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© 2023 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare
ISSN-p-2231-5632-e-2321-3671
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International Journal of Education & Management Studies, 2023, 13(3), 266
Peer-reviewed and Indexed Journal
https://iahrw.org/our-services/journals/international-journal-of-education-and-management-studies/
The introduction of artificial intelligence has opened up a new road for educational advancement, but students must
also increase the creative play of professional education at the same time. Through a thorough evaluation of the
literature, the research's goal is to examine and analyze the potential uses of AI in education. This research used a
systematic literature review method to analyze and summarize all available research studies on a specific topic. The
research topic was established before conducting a pre-search for relevant terms, selecting appropriate open-source
published articles, and downloading papers in RIS format. The findings were then combined to draw a general
conclusion based on the visible network picture. The main objective of the systematic literature review is to provide
an exhaustive assessment of the state of knowledge in the field and identify research gaps that need to be filled.
Moreover, AI has more benefits for all stakeholders in every organization, even educational institutions. The study
analyzed the co-occurrence of terms in 2295 open-source articles and found that the term "artificial intelligence"
occurred 611 times and had 638 links with other terms in the network visualization. The term "challenges" was cited
56 times and had 201 links with other terms, and "research challenges" was cited 31 times. The term "opportunities"
occurred 141 times with 467 links to other terms. Other terms such as "education," "researcher," "student,"
"teacher," "teaching," and "university" also had notable co-occurrences and links to other data sets. It is advised to
consider the ethical implications of AI in education and how to ensure that the technology is used equitably and
ethically. Furthermore, AI must be officially educated in the academic field.
Keywords: artificial intelligence and education (AIED), researcher, teacher, student, education institution
ontologies (Weichbroth, 2019). Ahmad et al. (2021) found that AI is
Rapid progress is being made in many branches of science and
technology that affect our daily lives. Satellites, AlphaGo, and being used in education for student grading and evaluations, student
retention and dropout prediction, sentiment analysis, intelligent
Artificial Intelligence (AI) are just a few instances of technological
tutoring, classroom monitoring, and recommendation systems.
advancements that have forcibly changed various domains of human
Chen et al. (2020) found that AI has extensively been adopted and
life, including aerospace, banking and finance, biotechnology,
used in education, particularly by educational institutions, in
emergency services, laws, manufacturing, media, music, the
different forms. Therefore, Owoc et al. (2021) argue that AI
military, operations management, personnel management, and retail
amplifies educational effectiveness by sharing, developing, and
packaging (Schorr & Rappaport, 1989). Gevarter (1983) provides a
disseminating knowledge, at the same time preserving human
broad overview of AI applications in expert systems, computer
autonomy, agency, and capabilities.
vision, natural language processing, speech interfaces, problem-
solving, and planning. Despite the exponential growth of AI in education, evidence
remains scarce on how AI can improve learning outcomes and
The education sector has also been using the advancement of AI as
whether it can help to learn scientists and practitioners to better
a key technology in different ways (Forbus & Feltovich, 2001; Lu et
understand how effective learning happens (Zawacki-Richter et al.,
al., 2018; McArthur et al., 2005). Increasing evidence in the use of AI
2019). Many of the claims about the revolutionary potential of AI in
in education ranges from learning systems (Mclaren et al., 2010;
education are based on conjecture, speculation, and optimism (Cox,
Zawacki-Richter et al., 2019) to knowledge management, and
2021). This is being considered as the challenge in accepting AI in
education instead of using it as an opportunity to improve access and
effectiveness of education. Furthermore, studies that systematically
examine the opportunities and challenges of AI in education are very
limited. Therefore, this study aims to study the challenges and
opportunities that AI brings to education.
Importance of the Study
The term “artificial intelligence” was first used at a 1956 workshop
held at Dartmouth College, a US Ivy League university, to describe
the "science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs" (McCarthy et al., 2006,
p. 13).
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United
Nations have the potential to be supported by AI, but the rapid
Opportunities and Challenges of AI towards Education: A
Systematic Literature Review
1 2
Mohammad Khalid Khawrin and Edgar Fidel Nderego
1
Department of Judgement and Prosecution, Kunduz University, Afghanistan
2
Department of Curriculum and Instruction, The Open University of Tanzania, Tanzania, East Africa
Author Note
1
2
1
2
E-mail:
We have no known conflict of interest to disclose
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
E-mail:
Mohammad Khalid Khawrin: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3313-2061
Edgar Fidel Nderego: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6347-8915
Mohammad Khalid Khawrin, Department of Judgement and
Prosecution, Kunduz University, Afghanistan
Edgar Fidel Nderego, Department of Curriculum and Instruction
The Open University of Tanzania, Tanzania, East Africa
edgar.nderego@out.ac.tz
Mohammad Khalid Khawrin, Department of Judgement and
Prosecution, Kunduz University, Afghanistan
mk.ahmadzai@yahoo.com
technological advancements necessarily carry with them several (2018) discovered that implementing AI in teaching had both
risks and concerns that have so far outrun policy discussions and advantages and disadvantages. Implementation, accessibility, and
regulatory frameworks (Sidana, 2019). Additionally, while the students' capacity to absorb AI technologies are some of these
primary concerns may be on AI eclipsing human agency, other difficulties.
pressing fears relate to AI's social and ethical ramifications, such as The application of artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to
the exploitation of personal data and the likelihood that AI can transform the way we educate our children in this area and provide
increase rather than decrease existing inequities. The significant solutions to some of the most important issues. Although these rapid
move toward online education brought on by the COVID-19 school technological improvements have remained unable to keep up with
closings complicates all of these problems even more (UNESCO, policy debates and regulatory frameworks, there are several risks
2021). Following the shutdown of the COVID-19 schools, this has and concerns attached to them.
only become worse. On how AI can enhance learning outcomes and Research Problems
whether it can assist learning scientists and practitioners in better
comprehending how successful learning occurs, evidence is still Conducting a systematic literature review on the topic of
lacking (Zawacki-Richter et al., 2019). "opportunities and challenges of AI towards education" is important
for several reasons. For instance, the deployment of AI has the
Review of Literature potential to have a big impact on one of society's most important
sectors: education. Educators, policymakers, and others can make
Conception of the AI well-informed choices about the adoption and use of AI in this
According to Gupta et al. (2019), AI is defined as the ability of a context by having a thorough grasp of how AI is being utilized in
machine to act as intelligence as a human. It can be used to do tasks education as well as the possible advantages and disadvantages of
that humans normally do. Tecuci (2012) defines AI as “the Science various applications.
and Engineering domain concerned with the theory and practice of Additionally, AI has the potential to have a substantial impact on
developing systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with how education is provided, and it is crucial to be aware of both the
intelligence in human behavior.” Simmons (1988) defines AI as “the advantages and disadvantages of this change. AI-powered education
research from which these systems are derived.” Dobrev (2012) technologies, for instance, may be used to automate some of the
defines artificial intelligence as “a process of making a machine that duties that are now done by teachers and personalize learning and
can do things that ordinarily require human intelligence.” feedback for pupils. There may be worries, meanwhile, regarding
the possibility that AI will replace human teachers or exacerbate
Application of AI in Education
already-existing educational disparities. An exhaustive overview of
AI has been used in education in a variety of ways, such as tutoring, the present level of knowledge on this subject would be provided
learning music, drawing, reading comprehension, and other areas. It by a systematic examination of the available literature. This could
has been successful in some cases, but there are also some problems, assist in identifying research gaps and guide the direction of future
such as slower speed, the lower utility of feedback messages, and a studies.
lower level of learning (Sidana, 2019). AI can be used in training, Therefore, it is crucial to recognize and assess the various ways AI
research, and education to improve the educational process, but there is being applied to education, as well as to comprehend both the
are some risks, such as the negative consequences of AI on students' advantages and disadvantages of doing so. To detect trends and
rights (Barakina et al., 2021). AI has been used in education in three patterns in the use of AI in education as well as the perceived benefits
differe nt paradigms: AI-directed, learner-as-recipient; AI- and drawbacks of these applications, this research needs to conduct a
supported, learner-as-collaborator; and AI-empowered, learner-as- thorough evaluation of the prior literature on the subject.
leader (Ouyang & Jiao, 2021). AI has been used in administration,
instruction, and learning. It has been effective in some cases, but Objectives of the Study
there are also some problems, such as the lack of personalization and ● To identify the challenges or drawbacks of using AI in education.
the difficulty of adapting AI to different learners (Chen et al., 2020). ● To ascertain the perceived opportunities of using AI in education,
Challenges of AI in Education ● To understand the using of Artificial intelligence education's
(AIED) stakeholders.
There are challenges to using AI technologies in education.
● To identify the views of different stakeholders (e.g., students,
According to Hashakimana and Habyariman (2022), fragile
teachers, & university) regarding the use of AI in education.
technological infrastructure, inadequate government expenditure
on education, the achievement gap in education based on social Research Questions
and economic groups, resistance to implementing AI edu cation
● What are the perceived challenges or drawbacks of using AI in
because of fear of being re placed by AI, and unprepared
education?
teachers for AI implementation were the main challenges of AI
● What are the perceived opportunities of using AI in education?
education.
● How do different stakeholders (e.g., students, teachers, &
Owoc (2021) discovered that applying AI to the education
administrators) view the use of AI in education?
industry has both advantages and disadvantages. Chen et al. (2020)
discovered that the term "Artificial Intelligence in Education," or By answering these questions, this research could provide
"AIED," refers to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology or valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges of using AI in
software programs in educational settings in order to facilitate education, and help inform decisions about the implementation and
teaching, learning, or decision-making. In addition, Fahimirad use of AI in this context.
The overall network visualization in Figure 1 depicts the six
Method clusters, which consist of 658 items. Cluster 1 in red has 272 items,
A systematic literature review method was applied for this research. Cluster 2 in green has 211 items, Cluster 3 in dark blue has 136 items,
It is a type of research that involves finding, analyzing, and Cluster 4 in yellow has 36 items, Cluster 5 in purple has two items,
summarizing all available research studies on a specific issue and Cluster 6 in light blue has only one item. The distance among
methodically. An exhaustive assessment of the state of the field's items is visualized by their relationship links with one another. The
knowledge is given in a systematic literature review, together with closeness between items shows strong relatedness among the items.
trends, patterns, and research gaps that need to be filled (Khawrin & Furthermore, strong relatedness is also shown through the links.
Nderego, 2022). It is important to note that the research topic was
Table 1
established before the relevant terms were pre-searched, the
appropriate open-source published article was chosen, and the RIS Descriptive Statistic of Terms Co-occurrence of Items in the
format download of the paper was completed. The findings were Research Articles
combined following the research purpose, and a general conclusion Sr. no Terms Cluster Links Co-occurrence
was deduced from the visible network's visible picture. A systematic with other to terms
literature review's main objectives were to provide a thorough and
1 Artificial Intelligence 2 638 611
objective summary of the available research on the subject and to
2 Challenges 2 297 56
spot trends, patterns, gaps, and occurrences in the literature.
3 Research challenge 2 201 31
Data Collection and Analysis 4 Intelligent transportation system 2 206 34
5 Opportunities 2 467 141
Open-source secondary data was obtained for this study on January
6 Education 2 252 57
2, 2023, from the website of the Institute of Electrical and
7 Researcher 2 509 141
Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Open-source refers to information
8 Student 2 241 59
that is freely accessible for use, modification, and distribution by
anyone. In this situation, the information being viewed is probably 9 Teacher 2 151 25
research or other data that the IEEE has published and made publicly 10 Teaching 2 125 20
available on its website (IEEE Xplore: Advanced Search, 2023). It's 11 Universities 2 169 32
important to note that 2295 articles were published between the Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics of terms' co-occurrence in
years 2000 and 2023 according to the most recent data. the 2295 open-source articles. The artificial intelligence (AI) terms
The search terms listed in the sentence are: "AI, Artificial intelligence; had 638 links with other constructs in the network visualization,
education; teaching; challenge; opportunity; opportunities." The moreover, they occurred 611 times in the data set. The AI is visible in
researchers also used a specific software program called Figure 2. The term "challenges" was cited 56 times in the article's
VOSviewer, version 1.6.18, to analyze the data they obtained this data set. With that, the term "research challenge" was also cited 31
software reduce the researcher biasness to for producing the times, in addition to the 201 links with other terms. Furthermore, the
generalized result from the data. VOSviewer is a software tool that is intelligent transportation system was cited 34 times and had 206 links
used to visualize and analyze large sets of data, such as research with other data sets as well. Interestingly, Interestingly the term
papers or patents (McCarthy et al., 2006). In this case, the researchers opportunities occurred 141 times which had 467 links with other data
used version 1.6.18 of the software. It is worth mentioning that the set. Besides, education also co-occurred 57 times with 252 links with
data being analyzed is open-source secondary data. other data sets. Moreover, the researcher was also cited 141 times,
which had 509 links to other data sets. Student terms occurred 59 times
Results with 241 links in the data set. The teacher term co-occurred 25 times,
The analysis of all data was depicted in the network visualization and it had 151 links. Besides, the teaching term co-occurrence was 20
figures and table that are drawn below. and it had 125 links with other data set. Finally, the university term also
co-occurred 32 times, and it had 169 links with other data sets.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Network Visualization among the Items and Six Clusters
Network Visualization of Artificial Intelligence
The network visualization in Figure 2 depicts artificial intelligence use of AI. Figure 6 indicates AI opportunities including artificial
(AI). AI has too many links and relations with other items. The intelligence, technology, education, security, service, the internet,
distance among terms is visualized by their relationship links with the internet of things, researcher, course, university, student, teaching,
one another. and some other terms. For more details, please see Figure 6.
Q: What are the perceived challenges or drawbacks of using AI in Figure 5
education? Network Visualization of Intelligent Transportation System
Challenges of Using AI
Data network visualization reveals many challenges associated with
the use of AI. Figure 3 indicates AI challenges in intelligence,
technology, service, security, internet, survey, and review.
Additionally, the challenge seed indicated specific challenges
associated with the research. In this aspect, research challenges were
identified emerging from the intelligence of transportation systems
and technology. Figure 3 depicts these challenges.
Figure 3
Network Visualization of Challenges
Figure 6
Network Visualization of Opportunities
The network visualization in Figure 3 depicts challenges with The network visualization in Figure 6 depicts opportunities with
other terms in the data set. other terms in the data set.
Q: How do different stakeholders (e.g., students, teachers, &
Figure 4
administrators) view the use of AI in education?
Network Visualization of Research Challenge
To answer this question the stakeholders are visible in Figures 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, and 12.
Figure 7
Network Visualization of Education
Furthermore, research challenges were linked to technology and
AI (figure 4). Besides that, the intelligent transportation system was
deeply linked with ITs (Figure 5).
Q: What are the perceived opportunities of using AI in education?
Opportunities of Using AI
Data network visualization shows opportunities associated with the
Figure 8 Figure 11
Network Visualization of Researcher Network Visualization of Teacher
Figure 9
Network Visualization of Teaching
Figure 12
Network Visualization of Student
Figure 10
Network Visualization of University
The network visualization in Figure 7 shows that education has
strong links with technology, opportunity, students, researchers, and
AI. Besides that, figure 8 depicts the researcher's network
visualization with other items such as an image, a data set,
classification, intelligence, technology, security, and many other
terms in the data set. Furthermore, Figure 9 shows the teaching,
Figure 10 depicts the university, Figure 11 shows the teacher links,
and Figure 12 shows the student links with other terms in the data set.
Summary
The study presents descriptive statistics of co-occurrence of terms in
2295 open-source articles. The term "artificial intelligence"
occurred 611 times and had 638 links with other terms in the network
visualization. The term "challenges" was cited 56 times, with
"research challenge" cited 31 times and 201 links with other terms.
The term "opportunities" occurred 141 times with 467 links to other
terms. The terms "education," "researcher," "student," "teacher,"
"teaching," "university" also had notable co-occurrences and links to
other data sets.
Suggestion
The special opportunities and difficulties that AI brings in the field of
education are further explored in this article. The study provides an
overview of terms that frequently appear together in open-source
literature, but more research and discussion could shed more light on
how AI is being used in education and what possible advantages and
disadvantages it may bring. The article also examined how AI is
being incorporated into primary, secondary, and higher education, as
well as how this affects students, teachers, and educational
institutions in diverse ways. Another recommendation is to think
about the moral ramifications of AI in education and how to
guarantee that the technology is applied ethically and fairly. AI must
be included as a subject in every faculty for more positive effects.
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