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FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
203
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE BIOSORPTION OF IRON USING TEA
LEAVES (
cammelia sinensis
) AND TEA FIBRE AS ADSORBENTS
Emmanuel E. Etim*, Shedrach Yakubu, Shedrach Grace, Godwin O. Ogofotha
Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: emmaetim@gmail.com
Received: September 21, 2022 Accepted: November 12, 2022
Abstract Globally, industrial waste contamination of water bodies has posed a serious environmental problem. This
research aimed to investigate the sorption of iron using tea leaves and fibers as adsorbents. The parameters
investigated were; contact time, dosage of adsorbent, pH, temperature, and starting concentration which
provide information about kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium conditions of the sorption system. For
both adsorbents, the maximum sorption capacity occurs within 35-40 minutes, with the best sorption pH
ranging from 5-7. Likewise, the dosage of adsorbent and initial concentration of adsorbate has maximum
sorption capacity occurring from 3-4 mg and 40-50 mg/L respectively. There was a step increase in % removal
as the temperature increased with maximum activity occurring at 60 to 70 oC for both adsorbents. The pseudo
first-order model best described the kinetics, providing the most convincing fit with R2 values
of 0.9915, 0.9983, 0.9982.and 0.986 respectively. The Langmuir model provided a better fit for explaining the
system's equilibrium state, with R2 values of 0.8177 for tea fiber and 0.9637 for tea leaf. The calculated
thermodynamic parameters for tea fiber (-9550kjmol-1, -9709kjmol-1, -9868kjmol-1 and -10026kjmol-1) and tea
leaf (--6829kjmol-1, -6944kjmol-1, -7059kjmol-1 and -7174kjmol-1) confirm the system's feasibility,
spontaneity, and disorderliness under viable adsorption conditions.
Keywords: thermodynamics, adsorption, kinetics, tea leaves, tea fibers, Isotherms.
Introduction
Environmental waste management has contributed a lot
towards enhancing and maintaining purity in our habitat.
Various systems of waste management have been in practice
and proven effective, as at the time industrialization was still
at its infancy. Today, the world sees industrialization as a
positive indicator of progress, an agent of civilization, but it
is also accompanied by a number of environmental issues
that pose significant health risks. Until heavy metals, which
were a major component of most industrial effluents, were
discharged, many water bodies were considered safe for
domestic use. Contaminated bodies of water containing
toxic metals are channeled to surface water, endangering
aquatic life and other living organisms and posing a serious
threat to food security. Various industrial processes, such as
petrochemical refining, prolonged mining, and
electroplating activities in the steel industry, are at the
forefront, and as a result, scientists from all over the world
are concerned about how to address this problem (Akhtar et
al., 2004).
Bio-sorption is the most commonly used technology for
waste water purification due to its economic and simple
nature under viable sorption conditions. Adoption of
techniques such as reverse osmosis, membrane filtration,
iron exchange, and solvent extraction (Onen et al., 2017;
Song, 2017) has been difficult in recent years due to the
cumbersome nature of the techniques as well as the
economic demands that come with conditions. For example,
selecting a suitable solvent for the extraction of a specific
component can be difficult because not all solvents have the
ability to extract a specific solute; thus, the solute's solubility
in the chosen solvent must be of utmost importance. In the
case of sorption, the technique is primarily dependent on the
pore size of the adsorbent that can be occupied by an
adsorbate; thus, any material that can be activated can fit in
as long as it has appreciable pore size and sorption functional
groups.
Biosorbents are materials created by subjecting plant and
animal products to intense heating in the absence of oxygen,
followed by activation with an acid or a base. Once prepared,
the increased pore space or the emergence of suitable
binding sites that may allow interaction with the adsorbate
in question can be attributed to an increase in sorption
potency. Most natural products are potential adsorbents that
can be used to eliminate the presence of metallic toxins such
as nickel in wastewater; this is because most plants and plant
products contain lignin and cellulose, both of which have
electronegative binding sites that are easily attracted by
electropositive species (Serencam et al., 2008). Plants are
generally given the consideration status and thus, the savior
of our dear planet in this regard.
Camellia sinensis is an angiosperm dicot plant that produces
tea from its leaves and buds. It is a member of the Camellia
genus and the Theaceae family. Its origins can be traced back
to China and Asia (Dupler, 2001), but it is now grown all
over the world in both tropical and subtropical climates.
When cultivated for its leaves, the strong tap-rooted shrub is
evergreen and usually cut to less than 2 meters in height. The
flowers are about 4 cm in diameter, and the petals are either
seven or eight yellow in color. Tea oil can be extracted from
the seeds of C. sinensis (Xia et al., 2017). The fresh leaves,
which contain about 4% caffeine, are 4-15 cm long and 2-
5 cm wide. (Xia et al., 2017).
Supported by
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
204
Fig :1 Camellia sinensis plant
Tea plants (Camellia sinensis) are grown primarily for the
purpose of producing the beverage drink known as tea. The
majority of the plant has been used for this purpose. This
study uses plant leaves and fibers as adsorbents to remove
iron from simulated waste water, demonstrating that some
low-cost agricultural waste can be used as effective
adsorbents.
Methodology
Preparation of Stock Solution
About 0.1 M of iron II sulfate with MW=151.908g/mol). It
was prepared by weighing 15.19 g of iron II sulfate powder
into 100 cm3 water in a beaker. It was stirred and transferred
into a 1000 cm3 volumetric flask and made up with distilled
water up to the mark. (Etim et al., 2019)
Preparation of different Concentrations of Metal Solutions
Various concentrations 20 mg/L, 30mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 50
mg/L of iron solutions were prepared from the stock solution
as specified according to the methods of Etim et al., (2019).
Investigations
The investigation with tea leaves and fibre (Camellia
sinensis) as an adsorbent for the elimination of nickel metal
ions from a simulated nickel solution with the consideration
of various constrains such as initial concentration, pH,
temperature, contact time and biosorbent dosage was carried
out according to the methods of Etim et al., (2019). The tea
leaves and fibers were collected from Sardauna local
Government area of Taraba State, using the method
according to Etim et al., (2022) for sample collection and
preparation. They were washed, rinsed, sun dried for seven
days, pulverized, filtered via a 150mm sieve and finally
stored in an airtight container prior to experiments including
such parameters as initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dose,
and temperature and contact time. The equilibrium
relationship was accessed as a function of the effects of the
parameters as investigated in these studies.
Metal Uptake Evaluation
The technique according to Madhavi et al., (2021) was used
to estimate the metal uptake qe. This was done using the
following equation;
=
Where = metal ions per dry biosorbent (mg/g)
V = volume of solution (L)
= initial concentration of metal in solution
(mg/L)
= final
concentration of metal in solution (mg/L)
m= the mass of biosorbent (g)
The total Percentage Removal
The total percentage removal is given by the equation
% metal removed =
Adsorption Kinetics
Good understanding of diffusion mass transport or kinetics
process for different adsorbents is of paramount importance.
Thus, models such as pseudo first and second-order models
were employed to analyze kinetics data for the sorption
process.
Pseudo-first order kinetics model
The linearized pseudo-first order kinetics is expressed as:
Where
Stand for the quantity of metal uptake at equilibrium
point,
Stand for the quantity adsorbed at any instant of time
t
Stand for the pseudo-first order constant
t stands for the initial time.
A plot of log (qe-qt) versus t should yield a linear connection
if the pseudo-first order is applicable. The slope and
intercept of the curve can be used to derive the constant k1
and projected qe, respectively.
Pseudo-second order kinetics model:
Integrated rate equation for second order kinetic model is
given as:
Where
= the metal uptake
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
205
= amount adsorbed at any instant of time t
t = the initial time
The plot of against t will give a straight line whose
slope is equal to the rate constant
Adsorption Isotherms
Langmuir Isotherm
The Langmuir isotherm model was determined using the
equation below, which depicts the relationship between the
quantities (mg/g) of adsorbate adsorbed on the adsorbent and
the adsorbate concentration (mg/L) in solution at
equilibrium condition.
Where
Ce = the equilibrium concentration (mg/L)
qe = the amount of adsorbate adsorbed on the adsorbent at
equilibrium
b = the langmuir isotherm constant (L/mg)
Qo = the adsorption capacity of the adsorbents.
Freundlich Isotherm
Freundlich isothem demostrate that the adsorption process
on a heterogeneous adsorbent, surface is multilayered, and
the adsorption sites have varrying degree of attraction for the
adsorbate. These isotherm model was determined using the
following equation below;
Where
= Freundlich isotherm constant (mg/g or dm3/g)
associated with adsorbent adsorption capacity
n = the adsorption intensity related to the heterogeneity of
the adsorbent surface
A plot of log qe against log Ce gives a straight-line of slope
and an intercept eqaul to log
Thermodynamics of Adsorption
The nature of an adsorption process is confirmed by the
evaluation of its thermodynamic parameters.
Thermodynamic parameter like free energy change (
Gads), enthalpy change ( Hads) and enthropy change (
Sads) of adsorption were calculated to evaluate the
feasibility and spontaneity of the process.
The standard free energy change of adsorption ( Goads)
was calculated using the following equation below;
oads
The maximal langmuir adsorption capacity is Qo and the
langmuir isotherm constant is b.
T is the thermodynamic temperature and R is the gas
constant (8.314 J mol-1 K-1).
The Gibbs free energy of biosorption can be computed (Din
et al., 2014) as follows;
Go = -RT ln Kc
Where Go represents the standard Gibb’s free energy
change for the adsorption (J/mol), R represents the universal
gas constant (8.314 J/mol/K) and T represents the
temperature (K). The adsorbate’s distribution coefficient is
Kc. A negative Gibbs free energy value suggest that the
adsorption process is feasible and spontaneous (Din et al.,
2014)
The plot of ln Kc versus 1/T yields a straight line with values
for Ho and So as the slope and intercept.
Kc is the distribution constant and can be writtren as (Salman
et al., 2015)
Kcad e
Cad (mg/l) and Ce (mg/l), respectively, are the concentration
of solute adsorbed at equilibrium and the concentration of
solute in solution at equilibrium.
The following is the relationship between (∆Go), enthalpy
change (∆Ho) and entropy change (∆So) of adsorption:
Go HoT So
Positive change in enthalpy (∆Ho) implies that the adsorption
is an endothermic process, but positive change in entropy
(∆So) reflects enhanced randomness at the solid/ solution
interface.
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
206
Results and Discussion
Table.1 Effect of biosorbent dosages for the removal iron on tea leaves and tea fiber
Adsorbent
Dosage(g)
Co(mg/l)
Ce(mg/l)
Qe(mg/g)
%R
Fiber
1
30
0.600
1.47
98.00
2
30
0.500
0.74
98.33
3
30
0.400
0.49
98.67
4
30
0.200
0.37
99.33
Leaves
1
30
0.500
1.49
98.33
2
30
0.400
0.74
98.67
3
30
0.300
0.49
99.00
4
30
0.200
0.37
99.33
As expressed in Figs. 1 and 2, increase in dosage of the
absorbent results in an increase in the sorption capacity. This
can be explained by the emergence of more functional
groups as well as available binding sides for the sorption of
the iron metal ions present in the simulated medium. Both
plant parts show adequate activity with the maximum
activity for the tea fibre at 3g while that of the tea leaves
continues to some extent which is in consonance with the
result reported by Etim et al., (2019).
Table.2 Effect of pH on tea fiber and leaves
Adsorbent
pH
Co(mg/l)
Ce(mg/l)
Qe(mg/g)
%R
1
30
0.600
1.470
98.00
FIBER
3
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
5
30
0.300
1.485
99.00
7
30
0.100
1.495
99.33
1
30
0.600
1.470
98.00
LEAVES
3
30
0.500
1.475
98.33
5
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
7
30
0.300
1.485
99.00
The efficiency of this system at pH 1–7 expressed in percent
shows that the removal for tea fiber (between 98 and 99 %)
was almost in consonance with that of the tea leaves
(between 98 and 99 %). There was an observable increase in
electrostatic repulsion as the pH increases thus little amount
of positive charges are available for competition resulting in
increase in sorption. Presence of OH- ions may have little or
no effect on the sorption of the metal ions at very high pH
this is true because the binding sides on the adsorbent do not
allow much interaction with the hydroxyl specie
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
Table3. Effect of contact time on tea fiber and tea leaves
Adsorbent
Time(mins)
Co(mg/l)
Ce(mg/l)
Qe(mg/g)
%R
10
30
0.700
1.465
97.67
Fiber
20
30
0.600
1.470
98.00
30
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
40
30
0.200
1.490
99.33
10
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
Leaves
20
30
0.300
1.485
99.00
30
30
0.200
1.490
99.33
40
30
0.1
1.495
99.67
As shown in figs 5 and 6, as the time in which the adsorbent
is brought in contact with the adsorbate is increased, the
activities increased and then begins to retard at some
particular time interval. The metal uptake which was
investigated between 10-40 minutes show a slowdown in
activity at exactly 20 minutes for both tea fiber and the tea
leave. This result agrees with the report of Bansal et al.,
(2009).
Table.4 Effect of temperature
Adsorpbent
temperature
Co(mg/l)
Ce(mg/l)
Qe(mg/g)
%R
Fiber
40
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
50
30
0.300
1.485
99.00
60
30
0.200
1.490
99.33
70
30
0.100
1.495
99.67
Leaves
40
30
0.600
1.470
98.00
50
30
0.500
1.475
98.33
60
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
70
30
0.200
1.490
99.33
The equilibrium condition for iron(ii) ions uptake by the
leaves and fibre of tea plant occurs under the influence of
temperature. This was more viable with the tea fibre
compare to the tea leaves. The sorption process at
equilibrium decreases with increase in temperature due to
the formation of absorbate – adsorbent complex most likely
to be unstable at high temperature conditions with the solid
phase decomposing into the bulk solution.
207
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
1
Table.5 Effect of initial concentration on tea leaves and tea fiber.
Adsorbent
Co
Ce
Qe
%R
Fiber
20
0.800
0.960
96.00
30
0.800
1.465
97.33
40
0.500
1.475
98.75
50
0.300
2.485
99.40
Leaves
20
0.600
0.970
97.00
30
0.400
1.480
98.67
40
0.300
1.985
99.25
50
0.100
2.495
99.80
As shown in Figs. 9 and 10, the sorption of iron (ii) ions by
both tea fibre and tea leaves shows the same trend under the
initial concentration constraint, even though the process
increased rapidly with tea fibre and then slowly with tea
leaves. This can be seen as the function of the driving force
of the concentration gradient with respect to increase in
initial metal ion concentration as reported by Kalavathy and
Miranda (2010).
Figure 1 Effect of biosorbent dosage on tea fiber
Figure 2. Effect of boisorbent dosage on tea leaves
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
%Removal
dosage
98.2
98.4
98.6
98.8
99
99.2
99.4
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
%REMOVAL
DOSAGE
208
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
Figure 3. Plot of %removal verses pH on tea fiber
Figure 4. Plot of %removal verses pH for tea leave
Figure 5. Plot of %removal verse time of tea fiber
Figure 6. Plot of %removal against time for tea leaves
97.8
98
98.2
98.4
98.6
98.8
99
99.2
99.4
012345678
%REMOVAL
pH
98.6
98.8
99
99.2
99.4
99.6
99.8
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
%REMOVAL
pH
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
%removal
time
98.5
99
99.5
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
%removal
time
209
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
3
Figure 7.Effect of temperature on tea fiber.
Figure 8.Effect of temperature on tea leaves.
Figure 9. Effect of initial concentration on tea fiber.
Figure 10. Effect of initial concentration on tea leaves.
98.6
98.8
99
99.2
99.4
99.6
99.8
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
%REMOVAL
TemperatureE
97.5
98
98.5
99
99.5
010 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
%REMOVAL
TEMPERATURE
95
96
97
98
99
100
010 20 30 40 50 60
%REMOVAL
INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS
95
96
97
98
99
100
010 20 30 40 50 60
%REMOVAL
INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS
210
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
4
Kinetic Studies of Tea Leaves and Tea Fiber
Table 6: Kinetic studies of tea fiber and tea leaves.
adsorbent
Time
Ce
Qe
Log(qe-qt)
t/qt
%R
fiber
10
0.700
1.465
-0.116
14.3
97.67
20
0.600
1.470
-0.060
33.3
98.00
30
0.400
1,480
0.033
75.0
98.67
40
0.200
1.490
0.111
200.0
99.33
leaves
10
0.400
1.480
0.033
25.0
98.67
20
0.300
1.485
0.074
66.67
99.00
30
0.200
1.490
0.111
150.0
99.33
40
0.100
1.495
0.145
400
99.67
With the help of batch adsorption kinetics, modeling and
design operations for sorption of iron metal by tea leaves and
fibre has been progressively ascertained. The operating
constraints as well as the physical and chemical properties
of the adsorbents provide information about the nature of the
sorption kinetics of both parts of the tea plant with the metal
ion. From Figs. 11, 12, 13 and 14 we can see that the kinetics
followed both pseudo first and second order kinetics with
pseudo firs order kinetics given the best fit for the sorption
of iron(ii) ions by both tea leaves and fibre.
Figure 11. Pseudo first order reaction of tea fiber.
Figure 12. Pseudo second order of tea fiber.
y = 0.0077x - 0.2015
R² = 0.9915
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
log(qe-qt)
TIME
y = 5.835e0.0873x
R² = 0.9983
0
100
200
300
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t/qt
time
211
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
Figure 13.Psuedo first order of tea leaves
Figure 14. Pseudo second order of tea leaves.
Application of Pseudo First Order Kinetics Equation
Applying equation:
Pseudo first order
K1= log
Pseudo second order
K2 =
Table 7. Kinetic for first order of tea fiber
Time
k1
S.D
10
0.00024
0.00047
20
0.00101
30
0.00045
40
0.00017
Table 8. Kinetic for pseudo second order reaction of tea
fiber
Time
k2
S.D
10
0.000075
0.000046
20
0.000034
30
0.000015
40
0.000006
Table 9 Kinetic for first order of tea leave
Time
k1
S.D
10
0.0013
0.00052
20
0.0005
30
0.0002
40
0.00008
y = 0.0037x - 0.0025
R² = 0.9982
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
log(qe-qt)
time
y = 10.206e0.0913x
R² = 0.9986
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
t/qt
time
212
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
Table 10. Kinetic for second order of tea leaves
Time
k2
S.D
10
0.000045
0.0000018
20
0.000017
30
0.000008
40
0.000003
Isotherm Studies
Table 11. The isotherm study of tea fiber and tea leaves.
adsorbent
Co
Ce
1/ce
LogCe
Qe
1/qe
LogQe
%R
20
0.800
1.25
-0.1
0.960
1.04
-0.01
0.82
96.00
Fiber
30
0.800
1.25
-0.1
1.460
0.68
0.20
0.50
97.33
40
0.500
2.0
-0.3
1.975
0.51
0.30
0.30
98.75
50
0.300
3.30
-0.5
2.485
0.41
0.40
0.10
99.40
20
0.600
1.67
-0.2
0.970
1.03
-0.01
0.62
97.00
leaves
30
0.400
2.50
-0.4
1.480
0.68
0.20
0.30
98.67
40
0.300
3.30
-0.5
1.985
0.50
0.30
0.20
99.25
50
0.100
10
-1
2.495
0.40
0.40
0.04
99.80
The affinity of biosorbent, surface properties, mechanism of
sorption, can easily be computed by the adsorption isotherm.
At equilibrium conditions for the uptake of iron (ii) ions by
tea leaves and tea fibre adsorbent, the sorption process in an
aqueous solution decreases hence, the system was not
suitable for description by the Freundlich isotherms.
Figure 15.The linearized Freundlich biosorption isotherm of iron by tea fiber.
y = -0.7864x + 0.0259
R² = 0.7388
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
-0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0
logqe
logce
213
218
Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
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e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
Figure 16 The linearized Langmuir biosorption isotherm of iron by tea fiber
Figure 17. The linearized Freundlich biosorption isotherm of iron by tea leaves.
Figure 18. The linearized Langmuir biosorption isotherm of iron by tea leaves
Thermodynamics
Table 12 Thermodynamic parameters for fiber and leaves
adsorbent
Temp(k)
Ce
Qe
Kc
Inkc
%R
313
3.20
0.400
1.480
3.70
1.31
98.67
Fiber
323
3.10
0.200
1.485
4.95
1.59
99.00
333
3.00
0.200
1.490
7.45
2.01
99.33
343
2.90
0.100
1.495
14.95
2.70
99.67
313
3.20
0.600
1.470
2.45
1.00
98.00
Leaves
323
3.10
0.500
1.475
2.95
1.08
98.33
333
3.00
0.400
1.480
3.70
1.31
98.67
343
2.90
0.200
1.490
7.45
2.00
99.33
y = 1.1333x - 0.25
R² = 0.8175
0
0.5
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ce/qe
ce
y = -0.4626x - 0.0204
R² = 0.8076
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
-1.2 -1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0
logqe
logce
y = 1.1538x - 0.1138
R² = 0.9637
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
ce/qe
ce
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Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
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e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
1
Table 9 and Figs 19 and 20 present the thermodynamic
statement for the sorption of iron(ii)ions by tea leaves and
tea fibre. For the tea leaves and fibre, the sorption’s free
energy change at 313 K, was -9550 and -6829 kJ mol-1,
respectively. This was justified by the information provided
by the Gibbs free energy (∆G0, k cal mol-1), enthalpy (∆Ho,
k cal mol-1) and entropy (∆So, cal mol-1 k-1) changes during
the sorption process which were computed at 313, 323, 333
and 343 K temperatures, as a result increase in temperature
results to negative Gibbs free energy change (∆G0) as
reported by Malakootian et al. (2008). The negative values
indicate how spontaneous the adsorption process was. The
negative values of standard enthalpy change (∆H0) for the
intervals of temperatures were indicative of the exothermic
nature of the adsorption process.
Figure 19.Plot of inkc verses 1/T for tea fiber
Figure 20 Plot of inKc verses 1/T for tea leaves
Table 13. Thermodynamics representation
Fiber
Leaves
∆Hkj/mol
-4581
-4581
-4581
-4581
-3230
-3230
-3230
-3230
∆Skj/mol
15.877
15.877
15.877
15.877
11.499
11.499
11.499
11.499
Temp(k)
313
323
333
343
313
323
333
343
∆Gkj/mol
-9550
-9709
-9868
-10026
-6829
-6944
-7059
-7174
y = -4581x + 15.877
R² = 0.962
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0.00285 0.0029 0.00295 0.003 0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325
inkc
1/T
y = -3230x + 11.199
R² = 0.8421
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.00285 0.0029 0.00295 0.003 0.00305 0.0031 0.00315 0.0032 0.00325
ce/qe
ce
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Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
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e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
Determination of functional group using
Figure 21 FTIR analysis for tea leaves
Table 14. Functional groups of tea leave
Peaks
Bond type
Functional group
3697.5
3615.6
2918.5
2322.1
1729.5
1606.5
1461.1
1364.2
1233.7
1010.1
N-H
O-H
C-H
P-
C=O
N-H
-C=O
C-N
C-O
C-O
Primary amine
Carbohydrate; protein; Alcohol
Alkane
Phosphine
Aromatic ketone
Primary amine
Inorganic carbonate
Aromatic amine
Carboxylic acid
Primary alcohol
216
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Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
3
Figure 22 FTIR Analysis for tea fibre
Table 15. Functional groups for tea fiber
Peak wavelength
Bond type
Functional group
3276.2
2918.5
1625.1
1513.1
1315.8
1144.2
1017.6
O-H
C-H
-C=O
-C=O
C-N
C-O
C-O
Carbohydrate; protein; phenol
Alkane
Amide band I
Carboxylic acid
Amide band III
Secondary alcohol
Ether
The FT-IR spectrum provides information about the various
functional groups that are present on the adsorbent. The
sharp and high spectrum around 3448cm-1are signals
showing –OH and –NH2 functional groups whereas, lower
bands such as 2910cm-1, 1637cm-1, provides information
about C-H stretch of alkane and C=O stretch bands
respectively while 1560cm-1 indicates–NH, -CN and –NO
stretch. Comparing the spectra obtained for tea leave and the
tea fibres, it can be observed that from table 4.14 there is a
presence of inorganic carbonate with peak wavelength of
1461.1cm-1 and primary amine with peak wavelength of
3697.5cm-1 in the tea leave while there is an absence of these
two groups in the tea fibres as presented in table 4.15 above.
The absence of these two groups in the tea fibres is as a result
of the reactions that they have undergone during the tea
processing in the factory which leads to the loss of these two
groups in the tea fibres.
Conclusion
This research looked at the removal of Fe (II) metal by tea
leaves and tea fiber from a solution and found the adsorbent
to be effective for the sorption process. According to the
findings, adsorption constraints such as initial concentration,
contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and pH of the
solution all have a significant impact on the adsorbent's
efficacy. The tests were carried out at pH levels ranging from
1 to 7 and for a maximum of 60 minutes. The disappearance
of old spectral lines and the appearance of new ones after
sorption, as shown by FTIR spectroscopy results, indicates
effective adsorbate sorption by the adsorbent. The process
demonstrates that the best fit used pseudo first order kinetics.
Furthermore, the thermodynamic state of the system
indicates that it was endothermic and spontaneous at 30 mg
L-1, with a high tendency for disorderliness at the interface.
As a result, the study proposes tea leaves and tea fiber, which
are widely available and inexpensive byproducts of tea
processing, as effective biosorbents for iron removal from
waste water.
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of
interest.
217
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Comparative Studies Of The Biosorption Of Iron Using Tea Leaves (
Cammelia Sinensis
) And Tea Fibre As
Adsorbents
FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal, www.ftstjournal.com
e-ISSN: 24085162; p-ISSN: 20485170; December, 2022: Vol. 7 No. 3 pp. 203 - 218
2
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