power
enables better healthcare services, including lighting, refrigeration for vaccines, and medical
equipment operation. The success of this model demonstrates the transformative potential of
local empowerment and sustainable energy in rural healthcare (Chakrabarty, 2023; Roy,
2012).
We Care Solar Suitcase (Global)
The "We Care Solar Suitcase" is a portable, solar-powered unit designed to provide electricity
to remote healthcare facilities with limited access to power. Equipped with solar panels, LED
lights, a battery, and medical equipment chargers, this innovation has been deployed in
various African and Asian countries. The suitcase ensures that healthcare workers can perform
life-saving procedures even during nighttime hours, addressing one of the critical challenges
of rural healthcare access. It represents a scalable and adaptable solution to improving
healthcare services in off-grid areas (Eanelli, 2019a).
Solar-Powered Vaccine Refrigerators (Various Locations)
Solar-powered vaccine refrigerators have been deployed in numerous countries to ensure the
safe storage of vaccines. These refrigerators use solar energy to maintain a consistent
temperature, reducing the risk of spoiled vaccines. Solar-powered refrigeration is essential for
effective vaccination programs in regions with unreliable electricity grids or no access to
electricity, such as parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The reliability of vaccine storage contributes
to improved public health outcomes, particularly in the prevention of vaccine-preventable
diseases.
Solar-Powered Telemedicine (Africa)
In some African countries, solar energy has been leveraged to support telemedicine initiatives
in rural areas (Ihuoma, 2011). Solar-powered clinics equipped with telemedicine facilities
allow remote communities to access medical consultations and specialist services through
video conferencing. This approach extends healthcare access to underserved populations and
demonstrates the synergy between renewable energy and healthcare technology (Faruk et al.,
2017).
Impact on Rural Healthcare
The integration of solar energy solutions in rural healthcare has resulted in tangible impacts
that extend across healthcare access, quality, and sustainability. Solar energy solutions enable
healthcare facilities to operate essential medical equipment reliably. This includes diagnostic
equipment like X-ray machines and ultrasound devices, which are crucial for accurate
diagnoses and treatment planning. Additionally, well-lit healthcare facilities improve visibility
and comfort for healthcare workers and patients alike, enhancing the quality of care.
Solar-powered vaccine refrigerators ensure the safe storage of vaccines, reducing wastage and
enabling effective vaccination programs. Medicines that require refrigeration, such as insulin
and certain antibiotics, remain effective, leading to better healthcare outcomes. Many rural
healthcare facilities equipped with solar energy systems can extend their operating hours into
the evening. This extended availability is particularly beneficial in emergencies and for
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 199
accommodating patients' schedules, enhancing overall healthcare access. The shift to solar
energy can reduce healthcare costs in rural areas. Solar systems have lower operational and
maintenance costs compared to traditional generators, freeing up resources for improving
healthcare services and infrastructure.
Policy and Regulatory Frameworks
Government support plays a pivotal role in promoting solar solutions in healthcare facilities.
Governments can offer financial incentives, such as subsidies, grants, and tax credits, to
healthcare facilities that invest in solar energy systems. These incentives help offset the initial
installation costs, making solar solutions more accessible to rural healthcare institutions.
Providing healthcare facilities with access to low-interest loans for solar installations
encourages investment in renewable energy. This financial support helps facilities overcome
the financial barrier associated with upfront costs.
Governments can fund research and development projects focused on innovative solar
applications in healthcare. This support fosters technological advancements and the discovery
of new ways to improve healthcare services through solar energy. Governments can facilitate
training programs for healthcare staff and technicians on installing, maintaining, and operating
solar energy systems. By enhancing local expertise, these programs ensure the long-term
sustainability of solar-powered healthcare facilities.
Clear regulations and standards are essential for successfully integrating solar energy
solutions in healthcare settings (Dincer, 2000). Regulations should stipulate safety standards
for installing and maintaining solar panels and associated equipment. Ensuring the safety of
healthcare workers and patients is paramount. Governments need to establish policies and
guidelines for grid connection in cases where healthcare facilities are connected to the grid.
This includes mechanisms for net metering, which allows healthcare facilities to sell excess
solar-generated electricity back to the grid (Javadi et al., 2020).
Regulations should encourage the use of environmentally friendly solar technologies and
disposal practices for end-of-life solar components to minimize environmental impacts.
Accreditation processes for solar installers and technicians can help maintain high-quality
standards in installing and maintaining solar energy systems. Public-private partnerships
(PPPs) can be pivotal in scaling up solar-powered healthcare initiatives. Collaborations
between governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and private sector entities
leverage resources and expertise. These partnerships facilitate the implementation of solar
projects, access to funding, and sharing best practices (Agbo, 2014; Fife & Hosman, 2007;
Newcombe & Ackom, 2017).
In summary, integrating solar energy solutions in rural healthcare is a compelling illustration
of how renewable energy can be harnessed to address pressing global challenges. Solar
solutions enhance healthcare access, quality, and sustainability in remote and underserved
communities by providing reliable and sustainable power. The successful implementation of
solar-powered healthcare initiatives, exemplified by case studies and examples from diverse
regions, underscores the transformative potential of renewable energy in healthcare delivery.
Governments and stakeholders must continue supporting solar-powered healthcare expansion
through financial incentives, clear regulations, and public-private partnerships. Addressing
challenges related to initial costs, maintenance, scalability, and policy hurdles is crucial to
ensuring the widespread adoption of solar solutions. Furthermore, ongoing technological
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 200
advancements promise to make solar energy even more accessible and efficient in rural
healthcare settings.
In an era where healthcare access and sustainability are global priorities, the fusion of solar
energy and healthcare exemplifies the innovative solutions that can drive positive change and
empower communities to lead healthier lives. As the world seeks to build back better and
achieve universal healthcare, solar energy is a beacon of hope, lighting the way toward
brighter, healthier, and more equitable rural communities.
Impact on Rural Healthcare
Integrating solar energy solutions into rural healthcare settings has ushered in a new
healthcare access, quality, and sustainability era in remote and underserved communities. This
section explores the multifaceted impact of solar energy solutions on rural healthcare,
shedding light on how these technologies have improved healthcare services, public health
outcomes, and the overall well-being of communities in need.
Enhanced Healthcare Services
One of the most immediate and profound impacts of solar energy solutions in rural healthcare
is the provision of reliable power for essential medical equipment. Solar panels, combined
with energy storage systems, ensure a continuous supply of electricity, reducing the risk of
power outages that could jeopardize patient care. Medical equipment such as X-ray machines,
ultrasound devices, and laboratory equipment can function optimally with uninterrupted
power. This enhances the diagnostic capabilities of rural healthcare facilities, allowing for
more accurate assessments and treatment plans.
The consistent power supply enabled by solar energy solutions also extends the operating
hours of rural healthcare facilities. Many of these facilities, previously constrained by limited
access to electricity or unreliable grid power, can now offer healthcare services in the evening
and at night. This extended availability is particularly beneficial in emergencies and for
accommodating patients' schedules, ultimately leading to improved healthcare access (Pearce,
2009; Shaqsi, Sopian, & Al-Hinai, 2020).
Well-lit healthcare facilities contribute to a more comfortable and welcoming environment for
both healthcare workers and patients. Solar-powered lighting systems enhance visibility and
safety, especially in areas where electrical lighting is scarce. Proper lighting is critical for
performing medical procedures, conducting examinations, and ensuring patients' overall well-
being. The improved physical infrastructure and comfort of healthcare facilities positively
impact the quality of care provided.
Increased Vaccine and Medicine Reliability
Solar-powered vaccine refrigeration systems play a vital role in maintaining the potency and
safety of vaccines in rural healthcare settings. These refrigerators use solar energy to maintain
a consistent temperature, ensuring that vaccines remain effective. In regions with unreliable
electricity grids or no electricity access, solar-powered vaccine refrigeration is essential for
the success of vaccination programs. The reliability of vaccine storage reduces vaccine
wastage and contributes to improved public health outcomes, particularly in the prevention of
vaccine-preventable diseases.
Beyond vaccines, solar energy solutions also impact the storage of medicines that require
refrigeration. Insulin, certain antibiotics, and other medications that are sensitive to
temperature fluctuations can be safely stored in solar-powered refrigerators. This ensures that
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 201
essential medicines remain effective and readily available to patients, enhancing healthcare
quality and effectiveness (Nadimuthu & Victor, 2022).
Cost Reduction and Financial Sustainability
Transitioning to solar energy in rural healthcare settings results in cost savings that can be
redirected toward improving healthcare services. Solar energy systems have lower operational
and maintenance costs compared to traditional fossil fuel generators. Eliminating fuel
expenses, reducing maintenance requirements and extending equipment lifespan contribute to
financial sustainability. Healthcare facilities can allocate these saved resources to staff
training, medical supplies, infrastructure development, and other critical needs.
Solar energy solutions also offer rural healthcare facilities a degree of financial independence.
By generating their own electricity, healthcare institutions become less reliant on external
sources of energy, mitigating the financial risk associated with energy price fluctuations and
supply disruptions. This financial stability allows healthcare facilities to plan and invest in the
long-term well-being of their communities (Fragkos et al., 2021).
Environmental Sustainability
The adoption of solar energy solutions in rural healthcare settings aligns with global efforts to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. Solar panels produce electricity
without emitting harmful pollutants, contributing to cleaner air and a reduced carbon
footprint. In rural areas where healthcare access is often intertwined with environmental
health, reducing local pollution from traditional energy sources can lead to direct health
benefits for communities.
Solar energy solutions offer a path to sustainable energy for generations to come. The
environmental benefits extend beyond reduced emissions to the preservation of natural
resources. In rural areas, where healthcare facilities may be located near sensitive ecosystems
or rely on natural resources for their communities' health, the shift to solar energy aligns with
the principles of ecological sustainability (Olatomiwa et al., 2022).
Improved Health Outcomes
The availability of reliable power through solar energy solutions enhances healthcare
providers' ability to diagnose and treat patients effectively. Modern medical equipment, such
as X-ray machines, CT scanners, and laboratory analyzers, depends on a consistent power
supply to function accurately. Solar-powered facilities can provide these diagnostic services
consistently, leading to earlier and more precise diagnoses.
Rural healthcare facilities often serve as primary centers for maternal and child healthcare.
Solar energy solutions enable these facilities to provide better care during childbirth and for
newborns. The reliability of power ensures that medical equipment, including infant warmers
and incubators, can operate without interruption. This contributes to reducing maternal and
neonatal mortality rates, improving overall health outcomes in rural communities. Solar-
powered healthcare facilities are well-suited for telemedicine initiatives, allowing remote
communities to access medical consultations and specialist services through video
conferencing. Patients in rural areas can receive expert medical advice without the need for
time-consuming and expensive travel to distant healthcare centers. This approach extends
healthcare access to underserved populations and demonstrates the synergy between
renewable energy and healthcare technology (Babatunde et al., 2019; Eanelli, 2019b;
Olatomiwa et al., 2022).
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 202
Community Empowerment and Resilience
Installing and maintaining solar energy systems in rural healthcare facilities often require
local expertise. Solar engineers and technicians are trained to install and service solar panels
and associated equipment. By providing employment opportunities for community members,
solar initiatives contribute to local economic development and empower residents with
valuable skills. Solar-powered healthcare facilities enhance community resilience in the face
of emergencies (Bugaje, 2006). These facilities can continue to provide vital healthcare
services during natural disasters or grid failures. Solar panels and energy storage systems
ensure uninterrupted power supply for critical medical equipment and lighting, contributing to
disaster preparedness and response efforts.
Challenges and Future Directions
The integration of solar energy solutions into rural healthcare represents a promising avenue
for addressing energy and healthcare disparities. However, several challenges persist, and
future directions must be carefully considered to ensure the sustainability and continued
growth of solar-powered healthcare initiatives.
Challenges
The upfront costs of installing solar energy systems in rural healthcare facilities can be a
significant barrier, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Many healthcare facilities in
remote areas operate on tight budgets and may struggle to secure the necessary funding for
solar installations. Overcoming this challenge requires innovative financing mechanisms,
grants, and partnerships with governments, donors, and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) to make solar solutions financially accessible to more healthcare facilities.
The proper maintenance and operation of solar energy systems require trained personnel.
Rural healthcare workers and technicians may lack the necessary skills and knowledge to
maintain and repair solar panels and associated equipment. Implementing training programs is
essential for building local capacity and ensuring the long-term sustainability of solar-
powered healthcare facilities. These programs should focus on system maintenance,
troubleshooting, and safety procedures (Ganguly, 2021).
Solar energy generation can be affected by adverse weather conditions, such as cloudy days or
dust accumulation on solar panels (Ghazi & Ip, 2014). In regions prone to extreme weather
events, such as hurricanes or monsoons, solar installations may be at risk of damage.
Strategies to mitigate the impact of adverse weather and environmental factors on energy
production should be explored. This may include the use of backup power sources, advanced
cleaning methods, and robust system design to withstand harsh conditions.
Scaling up solar-powered healthcare initiatives to reach all underserved rural areas remains a
significant challenge. Different regions have unique needs and contexts, so developing
tailored approaches for each setting is necessary. Strategies for expansion and replication
should consider factors such as local infrastructure, healthcare demand, and community
engagement. Collaboration among governments, NGOs, and the private sector is crucial for
achieving scalability while maintaining effectiveness.
Effective data collection and monitoring systems are crucial for assessing the impact of solar
solutions on healthcare outcomes. These systems need to be integrated into healthcare
facilities to track energy production, consumption, and healthcare indicators effectively.
However, implementing and maintaining such systems can be challenging in resource-
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 203
constrained settings. Overcoming this challenge requires investment in technology
infrastructure and training for healthcare personnel.
Future Directions
Future directions should focus on developing innovative financing models to address the
challenge of initial costs. Governments, international organizations, and private sector entities
can collaborate to create financing mechanisms that offer low-interest loans, grants, and
subsidies for solar installations in rural healthcare facilities. Pay-as-you-go models, where
healthcare facilities pay for solar energy services over time, can also be explored to make
solar solutions financially accessible.
Building local capacity is essential for the long-term sustainability of solar-powered
healthcare initiatives. Future directions should prioritize developing and expanding training
programs for healthcare workers and technicians. These programs should cover system
installation, maintenance, repair, and safety procedures. Empowering local communities with
the knowledge and skills to manage solar systems will ensure the continued operation of
healthcare facilities.
In regions prone to extreme weather events, developing and deploying climate-resilient solar
solutions should be a priority. Solar installations should be designed to withstand severe
weather conditions, such as hurricanes, floods, and extreme temperatures. Backup power
sources, such as hybrid solar-diesel systems or energy storage, can provide additional
resilience during extended periods of adverse weather. The development of standardized
monitoring systems is crucial for evaluating the impact of solar solutions on healthcare
outcomes. Future directions should focus on the creation of easy-to-implement data collection
and monitoring systems that can be deployed in diverse rural healthcare settings. These
systems should provide real-time data on energy production, consumption, and healthcare
indicators, enabling healthcare facilities to assess their performance and make data-driven
improvements.
Advocacy efforts for supportive policies and regulatory reform should continue to be a
priority. Stakeholders, including governments, NGOs, and healthcare associations, should
work together to advocate for clear and consistent regulations related to solar installations in
healthcare facilities. Policy reforms should address permit requirements, grid connection
policies, and tax incentives to create an enabling environment for solar-powered healthcare
initiatives. Investment in research and development (R&D) is essential to drive innovation in
solar technology tailored to rural healthcare needs. Future R&D efforts should focus on
improving solar panel efficiency, energy storage systems, and energy management
technology. Innovation in these areas can lead to more cost-effective and reliable solar
solutions, further enhancing their viability in rural healthcare settings.
To conclude, the challenges and future directions outlined in this section highlight the
importance of ongoing efforts to harness the full potential of solar energy in rural healthcare.
Overcoming challenges related to initial costs, maintenance, adverse weather conditions,
scalability, data monitoring, policy reform, and technology innovation requires coordinated
action and commitment from multiple stakeholders. As the world seeks to build back better
and achieve universal healthcare, the fusion of solar energy and healthcare exemplifies the
innovative solutions that can drive positive change and empower communities to lead
healthier lives.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 204
CONCLUSION
The fusion of solar energy solutions with rural healthcare has emerged as a transformative
force, addressing critical energy and healthcare disparities in remote and underserved
communities worldwide. This review paper, drawing from extensive literature analysis and a
comprehensive exploration of solar-powered healthcare initiatives, underscores this
innovative approach's profound impact, benefits, challenges, and future directions. Solar
energy integration has revolutionized healthcare access, quality, and sustainability in rural
areas. These solutions enhance healthcare services by providing reliable power for essential
medical equipment, extending operating hours, and improving lighting in healthcare facilities.
The result is more accurate diagnosis, improved patient care, and increased healthcare access,
especially during emergencies and maternal and child healthcare. Moreover, solar-powered
healthcare has strengthened vaccine storage, reduced costs, fostered economic development,
and enhanced community resilience in the face of disasters, making it a beacon of hope for
brighter, healthier, and more equitable rural communities.
However, this promising approach faces challenges, including installation costs, maintenance,
scalability, adverse weather, and policy hurdles. Addressing these challenges is crucial for
long-term sustainability. The future of solar-powered healthcare lies in innovative financing,
community empowerment, climate-resilient solutions, monitoring systems, policy support,
and technological advancements. Solar-powered healthcare remains a testament to renewable
energy's potential for positive change as the world pursues universal healthcare and
sustainable development. By tackling challenges and embracing future opportunities,
stakeholders can ensure that solar-powered healthcare initiatives continue illuminating the
path toward accessible, sustainable healthcare powered by the sun.
References
Agbo, C. S. (2014). Public-Private partnerships for health systems strengthening: case studies
from Nigeria.
Ahmed, J. U., Gazi, M. A., Iqbal, R., Islam, Q. T., & Talukder, N. (2020). Value co-creation
through social innovation in healthcare: A case of WE CARE Solar. World Journal of
Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 16(4), 341-357.
Ahmed, S. F., Khalid, M., Vaka, M., Walvekar, R., Numan, A., Rasheed, A. K., & Mubarak,
N. M. (2021). Recent progress in solar water heaters and solar collectors: A
comprehensive review. Thermal Science and Engineering Progress, 25, 100981.
Amankwah‐Amoah, J. (2015). Solar energy in sub‐Saharan Africa: The challenges and
opportunities of technological leapfrogging. Thunderbird International Business
Review, 57(1), 15-31.
Babatunde, O. M., Adedoja, O. S., Babatunde, D. E., & Denwigwe, I. H. (2019). Off‐grid
hybrid renewable energy system for rural healthcare centers: A case study in Nigeria.
Energy Science & Engineering, 7(3), 676-693.
Basu, R. R., Banerjee, P. M., & Sweeny, E. G. (2013). Frugal innovation. Journal of
Management for Global sustainability, 1(2).
Brown, M. A., Soni, A., Lapsa, M. V., Southworth, K., & Cox, M. (2020). High energy
burden and low-income energy affordability: Conclusions from a literature review.
Progress in Energy, 2(4), 042003.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 205
Bugaje, I. M. (2006). Renewable energy for sustainable development in Africa: a review.
Renewable and sustainable Energy Reviews, 10(6), 603-612.
Chakrabarty, A. (2023). Feminizing decentralized renewable energy programs: a study of a
community renewable energy project from India. Journal of Asian Energy Studies, 7,
107-120.
Charlton, K. E. (2016). Food security, food systems and food sovereignty in the 21st century:
A new paradigm required to meet Sustainable Development Goals.
Chau, T. K., Yu, S. S., Fernando, T., & Iu, H. H.-C. (2017). Demand-side regulation provision
from industrial loads integrated with solar PV panels and energy storage system for
ancillary services. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 14(11), 5038-5049.
Delfanti, M., Falabretti, D., & Merlo, M. (2015). Energy storage for PV power plant
dispatching. Renewable Energy, 80, 61-72.
Development, W. H. O. C. f. H. (2010). Hidden cities: unmasking and overcoming health
inequities in urban settings: World Health Organization.
Dimitrievski, A., Filiposka, S., Melero, F. J., Zdravevski, E., Lameski, P., Pires, I. M., . . .
Trajkovik, V. (2021). Rural healthcare IoT architecture based on low-energy LoRa.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7660.
Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 157-175.
Dumitrache, L., Nae, M., Simion, G., & Taloș, A.-M. (2020). Modelling potential
geographical access of the population to public hospitals and quality health care in
Romania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,
17(22), 8487.
Eanelli, B. A. (2019a). The Perceived Impact of the We Care Solar Suitcase on the Quality of
Care Health Workers Deliver in the Gambia. Duke University,
Eanelli, B. A. (2019b). The potential impact of the we care solar suitcase on the quality of
care health workers deliver in the Gambia.
Ewim, D. R. E., Abolarin, S. M., Scott, T. O., & Anyanwu, C. S. (2023). A survey on the
understanding and viewpoints of renewable energy among South African School
Students. The Journal of Engineering and Exact Sciences, 9(2), 15375-15301e.
Farmer, P. (2008). Challenging orthodoxies: the road ahead for health and human rights.
health and human rights, 5-19.
Faruk, N., Surajudeen-Bakinde, N. T., Oloyede, A. A., Bello, O. O., Popoola, S. I.,
Abdulkarim, A., & Olawoyin, L. A. (2017). On green virtual clinics: A framework for
extending health care services to rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Paper
presented at the 2017 International Rural and Elderly Health Informatics Conference
(IREHI).
Fife, E., & Hosman, L. (2007). Public-private partnerships and the prospects for sustainable
ICT projects in the developing world. Journal of Law and Governance, 2(3), 5568-
5568.
Fragkos, P., van Soest, H. L., Schaeffer, R., Reedman, L., Köberle, A. C., Macaluso, N., . . .
Qimin, C. (2021). Energy system transitions and low-carbon pathways in Australia,
Brazil, Canada, China, EU-28, India, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russia and
the United States. Energy, 216, 119385.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 206
Franco, A., Shaker, M., Kalubi, D., & Hostettler, S. (2017). A review of sustainable energy
access and technologies for healthcare facilities in the Global South. Sustainable
Energy Technologies and Assessments, 22, 92-105.
Gaede, B., & Versteeg, M. (2011). The state of the right to health in rural South Africa. South
African health review, 2011(1), 99-106.
Ganguly, A. K. (2021). Forefront planning, monitoring, operation, and maintenance
procedure for solar power system in India. Paper presented at the 2021 IEEE Region
10 Symposium (TENSYMP).
Ghazi, S., & Ip, K. (2014). The effect of weather conditions on the efficiency of PV panels in
the southeast of UK. Renewable Energy, 69, 50-59.
González-Eguino, M. (2015). Energy poverty: An overview. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 47, 377-385.
Guruswamy, L. (2011). Energy poverty. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 36,
139-161.
Hasan, M., Hossain, S., Mofijur, M., Kabir, Z., Badruddin, I. A., Yunus Khan, T., & Jassim,
E. (2023). Harnessing solar power: a review of photovoltaic innovations, solar thermal
systems, and the dawn of energy storage solutions. Energies, 16(18), 6456.
Hee, P. J., & Mueller, C. W. (2022). Predicting substance use treatment progress for
geographically isolated adolescents in community care. Journal of Rural Mental
Health, 46(3), 205.
Ihuoma, P. (2011). Solar energy and telemedicine in West Africa: A strategic solution.
Javadi, D., Ssempebwa, J., Isunju, J. B., Yevoo, L., Amu, A., Nabiwemba, E., . . . Severi, L.
(2020). Implementation research on sustainable electrification of rural primary care
facilities in Ghana and Uganda. Health Policy and Planning, 35(Supplement_2),
ii124-ii136.
Khirennas, A., Talha, A., Kaabeche, A., & Bakelli, Y. (2020). Overview of fossil fuel-based
hybrid power generation systems within mini-gridsThe experience of storage-less PV
system integration into three of the Great Algerian South mini-grids. Energy
Conversion and Management, 221, 113191.
Mbunge, E., Batani, J., Gaobotse, G., & Muchemwa, B. (2022). Virtual healthcare services
and digital health technologies deployed during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
pandemic in South Africa: a systematic review. Global Health Journal, 6(2), 102-113.
Mekhilef, S., Saidur, R., & Safari, A. (2011). A review on solar energy use in industries.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15(4), 1777-1790.
Mendonça, M. (2012). Feed-in tariffs: accelerating the deployment of renewable energy:
Routledge.
Nadimuthu, L. P. R., & Victor, K. (2022). Environmental friendly micro cold storage for last-
mile Covid-19 vaccine logistics. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,
29(16), 23767-23778.
Newcombe, A., & Ackom, E. K. (2017). Sustainable solar home systems model: Applying
lessons from Bangladesh to Myanmar's rural poor. Energy for Sustainable
Development, 38, 21-33.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 207
Olatomiwa, L., Blanchard, R., Mekhilef, S., & Akinyele, D. (2018). Hybrid renewable energy
supply for rural healthcare facilities: An approach to quality healthcare delivery.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 30, 121-138.
Olatomiwa, L., Sadiq, A. A., Longe, O. M., Ambafi, J. G., Jack, K. E., Abd’azeez, T. A., &
Adeniyi, S. (2022). An overview of energy access solutions for rural healthcare
facilities. Energies, 15(24), 9554.
Panwar, N. L., Kaushik, S. C., & Kothari, S. (2011). Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
15(3), 1513-1524.
Pearce, J. M. (2009). Expanding photovoltaic penetration with residential distributed
generation from hybrid solar photovoltaic and combined heat and power systems.
Energy, 34(11), 1947-1954.
Qadrdan, M., Jenkins, N., & Wu, J. (2018). Smart grid and energy storage. In McEvoy's
Handbook of Photovoltaics (pp. 915-928): Elsevier.
Rechel, B., Džakula, A., Duran, A., Fattore, G., Edwards, N., Grignon, M., . . . Moreno, A.
(2016). Hospitals in rural or remote areas: An exploratory review of policies in 8 high-
income countries. Health Policy, 120(7), 758-769.
Reddy, B. S. (2015). Access to modern energy services: An economic and policy framework.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 47, 198-212.
Roy, B. (2012). The Barefoot Professionals of Tilonia. Rajagiri Journal of Social
Development, 4(1), 26-36.
Sabokbar, H. F., Mohammadi, H., Tahmasbi, S., Rafii, Y., & Hosseini, A. (2021). Measuring
spatial accessibility and equity to healthcare services using fuzzy inference system.
Applied Geography, 136, 102584.
Shaaban, M., & Petinrin, J. (2014). Renewable energy potentials in Nigeria: Meeting rural
energy needs. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 29, 72-84.
Shahsavari, A., & Akbari, M. (2018). Potential of solar energy in developing countries for
reducing energy-related emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 90,
275-291.
Shaqsi, A. Z. A., Sopian, K., & Al-Hinai, A. (2020). Review of energy storage services,
applications, limitations, and benefits. Energy Reports, 6, 288-306.
Sovacool, B. K. (2012). The political economy of energy poverty: A review of key
challenges. Energy for Sustainable Development, 16(3), 272-282.
Strickland, E. (2016). " Barefoot" matriarchs take on India's electricity gap [News]. IEEE
Spectrum, 53(3), 11-14.
Usman, L. M. (n.d.). Empowering rural adult women through solar energy training for
sustainable development: a case study.
Weir, T. (2018). Renewable energy in the Pacific Islands: Its role and status. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 94, 762-771.
WHO. (2014). Access to modern energy services for health facilities in resource-constrained
settings: a review of status, significance, challenges and measurement.
Yaacoub, E., & Alouini, M.-S. (2020). A key 6G challenge and opportunityConnecting the
base of the pyramid: A survey on rural connectivity. Proceedings of the IEEE, 108(4),
533-582.
Engineering Science & Technology Journal, Volume 4, Issue 4, October 2023
Izuka, Ojo, Ayodeji, Ndiwe, & Ehiaguina, P.No. 190-208 Page 208
Zalengera, C., To, L. S., Sieff, R., Mohr, A., Eales, A., Cloke, J., . . . Batchelor, S. (2020).
Decentralization: the key to accelerating access to distributed energy services in sub-
Saharan Africa? Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, 10, 270-289.
... Solar energy solutions for instance have been used to provide power, for devices extend operating hours enhance lighting conditions and ensure the effectiveness of vaccines. This ultimately leads to health services and outcomes (Izuka et al., 2023). ...
... This not improves healthcare services. Also benefits public health outcomes by guaranteeing that crucial health services are accessible even, in remote areas (Izuka et al., 2023). Implementing AI in these energy systems ensures top notch performance and upkeep further bolstering the sustainability of healthcare operations. ...
... The integration of AI technology has positively impacted healthcare services and public health results by ensuring access, to healthcare in areas (Izuka et al., 2023). Moreover AI driven solutions in energy have enhanced the effectiveness and dependability of energy systems which're crucial for providing continuous healthcare services (Sahoo & Dar 2021). ...
Article
Full-text available
This review paper discusses how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and renewable energy are shaping the field of medicine. It focuses on improving accuracy speeding up drug discovery and enhancing health efforts. AI technologies are changing diagnostics by identifying patterns that may be missed by human doctors leading to better clinical decisions and outcomes, for patients. At the time incorporating energy into healthcare facilities is promoting sustainability cutting costs and ensuring a reliable power supply essential for uninterrupted medical operations. The paper also explores how machine learning models are used in drug discovery to streamline target identification improve trials and reduce development timelines and expenses. Additionally, it looks at how AI can enhance health by using analytics for early disease detection and efficient resource allocation while supporting these technologies with renewable energy solutions. By combining the advancements in AI with the benefits of energy this approach presents an sustainable perspective, on medicine that emphasizes innovation and environmental responsibility. It stresses the importance of research and ethical considerations to harness its potential.
... These issues not only burden healthcare facilities with high operational costs but also compromise the quality of care provided to patients. In this context, the adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, emerges as a promising solution to enhance energy security, reduce operational costs, and promote environmental sustainability in the healthcare sector [6]- [9]. ...
... The emissions factor represents the amount of CO2 emitted per kWh of electricity generated from conventional sources, such as coal or natural gas. The following equation is used to calculate the annual CO2 savings: (6) where: ...
... The integration of solar power not only supports sustainability but also lowers operational costs. Successful examples include solar-powered sterilizers, vaccine refrigerators, and diagnostic tools (Izuka, U. et al., 2023). Cost remains a major factor affecting the accessibility of ECG monitoring systems. ...
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Monitoring cardiac health is essential for detecting and managing cardiovascular diseases early, as these conditions are a leading cause of death worldwide. Traditional ECG systems often depend on significant power supplies, making them less practical in remote locations. To tackle this issue, this research focuses on creating a Low-Cost Solar ECG Monitoring System that utilizes solar energy to enhance both accessibility and sustainability. The project's main goals include designing and implementing the system in capturing and displaying heart rate data. The system uses an Arduino-based setup, incorporating a solar panel, AD8232 ECG sensor module, lithium-ion batteries, an Arduino Uno R3, and an OLED display. Its performance was tested by assessing its ability to capture ECG signals and display real-time heart rate data. The system successfully integrated all components, accurately monitoring cardiac activity, as evidenced by the display real-time heart rate data on the OLED screen and the ECG waveform display on serial monitor plotter. The solar panel provided a reliable power source, ensuring continuous operation even in areas without a stable power supply. This study demonstrates that a solar-powered ECG monitoring system is a feasible solution for offering accessible and sustainable cardiac monitoring in underserved regions. The research highlights the potential benefits of incorporating solar power into medical devices, which could significantly enhance healthcare delivery in resource-limited settings. Future work could focus on improving solar technology and further enhancing the system's performance across various environmental conditions.
... William et al. showed in their study that, 67% of energy in healthcare sectors can be saved by efficient retrofitting and right sizing (William et al., 2020). The use of photovoltaic (PV) panels is a wise strategy for remote rural health centres as it provide steady power source, less voltage fluctuations and reduce the risk of equipment malfunction (Izuka et al., 2023). Solar powered refrigerators ensure the proper storage of heat-sensitive medicines and vaccines, which leads to lesser treatment delays and better patient outcome (Olatomiwa et al., 2022). ...
Article
Full-text available
Health’ and ‘environment’ are inexorably linked with each other. Healthcare sectors and associated medical management systems generate millions of tons of waste materials (solid, liquid, or gas) resulting in pollution, increased carbon footprint, and adverse health effects. Therefore, it is imperative to adopt environment-friendly approaches, i.e., utilization of renewable energy sources, biodegradable healthcare accessories, and eco-friendly waste management. Health sectors practicing green healthcare not only emphasize the well-being of patients and workers but aim to reduce environmental vulnerability. This comprehensive review introduces green health care to the readers and describes how the healthcare sector indiscriminately uses natural resources and often complicates the carbon footprint burden by overlooking environmental solutions. This article also indicates major barriers to adopting green alternatives and finally suggests possible solutions with suitable case studies, that integrate environmental sustainability and healthcare services.
Article
Full-text available
This study critically evaluates the strategic implications of carbon pricing mechanisms on global environmental sustainability and economic development. Employing a systematic literature review and content analysis, the research synthesizes recent findings from peer-reviewed articles, reports, and policy documents published between 2010 and 2024. The study's objectives include analyzing the effectiveness of carbon pricing in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, assessing its economic impacts, exploring environmental benefits, and understanding the role of international cooperation in enhancing the efficacy of carbon pricing policies. The methodology hinges on a structured search strategy, applying rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria to ensure the relevance and quality of the literature reviewed. The analysis reveals that carbon pricing, encompassing both carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems, serves as a pivotal tool for mitigating climate change while fostering economic growth and structural transformation. Key findings highlight the potential of carbon pricing to drive innovation in green technologies, the importance of addressing social equity concerns, and the critical role of international policy coordination in mitigating cross-border carbon leakage and competitiveness issues. The study concludes that carbon pricing mechanisms, when effectively designed and equitably implemented, can align environmental sustainability with economic development goals. Recommendations for policymakers emphasize the need for comprehensive strategies that integrate carbon pricing with broader economic and environmental policies, underscore the importance of international cooperation, and advocate for continued research to refine carbon pricing models and strategies. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on carbon pricing, offering insights into its potential as a cornerstone of global climate governance and sustainable economic policy. Keywords: Carbon Pricing Mechanisms, Environmental Sustainability, Economic Development, International Cooperation.
Article
Full-text available
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising frontier in the quest for sustainable energy solutions, offering transformative opportunities to address pressing challenges in renewable energy generation, storage, and conversion. This review explores the potential of nanotechnology in advancing renewable energy solutions, encompassing a wide range of applications spanning solar energy, wind energy, energy storage, and fuel cells. By leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as high surface area-to-volume ratio, tunable optical and electronic properties, and enhanced catalytic activity, researchers and engineers can develop innovative materials and devices with unprecedented performance and efficiency. Nanotechnology-enabled advancements in solar photovoltaics include the development of next-generation solar cells incorporating nanostructured materials, such as quantum dots, nanowires, and perovskite-based solar cells, to enhance light absorption, charge transport, and overall power conversion efficiency. In the realm of energy storage, nanomaterials hold promise for improving the performance and longevity of batteries, supercapacitors, and other energy storage devices through enhanced electrode materials, electrolytes, and nanostructured architectures. Furthermore, nanotechnology-driven innovations in wind energy, such as lightweight and durable nanocomposite materials for turbine blades, and advancements in fuel cell technologies, including catalyst nanoparticles for efficient hydrogen production and conversion, exemplify the diverse applications and transformative potential of nanotechnology in renewable energy. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent research and development efforts, this abstract underscores the critical role of nanotechnology in accelerating the transition to a sustainable and renewable energy future. Keywords: Nanotechnology, Renewable Energy, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Energy Storage, Nanomaterials.
Article
Full-text available
As the liquefied natural gas (LNG) industry continues to expand globally, the imperative to address environmental concerns and enhance sustainability within LNG operations becomes paramount. This paper conducts a comprehensive and detailed review of innovative waste management approaches within the LNG sector. Traditional waste management practices in LNG operations, including disposal and recycling, are examined, highlighting the associated challenges. The focus then shifts to innovative approaches, encompassing recycling and circular economy initiatives, advanced waste-to-energy technologies, and the adoption of sustainable packaging solutions. Case studies and examples illustrate successful implementations of innovative waste management strategies in various LNG facilities, providing insights into the environmental and operational benefits achieved. The paper explores the implications of these approaches, emphasizing reduced carbon footprints, enhanced resource efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. Additionally, the review delves into the barriers and challenges hindering widespread adoption, including technological, economic, and regulatory considerations. This detailed examination aims to contribute valuable insights for industry stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers, fostering the integration of sustainable and innovative waste management practices in the ever-evolving landscape of LNG operations. Keywords: Innovative, Waste, Management, LNG operations, Review.
Article
Full-text available
The goal of this review is to offer an all-encompassing evaluation of an integrated solar energy system within the framework of solar energy utilization. This holistic assessment encompasses photovoltaic technologies, solar thermal systems, and energy storage solutions, providing a comprehensive understanding of their interplay and significance. It emphasizes the importance of solar energy as a renewable resource and its role in addressing global energy demand and mitigating climate change. The review highlights the significance of advancements in various solar energy technologies, focusing on their environmental benefits, including greenhouse gas emissions reduction and air and water pollution mitigation. It explores the evolution of photovoltaic technologies, categorizing them into first-, second-, and third-generation photovoltaic cells, and discusses the applications of solar thermal systems such as water heaters, air heaters, and concentrators. The paper examines key advancements in energy storage solutions for solar energy, including battery-based systems, pumped hydro storage, thermal storage, and emerging technologies. It references recent published literature to present findings on energy payback time, carbon footprint, and performance metrics. Challenges to widespread adoption are discussed, including cost and economic viability, intermittency, environmental impacts, and grid integration. Strategies to overcome these challenges, such as cost reduction, policy support, energy storage integration, and sustainable practices, are presented based on published literature. By bridging gaps in existing literature, this comprehensive resource aims to equip researchers, policymakers, and industry professionals with insights into forging a sustainable and renewable energy future.
Article
Full-text available
The increasing impact of global forces on local communities in the 21st century has necessitated a shift in focus from macro narratives to the micro-politics of planning. One of the critical areas of such micro-politics is energy policy-making in the Global South. It is argued that a bottom-up approach to energy intervention would increase the control and access of the end consumer to the sites of production, shift away from colonial energy production systems, and create more avenues for equitable community development. Within this context, this study critically evaluates a community-based renewable energy project from a feminist perspective. The study is based on data provided by Barefoot College International (BCI), which is one of the leading non-governmental organizations working towards fulfilling SDG goals. The study has used a document analysis approach to produce rich documentation of the community energy program under study. Findings from the study indicate that the current approach to gender inclusion within energy transition lacks a focus on the interlocked subordinations that exist within a community, and the lack of intersectionality in its model design could potentially reinforce the existing inequalities in the form of gendered resource access, livelihoods, and labor work. The study calls for further research on evaluating decentralized renewable energy programs to examine whether the way the energy transition to a low-carbon intensive future will produce equitable outcomes across genders.
Article
Full-text available
Renewable energy has become an essential component for the survival of human beings. This is because conventional energy supply is limited, nearing its limits, and or destroying our environment. The complete transition to renewable energy is a major approach to achieving sustainable and clean energy distribution progress in this ever-changing and demanding world. This research work investigates the knowledge of renewable energy among the youth and their understanding of sustainable energy prosperity towards meeting the future generation's energy needs. To achieve this, a set of questionnaires was developed to identify their knowledge of various renewable energy resources, energy aspects, applications, and the extent to which the current syllabus provides a well-developed background. They were administered to high school students in KwaZulu-Natal, Durban. The main findings of this investigation reveal that the students were most familiar with solar energy, which could be due to the increasing availability of solar panels across the nation. However, a lack of awareness and little understanding of geothermal energy was noted among the high school students. This indicates a poor future for its development. Furthermore, 86% of the students agreed that conventional energy sources would likely still be relied upon by a significant portion of the global population to meet daily energy needs. Therefore, the government must take swift action to address these issues, by promoting the deployment of renewable energy sources in schools.
Article
Full-text available
Quality in healthcare service is essential in giving rural dwellers a good standard of living. It has been established that many rural locations in Sub-Saharan Africa away from the grid connection have difficulty accessing electricity. The inaccessibility of reliable energy and essential medical equipment was the leading barrier to improved healthcare delivery in these rural locations. The deficiency of basic medical equipment to power essential services due to limited or unreliable electricity access has reduced rural healthcare workers’ care capabilities, resulting in higher mortality rates. This paper, therefore, reviews the existing energy solutions for rural healthcare facilities, thereby analysing different approaches and the geographical energy mix and ascertaining the effectiveness of various techniques and energy mix as solutions to effective healthcare delivery in healthcare centres. Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources (HRES) microsystems, like microgrids incorporated with solar panels and battery, is identified to ensure higher and more reliable energy access in rural healthcare centres. At the same time, the adoption of Demand Side Management (DSM) in the HRES deployment in countryside healthcare facilities is reported to decrease the initial cost of installation and improve efficiency. Lastly, in improving energy access, rural electrification planning is achieved through modelling tools related to energy access modelling.
Article
Full-text available
Aims : To identify virtual healthcare services and digital health technologies deployed in South Africa during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the challenges associated with their use. Methods : To determine the status of digital health utilization during COVID-19 in South Africa, the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses model was used to perform a systematic and in-depth critical analysis of previously published studies in well-known and trusted online electronic databases using specific search keywords words that are relevant to this study. We selected published peer-reviewed articles available from the onset of COVID-19 to July 2021. Results : Total of 24 articles were included into this study. This study revealed that South Africa adopted digital technologies such as SMS-based solutions, mobile health applications, telemedicine and telehealth, WhatsApp-based systems, artificial intelligence and chatbots and robotics to provide healthcare services during COVID-19 pandemic. These innovative technologies have been used for various purposes including screening infectious and non-infectious diseases, disease surveillance and monitoring, medication and treatment compliance, creating awareness and communication. The study also revealed that teleconsultation and e-prescription, telelaboratory and telepharmacy, teleeducation and teletraining, teledermatology, teleradiology, telecardiology, teleophthalmology, teleneurology, telerehabilitation, teleoncology and telepsychiatry are among virtual healthcare services delivered through digital health technologies during COVID-19 in South Africa. However, these smart digital health technologies face several impediments such as infrastructural and technological barriers, organization and financial barriers, policy and regulatory barriers as well as cultural barriers. Conclusion : Although COVID-19 has invigorated the use of digital health technologies, there are still some shortcomings. The outbreak of pandemics like COVID-19 in the future is not inevitable. Therefore, we recommend increasing community networks in rural areas to bridge the digital divide and the modification of mHealth policy to advocate for the effective use of innovative technologies in healthcare and the development of sustainable strategies for resources mobilization through private-public partnerships as well as joining available international initiatives advocating for smart digital health.
Article
Full-text available
Geographically isolated adolescents and families face barriers that might interfere with substance use treatment progress. Empirical literature for rural isolated youth is limited and it is unclear what therapeutic practices and approaches are associated with their substance use treatment progress. In a study of youth in Hawaiʻi receiving in-home treatment (N = 634), geographically isolated adolescents made comparable treatment progress relative to their nonisolated peers and had families that were somewhat more likely to be involved in treatment. Multilevel modeling indicated more practice techniques focused on the youth and/or the family predicted better progress. When entered simultaneously, youth-focused practices were the only significant predictor. Consistent monthly youth involvement in treatment predicted better progress, but this was not true for family involvement in sessions. Hawaiʻi’s geographically isolated youth, their ecologies, and system of care policies might contribute to protective factors that support treatment progress, distinguishing them from youth in rural-based treatment studies elsewhere.
Article
Full-text available
Globally, vaccination plays a vital role in controlling the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the cold supply chain is essential for vaccine storage and logistics services. In a country like India, the last-mile logistics of vaccines is a challenging task. The cold chain is indispensable for the Covid-19 vaccine drive to the rural areas. The demand for cold storage increases rapidly due to the rapid Covid-19 vaccine drive. The conventional cold storage facility has a more significant threat to the grid power quality and environmental impacts. The energy demand and greenhouse gas emission of traditional cold storage lead to global warming. The micro cold storage facility has to be developed rapidly to accelerate the vaccine drive to the last mile of the county with reliable and affordable energy sources. In addition, climate change mitigation is ensured by the renewable energy utilization in the Covid-19 vaccine drive. The proposed novel micro cold storage aims to be silent, clean, mobile, without moving parts, and reliable for the last-mile vaccine logistics as a vaccine carrier to the remote rural areas. This paper deals with the novel design, development, and experimental investigation of solar photovoltaic powered thermoelectric-based micro cold storage as a Covid-19 vaccine carrier for rural areas. The design consideration of Covid-19 vaccine storage has been reported. The experimental results ensure the World Health Organization recommended vaccine storage (i.e., vaccine carrier) temperature range of +2 to +8 °C. Therefore, green energy and refrigeration system provide environmental sustainability by mitigating 700kg of annual carbon emission.
Article
Full-text available
Connected health is expected to introduce an improvement in providing healthcare and doctor-patient communication while at the same time reducing cost. Connected health would introduce an even more significant gap between healthcare quality for urban areas with physical proximity and better communication to providers and the portion of rural areas with numerous connectivity issues. We identify these challenges using user scenarios and propose LoRa based architecture for addressing these challenges. We focus on the energy management of battery-powered, affordable IoT devices for long-term operation, providing important information about the care receivers’ well-being. Using an external ultra-low-power timer, we extended the battery life in the order of tens of times, compared to relying on low power modes of the microcontroller.
Article
The inequity in accessibility to healthcare services and their distribution for urban and rural populations are always major challenges for health planners and policy makers. The present study focuses on challenges associated with estimating the geographical scope of access to health services in rural and remote areas. Assuming that measuring GIS-based accessibility for rural health services varies across a geographic analysis unit, estimating techniques can influence the analysis and interpretation of spatial access to rural healthcare services. Thus, this study aims to provide a spatial model for accessibility measurement of health services based on the fuzzy inference system (FIS). Accessibility to health services is not distributed equitably across the study area. The results revealed that higher levels of accessibility to health services appear in the central parts of the Fars province while lower levels of exist in its northern and southern parts, except a few small regions adjacent to the southern borders of the province. The level of accessibility is high around the urban centers, where there is a high concentration of services and population, but it reaches its minimum on the margins. The minimum travel time to health services tends to increase from urban centers and populated villages to more rural and remote areas. About 62.8 percent of the rural population was found to have high accessibility (very high and high classes) to healthcare, while 14.5 percent of the rural population have low accessibility (very low and low classes). This method of analysis can be used as a guide for planners to strategically plan infrastructure investment for areas with lower accessibility to healthcare services. It also provides adequate healthcare options required in targeted locations.