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Dieffenbachia simoneae (Araceae), a new species from central Amazonia, Brazil
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The Red List Categories and the accompanying five criteria developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) provide an authoritative and comprehensive methodology to assess the conservation status of organisms. Red List criterion B, which principally uses distribution data, is the most widely used to assess conservation status, particularly of plant species. No software package has previously been available to perform large-scale multispecies calculations of the three main criterion B parameters [extent of occurrence (EOO), area of occupancy (AOO) and an estimate of the number of locations] and provide preliminary conservation assessments using an automated batch process. We developed ConR, a dedicated R package, as a rapid and efficient tool to conduct large numbers of preliminary assessments, thereby facilitating complete Red List assessment. ConR (1) calculates key geographic range parameters (AOO and EOO) and estimates the number of locations sensu IUCN needed for an assessment under criterion B; (2) uses this information in a batch process to generate preliminary assessments of multiple species; (3) summarize the parameters and preliminary assessments in a spreadsheet; and (4) provides a visualization of the results by generating maps suitable for the submission of full assessments to the IUCN Red List. ConR can be used for any living organism for which reliable georeferenced distribution data are available. As distributional data for taxa become increasingly available via large open access datasets, ConR provides a novel, timely tool to guide and accelerate the work of the conservation and taxonomic communities by enabling practitioners to conduct preliminary assessments simultaneously for hundreds or even thousands of species in an efficient and time-saving way.
Dieffenbachia (Araceae) currently comprises 57 species described from Mexico, through Central America, the West Indies, Trinidad to South America. Our comprehensive revision of herbarium specimens and recent explorations in remote areas of Panama, identified two new endemic species of Dieffenbachia: D. batistae O. Ortiz & Croat and D. mortoniana O. Ortiz & Croat. Descriptions, taxonomic comments, conservation notes and photographs of the new species are provided.
The genus Dieffenbachia Schott has approximately 135 species, most of them occurring in South America. Major centers of diversity for the genus include Colombia with 37 species, Ecuador (34), Peru (30), Brazil (27), Panama (20), and Costa Rica (13). There are 26 species in Central America, with 20 species (77%) new to science. These are D. burgeri Croat & Grayum, D. copensis Croat, D. crebripistillata Croat, D. davidsei Croat & Grayum, D. fortunensis Croat, D. fosteri Croat, D. galdamesiae Croat, D. horichii Croat & Grayum, D. isthmia Croat, D. killipii Croat, D. lutheri Croat, D. nitidipetiolata Croat, D. obscurinervia Croat, D. panamensis Croat, and D. standleyi Croat described herein and D. beachiana Croat & Grayum, D. concinna Croat & Grayum, D. grayumii Croat, D. hammelii Croat & Grayum and D. tonduzii Croat & Grayum described elsewhere. Most species range from Nicaragua to Panama. Belize has only 1 species of Dieffenbachia; Mexico, El Salvador, and Guatemala have 2 species, followed by Honduras (3), Nicaragua (6), Costa Rica (13) and Panama (20). Only a few Central American species could be considered widespread. Among the most widespread are D. oerstedii Schott and D. wendlandii Schott, both of which range from Mexico to Panama, as well as D. nitidipetiolata and D. tonduzii, which range from Honduras to Ecuador. Species endemism is high, especially in Costa Rica (3) and Panama (9). A total of 9 species are shared between Panama and Costa Rica. Eight species, almost 31% of the total, range into South America. These are D. davidsei, D. isthmia, D. killipii, D. longispatha, D. nitidipetiolata D. obscurinervia, D. seguine, and D. tonduzii. Most of these only extend to Colombia, but three species D. killipii, D. nitidipetiolata, and D. tonduzii, range to Ecuador. Only D. killipii ranges to the eastern slope of the Andes. Dieffenbachia seguine ranges into Brazil and Bolivia, from the West Indies.
This accessible, comprehensive glossary covers all the descriptive terms for plants that one is likely to encounter in botanical writing, including everything from magazine articles to plant field guides, scientific papers, and monographs. An essential companion, it presents 3,600 botanical terms, accompanied by full definitions and detailed illustrations to aid in identification, all laid out in a clear, easy-to-use fashion. It will be indispensable for plant scientists, conservationists, horticulturists, gardeners, writers, and anyone working with plant descriptions, plant identification keys, floras, or field guides.
Estudo germinativo e morfológico de frutos, sementes e plântulas do gênero Philodendron Schott (Araceae Juss.) na Amazônia Central
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