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INSIDE THE WORLD’S MOST SUSTAINABLE
SMART CITY: LESSONS FROM COPENHAGEN
Mădălina-Ioana PETREA1, Ioana-Maria URSACHE2*
¹”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of IaЮi, Doctoral School of Economics and Business
Administration, IaЮi, Romania, madalinapetrea@hotmail.com
²”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of IaЮi, Doctoral School of Economics and Business
Administration, IaЮi, Romania, ioanamariaursache@gmail.com
*Correspondence: madalinapetrea@hotmail.com
Abstract: Smart city emerged as a new approach to urban development, aiming to bring
innovative solutions to the complex challenges that cities face today. A general objective of the
smart city agenda is to achieve sustainability through the use of technological instruments, best
practices coming from Western cities. Copenhagen has earned a reputation as the world's most
sustainable smart city due to its commitment to sustainability practices and policies. This
qualitative research article analyses Copenhagen's sustainability practices and policies based
on a comprehensive document analysis of reports, official websites, and academic papers. The
study aims to identify the drivers behind Copenhagen's success and to draw lessons for other
cities seeking to become sustainable. The article examines Copenhagen's sustainability
practices in the areas of renewable energy, green infrastructure, and sustainable transportation.
The research draws on these experiences to identify key lessons for other cities, highlighting
the importance of political commitment, stakeholder engagement, and long-term planning for
sustainability.
Keywords: sustainability, smart city, sustainable practices, urban policies
JEL Classification: O13, O18, Q01, Q20, Q28, R11, R58
Introduction
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark and the largest city in the country, is a city founded in the
year 1160, nowadays being a “leading model on urban sustainability” (Ramos, 2021), experts
considering it being the “world’s greenest city”, title awarded in the year 2017 (Ramos, 2021).
Copenhagen, the capital city of Denmark, stands as a shining example of a smart city, where
innovation, sustainability, and quality of life intersect. With its forward-thinking approach and
comprehensive strategies, Copenhagen has successfully established itself as a global leader in
the realm of smart urban development.
At the heart of Copenhagen's smart city initiatives is its commitment to sustainability. The city
has set ambitious goals to become carbon-neutral by 2025, driving the adoption of renewable
energy sources and energy-efficient technologies. Wind and solar power are extensively
harnessed to power the city's infrastructure, including public transportation, street lighting, and
buildings. Copenhagen actively promotes cycling as a sustainable mode of transport, with an
extensive network of bike lanes and dedicated infrastructure that encourages residents to
embrace eco-friendly transportation options (Brynskov, et al., 2018). Transportation plays a
vital role in Copenhagen's smart city framework. The city's public transportation system is
well-connected and efficient, offering buses, trains, and an extensive metro network. Real-time
data and digital platforms provide commuters with up-to-date information on routes, schedules,
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226
and congestion, empowering them to make informed choices for their journeys. Copenhagen's
emphasis on cycling infrastructure, coupled with bike-sharing programs and electric vehicle
incentives, promotes sustainable mobility and reduces traffic congestion (Verbeek, 2016).
Copenhagen's smart city initiatives extend beyond infrastructure and mobility. The city actively
engages its residents in decision-making processes, encouraging citizen participation and
fostering a sense of ownership. Digital platforms and mobile applications allow citizens to
access real-time data on various aspects of the city, such as air quality, energy consumption,
and public transportation (Garfield, 2017). This transparency empowers residents to make
informed choices, contribute to urban planning, and actively participate in shaping their
communities. The city's dedication to sustainability extends to waste management as well.
Copenhagen has implemented advanced waste collection systems, utilizing underground
vacuum tubes to transport waste directly to recycling centers. Smart sensors and data analytics
optimize waste collection routes, ensuring efficient and timely disposal while minimizing
environmental impact. By promoting waste reduction, reuse, and recycling, Copenhagen
cultivates a circular economy that minimizes resource consumption and waste generation.
In terms of architecture and urban planning, Copenhagen leverages digital technologies and
data-driven insights to design energy-efficient buildings, optimize urban spaces, and enhance
safety. Smart sensors and monitoring systems ensure optimal resource usage, such as water and
electricity, while also improving safety and security. The city embraces intelligent lighting
solutions that adapt to environmental conditions, promoting energy efficiency and enhancing
public safety. Copenhagen's commitment to collaboration and innovation is also notable. The
city actively collaborates with academic institutions, research organizations, and industry
leaders to drive technological advancements and share best practices. This collaborative
approach facilitates the development of cutting-edge solutions to urban challenges and fosters
a vibrant startup ecosystem focused on smart city innovations.
1. Literature review
The development of smart cities can be linked to the future cities discourse and can be traced
back to the post-WWII era. The idea of integrating technology into mainstream urban planning
practices became popular among economists, planners and sociologists, supporting knowledge
and innovation (Angelidou, 2015), while a plethora of concepts and ideas can be associated
with the future city. The sustainable city discourse was introduced in the 1990s, in light of the
Brundtland Commission’s publication on sustainable development (de Jong, et al., 2015) and
gained more attention in recent years due to the urgency of environmental challenges across
the world (Moir, et al., 2014). Often linked to the ‘eco city’ and the ‘green city’ concepts, the
‘sustainable city’ projects the opportunity to create better environmental, social and economic
conditions in urban areas. Closely related to sustainability, the ‘resilient city’ emphasizes the
ability of cities to adapt and transform in response to changing circumstances, yet lacking the
technological dimension.
In the last years we have experienced an extreme growth in terms of information and
communication technologies (ICTs) and the massive use of ICTs in cities, regardless of the
form in which they are used, has led to the appearance of labels such as “cyberville”, “digital
city”, “telecity”, “information city” and also “smart city” (Mohanty, 2016). Emerged as a more
advanced form of the abovementioned concepts, the smart city incorporates technological
instruments, elements of sustainability and quality of life (Neirotti, et al., 2014) aiming to tackle
urban challenges through innovative solutions. In this context, the smart and sustainable
dimensions are often intertwined, both addressing citizens’ well-being, environmental
responsibility, service efficiency and economic growth (Bibri & Krogstie, 2017).
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A smart city is a concept that has gained significant attention in recent years as cities around
the world strive to become more efficient, sustainable, and livable, being introduced in 1994
(Dameri & Cocchia, 2013). There is no single, universally accepted definition of a smart city,
but the term generally refers to a city that uses technology and data to improve the quality of
life for its residents, enhance its infrastructure, and promote economic growth.
One of the earliest definitions of a smart city was proposed by IBM in 2009, which defined it
as “an urban environment that leverages information technology to improve the quality of life
for its citizens, enhance sustainability, and reduce waste” (IBM Institute for Business Value,
2009). Since then, many other definitions have emerged, each with its own focus and emphasis.
There has been a growing body of literature on smart cities, with researchers and practitioners
exploring different aspects of the concept, from governance and policy to technology and
innovation. Another definition paints the smart city as “A city well performing in a forward-
looking way in economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living, built on the
smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware
citizens” (Giffinger, et al., 2007). The smart city is also seen as representing “a community of
average technology size, interconnected and sustainable, comfortable, attractive, and secure. A
smart city is a city well performing in 6 characteristics. These characteristics are built on the
smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware
citizens” (Lazaroiu & Roscia, 2012). Even though there isn’t an unanimous definition for a
smart city, “The various positions in the debate agree on the fact that an SC should be able to
optimize the use and exploitation of both tangible (e.g. transport infrastructures, energy
distribution networks, natural resources) and intangible assets (e.g. human capital, intellectual
capital of companies, and organizational capital in public administration bodies)” (Neirotti, et
al., 2014). Some of the key themes that have emerged include the importance of citizen
engagement and participation, the need for effective data management and analytics, and the
challenges of ensuring equity and inclusion in the development of smart city initiatives.
Overall, the literature suggests that while smart city technologies hold great promise, they must
be carefully deployed and managed to ensure that they serve the needs of all citizens and
promote a more sustainable and resilient urban future.
Regarding the concept of “sustainable development” it is clear that it formed by attaching the
words “sustainability” and “development”. Sustainable development and sustainability are two
phrases more and more common nowadays, being a real “buzzword”. Authors consider
sustainable development as being “development that can be continued either indefinitely or for
the given time period” (Stoddart, et al., 2011), but the most cited definition is the one from the
Brundtland Commission Report: “development that meets the needs of the current generation
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Schaefer &
Crane, 2005). Other authors say about sustainable development that it is “a core concept within
global development policy and agenda” (Abubakar, 2017).
Sustainable development implies three dimensions, three pillars: the economic one, the social
one and the environmental one. This means that in order to comply to the sustainable
development agenda, “the best choices are those that meet the needs of the society and are
environmentally and economically viable, economically and socially equitable as well as
socially and environmentally bearable” (Porter & van der Linde, 1995).
The importance of interconnecting the three pillars in order to have the best results is
highlighted in the following case: “If a man in a given geographical area lacks a job (economic),
he is likely to be poor and disenfranchised (social); if he is poor and disenfranchised, he has an
incentive to engage in practices that harm ecology, for example, by cutting down trees for
firewood to cook his meals and warm his home (environmental). As his actions are aggregated
with those of others in his region cutting down trees, deforestation will cause vital minerals to
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be lost from the soil (environmental). If vital minerals are lost from the soil, the inhabitants
will be deprived of the dietary nutrients required to sustain the intellectual performance needed
to learn new technologies, for example, how to operate a computer, and this will cause
productivity to reduce or stagnate (economic). If productivity stagnates (economic), poor
people will remain poor or poorer (social), and the cycle continues” (Basiago, 1999).
Lastly, a concept used in the literature is “sustainable smart city”, combining both concepts
mentioned before, smart city and sustainability or sustainable development. It is defined as „an
innovative city that uses information and communication technologies (ICTs) and other means
to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operations and services, and competitiveness,
while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to
economic, social and environmental aspects” (Mohanty, 2016). The concept of a sustainable
smart city builds on the idea of a smart city, but with a greater focus on environmental
sustainability and social equity.
A sustainable smart city seeks to leverage technology and data to improve quality of life for
residents, while also reducing its environmental footprint and promoting social and economic
equity. In recent years, there has been a growing recognition that the pursuit of smart city
initiatives must be coupled with a commitment to sustainability. This has led to a focus on
initiatives that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable transportation, waste
reduction, and other environmental goals. The literature on sustainable smart cities emphasizes
the importance of integrating sustainability considerations into all aspects of smart city
planning and development (Ahvenniemi, et al., 2017). This requires collaboration between
government, industry, and civil society, as well as a focus on equity and social justice. For
example, sustainable smart city initiatives should be designed to benefit all residents, regardless
of income level or social status. Overall, the concept of a sustainable smart city represents a
promising vision for the future of urban development, one that prioritizes both technological
innovation and environmental sustainability in pursuit of a more livable, equitable, and resilient
urban future.
2. Research methodology
This study employs a qualitative research design to explore the sustainable practices of
Copenhagen, one of the most developed smart cities in the world. The research design is based
on document analysis, which involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data from various
documents related to Copenhagen's sustainability policies and practices.
The primary data sources for this study are documents related to Copenhagen's sustainable
policies and practices. These documents include official reports, policy papers, research
articles, and other publications related to sustainable development in Copenhagen. We will
gather these documents from online databases, official websites, and other relevant sources.
We will conduct a content analysis of the collected documents. This analysis involves
identifying and categorizing themes, patterns, and trends related to sustainable development in
Copenhagen. We will use qualitative data analysis software, such as NVivo, to manage and
analyze the data.
The researchers will ensure that ethical principles are upheld throughout the research process.
This includes obtaining necessary permissions to access and use the documents, maintaining
confidentiality and anonymity of the sources, and ensuring that the study does not cause harm
to any individual or group.
One of the limitations of this study is the reliance on secondary data sources. The researchers
have no control over the accuracy and completeness of the documents collected. Additionally,
the study only focuses on Copenhagen, and the findings may not be generalizable to other
cities.
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3. Results
3.1. Smart Mobility
The starting point in terms of mobility was in 1847 when the first railroad was constructed in
Copenhagen, but in the 18th hundreds a new possibility appeared, which is still very actual, the
“safety bicycle model” (Schmidt & Jørgensen, 2016). It was said that “The bike could go
anywhere, from door to door, was independent of routes and travel times, should not be fed,
was more effective than walking, and it proved to be faster than most other forms of transport”
(Jensen, 1981). Nowadays, Copenhagen is known for its efficient and sustainable mobility
system, making it one of the most bike-friendly cities in the world. Copenhagen is a city of
cyclists, with over 62% of the population commuting by bike. There are dedicated bike lanes
on most roads, and the city has a bike-sharing system, which allows residents and visitors to
rent bikes easily. Copenhagen also has an extensive public transport system, including buses,
trains, and metro lines. The public transport network is well-integrated and operated by a single
company, making it easy to navigate. Walking is also a popular mode of transport in
Copenhagen, with many streets and neighborhoods designed for pedestrian use. The city also
has several walking tours available to visitors, which showcase the city's history and culture.
While Copenhagen does have some car traffic, it is relatively low compared to other major
cities. Parking in the city center can be difficult and expensive, and there are many areas where
cars are restricted or prohibited. Copenhagen also has a range of other transport options,
including electric scooters, water buses, and even a ferry service to Sweden.
In terms of mobility, Copenhagen City Council has previously formulated a set which contains
twenty-five initiatives for a green mobility (Action plan for Green Mobility, 2013) and those
initiatives required an investment around 160 million euros. In one report made by Deloitte,
the mobility of Copenhagen was analyzed, and some interesting insights were provided. In
terms of mobility choice, 26% of the transportation is made of private cars, 27% of public
transportation, 6% of walking and 41% of bicycles (Deloitte Insights, 2019). The report also
shows some strengths and challenges in terms of smart mobility. Some of the main strengths
are: “Copenhagen is one of the world’s most bicycle friendly cities, commuters’ cycle 1,1
million kilometers daily”. It is also known for its “extensive public transit system which
includes intermodal transfer system and integrated ticketing options”. Moreover, “the city
supports open data and promotes digital solutions to tackle traffic, the environment and urban
planning”. On the other side, the one of challenges, the 2019 reports highlights the followings:
“air quality remains a challenge with higher levels of nitrogen oxides due to diesel vehicles,
the bike lanes reach capacity at peak times and bike traffic is set to grow 25% by 2025 and the
city needs to find ways to ensure access for all road traffic while prioritizing cycling” (Deloitte
Insights, 2019).
Smart mobility in Copenhagen is an integral part of the city's commitment to sustainability,
efficiency, and quality of life. The Danish capital has established itself as a global leader in
promoting innovative and intelligent transportation solutions. At the heart of Copenhagen's
smart mobility initiatives lies the vision of creating a city that prioritizes people-centric,
environmentally friendly, and technologically advanced transportation systems. Copenhagen's
smart mobility strategy embraces a multimodal approach, encouraging residents and visitors to
choose sustainable modes of transport. Cycling plays a central role in the city's transportation
system, with an extensive network of dedicated bike lanes and infrastructure. This commitment
to cycling has created a culture where bicycles are the preferred mode of transportation for
many Copenhageners, resulting in reduced traffic congestion, improved air quality, and
enhanced public health (Copenhagen City of Cyclists).
To complement cycling, Copenhagen offers an efficient and well-connected public transportation
system. Buses, trains, and metro lines provide comprehensive coverage, enabling seamless
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connectivity throughout the city and its surrounding areas. Real-time information systems and
mobile apps ensure that commuters have up-to-date information about routes, schedules, and
service disruptions, facilitating smooth and hassle-free travel. In addition to conventional
modes of transportation, Copenhagen actively promotes the use of electric vehicles (EVs) to
reduce emissions and combat climate change. The city has invested in expanding EV charging
infrastructure, making it convenient for EV owners to recharge their vehicles. Furthermore,
incentives such as reduced parking fees and access to dedicated lanes encourage the adoption
of electric cars and support the transition to a cleaner and more sustainable transport system
(State of Green).
Copenhagen's smart mobility efforts extend beyond individual modes of transport. The city
utilizes advanced data collection and analysis techniques to optimize transportation networks
and improve traffic flow. Intelligent traffic management systems monitor real-time traffic
conditions and adjust signal timings, accordingly, reducing congestion and travel times. This
data-driven approach enables authorities to proactively address traffic issues, minimize
bottlenecks, and enhance overall transport efficiency.
To encourage the shift towards sustainable transportation choices, Copenhagen leverages
digital platforms and applications. Journey planning apps provide commuters with personalized
route suggestions, considering factors such as distance, mode of transport, and real-time traffic
conditions. Moreover, shared mobility services, including bike-sharing and car-sharing
programs, offer convenient alternatives to car ownership, promoting flexibility and reducing
the number of private vehicles on the road.
Citizen engagement is a key element of smart mobility in Copenhagen. The city actively
involves residents in decision-making processes, soliciting feedback and ideas to shape
transportation policies and infrastructure development. Through participatory platforms and
public consultations, Copenhageners can contribute to the ongoing evolution of the city's smart
mobility landscape. Copenhagen's commitment to smart mobility is further demonstrated by
its emphasis on research, innovation, and collaboration (Lu, et al., 2019). The city collaborates
with universities, research institutions, and private partners to develop and test cutting-edge
technologies, such as autonomous vehicles, smart traffic management systems, and mobility-
as-a-service (MaaS) platforms. This collaborative approach ensures that Copenhagen remains
at the forefront of smart mobility solutions, continuously evolving and adapting to the changing
needs of its residents.
In summary, smart mobility in Copenhagen encompasses a holistic and forward-thinking
approach to transportation. By prioritizing cycling, investing in public transportation, promoting
electric vehicles, utilizing data-driven optimization strategies, and engaging citizens,
Copenhagen has created a sustainable, efficient, and people-centric transportation ecosystem
that serves as a model for cities around the world.
3.2. Smart Environment
Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, has made remarkable strides in transforming itself into a
smart environment that prioritizes sustainability, efficiency, and quality of life for its residents.
This progressive city has embraced cutting-edge technologies and innovative solutions to
create a seamless integration of digital systems and urban infrastructure. By leveraging data,
connectivity, and citizen engagement, Copenhagen has successfully established itself as a
global leader in smart urban development.
One of the key pillars of Copenhagen's smart environment is its commitment to sustainability.
The city has set ambitious goals to become carbon-neutral by 2025, and various initiatives have
been implemented to achieve this objective. Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar
power, are extensively utilized to power the city's infrastructure, including public
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231
transportation, streetlights, and buildings. Energy-efficient technologies, such as smart grids
and intelligent lighting systems, are deployed to optimize energy consumption and reduce
waste (Hansen, et al., 2017). Transportation plays a vital role in Copenhagen's smart city
framework. The city has prioritized cycling as a sustainable mode of transportation, with an
extensive network of bike lanes and dedicated cycling infrastructure. To facilitate this,
Copenhagen employs smart solutions like bike-sharing programs and real-time traffic
monitoring systems to enhance traffic flow and promote eco-friendly transportation options.
Moreover, the city actively encourages the use of electric vehicles by providing charging
infrastructure and offering incentives for their adoption.
Copenhagen's smart environment extends to waste management as well (Duque-Ramos &
Varga, 2018). The city has implemented a comprehensive waste collection system that employs
underground vacuum tubes to transport waste directly to recycling centers, reducing the need
for traditional waste collection trucks and minimizing pollution. Smart sensors and data
analytics are utilized to optimize waste collection routes, ensuring efficient and timely disposal
while minimizing environmental impact.
Another noteworthy aspect of Copenhagen's smart environment is its emphasis on citizen
engagement and participation. The city actively involves its residents in decision-making
processes, using digital platforms and mobile applications to gather feedback and ideas for
improving urban life (Borup Lynggaard & Bagger-Petersen, 2019). Citizens can access real-
time data on various aspects of the city, such as air quality, energy consumption, and public
transportation, empowering them to make informed choices and actively contribute to a
sustainable and livable city. Copenhagen's smart environment has also revolutionized its urban
planning and architecture. The city leverages digital technologies and data analytics to design
energy-efficient buildings, optimize urban spaces, and create intelligent infrastructure. Smart
sensors and monitoring systems are employed to ensure optimal use of resources, such as water
and electricity, while also enhancing safety and security (Neirotti, et al., 2014). Additionally,
Copenhagen's smart city initiatives have fostered a vibrant startup ecosystem, attracting
innovative companies and entrepreneurs focused on developing solutions for urban challenges.
To support its smart environment vision, Copenhagen has cultivated partnerships with
academic institutions, research organizations, and industry leaders. Collaborative projects and
initiatives are undertaken to foster innovation, drive technological advancements, and share
best practices with other cities around the world. This collaborative approach (Hall &
Bowerman, 2016) enables Copenhagen to stay at the forefront of smart urban development and
continually evolve its strategies to meet the evolving needs of its citizens.
In conclusion, Copenhagen's smart environment represents a remarkable integration of
sustainability, technology, and citizen engagement. By embracing smart solutions in areas such
as energy, transportation, waste management, and urban planning, the city has created a model
for other cities to follow. With its commitment to innovation and collaboration, Copenhagen
continues to push the boundaries of what is possible in creating a livable, resilient, and
sustainable urban environment.
3.3. Smart Living
Smart living in Copenhagen represents a holistic approach to creating a connected, efficient,
and sustainable lifestyle for its residents. The city has embraced technological advancements
and innovative solutions to enhance the quality of life, promote well-being, and foster a sense
of community among its inhabitants (Bibri, 2018). Through a combination of smart
infrastructure, digital services, and citizen-centric initiatives, Copenhagen has redefined urban
living by putting people at the center of its smart city vision.
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One of the key aspects of smart living in Copenhagen is the emphasis on sustainable and
energy-efficient housing. The city has implemented stringent building standards that promote
eco-friendly construction practices and the use of renewable energy sources (Andersen, et al.,
2017). Energy-efficient technologies, such as smart meters and home automation systems, are
integrated into residential buildings, allowing residents to monitor and optimize their energy
consumption. Furthermore, Copenhagen encourages the adoption of green building materials,
such as solar panels and green roofs, to reduce carbon emissions and create a healthier living
environment.
Smart living in Copenhagen extends beyond the physical infrastructure and transportation
systems. The city leverages technology to enhance the well-being and livability of its residents.
Digital platforms and mobile applications provide access to a wide range of services, including
healthcare, education, and cultural events (Kjærgaard, et al., 2015). Citizens can conveniently
access medical advice, book appointments, and receive personalized healthcare information
through telemedicine solutions. Similarly, online learning platforms and digital educational
resources facilitate lifelong learning and empower residents to acquire new skills and
knowledge. Furthermore, Copenhagen's vibrant cultural scene is amplified through digital
platforms, allowing residents to explore and participate in various artistic and community
events (Borup Lynggaard & Skouby, 2020).
Safety and security are paramount in smart living, and Copenhagen leverages technology to
ensure the well-being of its residents. Smart surveillance systems, including CCTV cameras
and sensors, are strategically placed to enhance public safety and deter crime (Kjærgaard, et
al., 2015). Emergency response systems are integrated with real-time data and analytics to
provide efficient and effective emergency services. Additionally, Copenhagen employs smart
lighting solutions that adapt to the environment, improving visibility and enhancing the feeling
of safety in public spaces.
Copenhagen's commitment to sustainability extends to waste management and resource
optimization. The city employs smart solutions to optimize waste collection routes, reduce
landfill waste, and promote recycling. Underground waste collection systems and smart bins
equipped with sensors optimize waste disposal, minimizing environmental impact and
enhancing cleanliness (Neirotti, et al., 2014). Furthermore, Copenhagen encourages residents
to reduce, reuse, and recycle through awareness campaigns and incentives, fostering a culture
of responsible consumption and waste reduction.
In conclusion, smart living in Copenhagen represents a transformative approach to urban living
that prioritizes sustainability, connectivity, and citizen well-being. By integrating technology,
infrastructure, and citizen engagement, the city has created an environment where residents can
enjoy a high quality of life while minimizing their ecological footprint. Copenhagen's
commitment to innovation, sustainability, and community.
3.4. Smart People
Smart people is an essential component of smart cities as it can ensure sustainable long-term
growth of initiatives. Copenhagen is known for its highly educated and innovative population
which plays a significant role in the city’s smart and sustainable development. With a well-
developed education system, several world-class research institutions and universities, the city
supports continuous learning and innovation among its citizens. Copenhagen’s research and
innovation ecosystem facilitates advancements in science, technology and humanities,
attracting scholars, researchers and students through fundings, collaboration opportunities and
infrastructure (The City of Copenhagen, 2022). Moreover, the city recognizes the importance
of lifelong learning through adult education training opportunities, cultural institutions and
professional development. Thus, programs, workshops and courses are available for
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individuals seeking to enhance their skills, gain knowledge or explore new areas of interest. To
improve the quality and accessibility of education, the municipality has developed various
initiatives and projects across the city. Schools in Copenhagen have adopted an anti-bullying
strategy through which they protect vulnerable children and provide safe and tolerant
environments for pupils.
Copenhagen offers a dynamic and diverse employment environment, having a relatively low
unemployment rate compared to many other cities. The municipality’s focus on innovation,
education and sustainability has supported job creation and economic growth, as well as
favorable conditions for residents and newcomers. Named the top city in the world for a healthy
work-life balance (Forbes, 2023), Copenhagen promotes flexible working hours arrangements
and prioritizes the wellbeing of residents.
In terms of social cohesion, Copenhagen prioritizes inclusive policies that promote equality
and respect for diversity. The city has developed measures to support vulnerable groups such
as immigrants, refugees and disabled individuals. Often referred to as the “city for people” due
to its commitment to creating livable, sustainable and inclusive urban environment (Gehl,
2013). Copenhagen places a strong emphasis on inclusive design principles. The city strives to
ensure that public spaces, buildings and transportation systems are accessible to all residents,
regardless of their age, physical abilities or disabilities. Thus, inclusive design promotes equal
participation and a sense of belonging for everyone within the urban environment.
Furthermore, Copenhagen is known for its commitment to gender equality as policies and
initiatives promote equal opportunities for women and men in employment, education and
leadership roles.
Copenhagen faces challenges in terms of affordable housing due to the high demand of
accommodation. The city has a well-developed social housing sector, providing subsidized
rental apartments for families with limited incomes. The municipality promotes mixed-income
residential development in which a percentage of units are designated as affordable housing,
ensuring a diverse and inclusive urban environment (Alves, 2022)As the demand for affordable
housing remains high, the city continues to explore innovative solutions such as repurposing
underutilized buildings (Urban Rigger, 2023) and promoting sustainable and energy-efficient
housing.
Another key feature of Copenhagen’s smart people dimension is the residents’ commitment to
sustainability and environmental awareness. As the people actively participate in eco-friendly
practices, such as cycling, using public transportation and reducing energy consumption, they
embrace green lifestyle and are supportive of smart and sustainable initiatives (Quélin &
Smadja, 2021). Furthermore, Copenhagen citizens are actively engaged in public consultations
and community forums, contributing to decision-making processes and ensuring that the city’s
development aligns with their needs and expectations. Thus, they also demonstrate a strong
sense of social responsibility, supporting community projects that target equity and inclusivity.
Overall, Danish citizens are tech-savvy and open to adopting new technologies. They embrace
digital tools and platforms which enables them to use digital resources effectively and access
information.
3.5. Smart Governance
Smart governance refers to the use of technology, data and innovative approaches to improve
accessibility, efficiency, transparency and responsiveness of governance processes. Over the
last decade, Copenhagen has developed a robust digital infrastructure that enables the
collection and analysis of data, supporting the implementation of smart solutions and enabling
real-time monitoring of city systems and services (Quélin & Smadja, 2021). The city utilizes
data and evidence-based approaches to inform decision-making processes. Data is collected
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from sensors, IoT devices and citizen feedback and used to gain insights into urban issues and
to identify areas for improvement. Some of the initiatives developed by Copenhagen
Municipality include road condition sensors, real-time visualization of traffic flow (CITS),
maps indicating the location of parking spots or public restrooms. This approach contributes to
the optimization of resource allocation and the development of tailored services that meet the
needs of citizens.
Open data initiatives are a key priority for Copenhagen. Free and open access to datasets
supports innovation and collaboration among researchers, entrepreneurs and citizens (City Data
Exchange). It also promotes transparency of governance by enabling residents to access and
analyze public information, fostering accountability and trust (Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster,
2017). Thus, citizen engagement is facilitated by digital platforms and participatory initiatives
as the municipality requests feedback, ideas and input from residents to co-create solutions and
shape urban life. These initiatives facilitate the sense of ownership and ensure that services and
policies reflect the needs and aspirations of the community.
Copenhagen’s smart governance practices aim to create a sustainable, inclusive and livable city
by harnessing technology, data and citizen engagement. Through automation, digital platforms
and e-government solutions, governments can streamline service delivery, reduce
administrative burdens and provide more personalized and citizen-centric services. Smart
governance also involves collaboration and partnerships with various stakeholders, including
private sector organizations, academia, civil society and international organizations (LSE
Cities, 2014). The Copenhagen Solutions Lab, founded in 2014, is one example of such
practices, encouraging citizens to take part in testing out smart and sustainable solutions in
areas across the city. These collaborations foster innovation, knowledge exchange and the co-
creation of solutions to complex challenges. By leveraging the expertise and resources of
different actors, governments can achieve better outcomes and address complex societal issues
more effectively (Quélin & Smadja, 2021). Furthermore, smart governance promotes resilience
and future-readiness in the face of rapid technological advancements. By integrating digital
technologies, governments can adapt to emerging challenges, harness new opportunities, and
build agile and responsive governance systems.
3.6. Smart Economy
Copenhagen has a thriving and innovative entrepreneurial scene that embraces the principles
of smart economy. The city fosters a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship, supporting
startups and providing resources, mentoring and networking opportunities through incubators,
accelerators and innovation hubs (LSE Cities, 2014). Initiatives such as Copenhagen Fintech
Lab, Copenhagen Science City and CPH Village encourage the development of businesses and
innovative solutions. The Green Tech Challenge is an accelerator program that supports green
startups and businesses focused on sustainability. Selected participants receive mentorship,
access to investors and training in areas such as circular economy, clean energy and
management. The Copenhagen Fintech Lab is a hub for financial technology startups and
entrepreneurs, offering co-working spaces and access to a network of investors and industry
experts. The Copenhagen Street lab tests innovative urban technologies in real-life settings to
improve mobility, air quality and energy efficiency.
Copenhagen Startup City is a dedicated initiative aimed at supporting startups by bringing
together entrepreneurs, investors and industry partners. Another successful example is
Symbion, Denmark’s largest incubator for startups and growth-oriented companies, which
focuses on sectors such as IT, cleantech, life sciences and creative industries (Copenhagen
Cleantech Cluster, 2017). Overall, Copenhagen has a thriving startup ecosystem with a wide
range of innovative companies and some notable ventures have emerged from there. Too Good
To Go is a startup that aims to reduce food waste by connecting restaurants, cafes and grocery
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stores with consumers through a mobile app, offering people the possibility to purchase food
at a discounted price, and is currently used across Europe. Trustpilot is an online review
platform that allows consumers to provide feedback and reviews on businesses, and has
become one of the largest platforms globally.
Copenhagen is actively developing and implementing smart city solutions to enhance urban
life and sustainability. The city invests in high-speed internet connectivity, smart grids and
digital platforms to support the digital transformation across industries (The City of
Copenhagen, 2022). This infrastructure enables businesses to leverage technological solutions
to enhance productivity and competitiveness. These efforts are supported by a strong
knowledge-based economy, as the city’s universities, research institutions and high skilled
workforce contribute to the thriving ecosystem and promote innovative clusters and
collaboration between stakeholders.
Conclusions
Copenhagen has successfully established itself as a smart city that embodies the principles of
sustainability, innovation and citizen-centric governance. Through its progressive policies and
initiatives, the city has made significant strides in creating a more livable, environmentally
friendly and inclusive urban environment. Copenhagen’s focus on sustainable development is
demonstrated by its ambitious goals to become carbon neutral by 2025. The city managed to
reduce its carbon footprint and improve the air quality by adopting renewable energy sources
and investing in cycling infrastructure. The commitment to sustainability extends to intelligent
infrastructure such as smart grids and lighting systems that help optimize resource efficiency
and enhance the quality of life of residents.
Copenhagen’s efforts towards sustainability are also supported through mobility, as the city
has prioritized cycling as a means of transportation, investing in cycling infrastructure and
promoting bike-sharing programs. The extensive network of cycling lanes, bike-friendly streets
and dedicated parking facilities have made cycling a convenient and preferred mode of
transport for many residents. This focus on active and green mobility not only reduces
congestion and carbon emissions but also promotes a healthier and more livable city. Moreover,
Copenhagen implemented various measures that address climate adaptation. The city has
integrated climate resilience into its urban planning, utilizing green infrastructure to mitigate
effects of heavy rain. Furthermore, Copenhagen places great importance on preserving and
enhancing its green and public spaces. Initiatives such as green roofs, pocket parks or vertical
gardens contribute to a healthier environment.
The municipality’s smart city approach also relies on citizen engagement, actively involving
residents in decision-making processes, promoting a sense of ownership and co-creation.
Copenhagen empowers citizens to contribute to urban development practices, report issues and
collaborate with the administration, through digital platforms and mobile apps. This inclusive
approach ensures that the city’s smart initiatives align with the needs and aspirations of its
diverse population. Furthermore, Copenhagen’s emphasis on education and innovation has
propelled it to the forefront of the global smart city movement. The city’s research and
innovation centers foster collaboration between stakeholders, such as academia, businesses and
startups, driving forward advancements in various sectors. This approach on knowledge-driven
growth ensures that Copenhagen remains at the cutting edge of technology and fosters a fruitful
environment for entrepreneurship and economic development.
Overall, Copenhagen’s sustainable smart city initiatives extend beyond energy and mobility to
encompass circular economy practices, climate adaptation, green spaces, sustainable buildings
and knowledge sharing. The city’s comprehensive and integrated approach to sustainability
sets an example for other cities seeking to become more resilient, livable and environmentally
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friendly. By embracing innovation, engaging with citizens and facilitating collaboration,
Copenhagen continues to lead the way in sustainable urban development.
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