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Faulty Principles of Nonverbal Communication
Abstract
Social interaction is the mutual influence between two or more individuals. It often occurs through signals and sometimes symbols, at least in humans. The sharing of meaning and an evolutionary advantage for all sides make interplay a communicative act. Individuals use a language when codes (i.e., sets of signs) share (even partially) senses, connections (between elements), or contexts. There are at least three general misconceptions in this field: the overestimation of nonverbal cues, some Palo Alto Group principles, and the assumption that people always use body movements as a language. These misconceptions often do not produce the desired results, as the story of the Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques (SPOT) program suggests.
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In 5 experiments, male and female undergraduates viewed gestures' and tried to select the words that originally accompanied them; read interpretations of gestures' meanings and tried to select the words that originally had accompanied them; tried to recognize gestures they previously had seen, presented either with or without the accompanying speech; and assigned gestures and the accompanying speech to semantic categories. On all 4 tasks, performance was better than chance but markedly inferior to performance when words were used as stimuli. Judgments of a gesture's semantic category were determined principally by the accompanying speech rather than gestural form. It is concluded that although gestures can convey some information, they are not richly informative, and the information they convey is largely redundant with speech.
Emotions are automatic and primary patterns of purposeful cognitive-behavioral organizations. They have three main functions: coordination, signaling, and information. First, emotions coordinate organs and tissues, thus predisposing the body to peculiar responses. Scholars have not reached a consensus on the plausibility of emotion-specific response patterns yet. Despite the limitations, data support the hypothesis of specific response patterns for distinct subtypes of emotions. Second, emotional episodes signal the current state of the individual. Humans display their state with verbal behaviors, nonverbal actions (e.g., facial movements), and neurovegetative signals. Third, emotions inform the brain for interpretative and evaluative purposes. Emotional experiences include mental representations of arousal, relations, and situations. Every emotional episode begins with exposure to stimuli with distinctive features (i.e., elicitor). These inputs can arise from learning, expressions, empathy, and be inherited, or rely on limited aspects of the environment (i.e., sign stimuli). The existence of the latter ones in humans is unclear; however, emotions influence several processes, such as perception, attention, learning, memory, decision-making, attitudes, and mental schemes. Overall, the literature suggests the nonlinearity of the emotional process. Each section outlines the neurophysiological basis of elements of emotion.
Pragmatics of Human Communication (1967) was one of the first books on interpersonal communication and became a standard theory book in communication, psychotherapy, and other fields. Face-to-Face Dialogue (in press) by one of the original co-authors presents subsequent decades of research that revealed both similarities and differences; hence, this article. The goals and frame of reference are the same, focusing on interaction rather than on individuals and on dialogic rather than intrapsychic processes. However, advances in theory and research have modified the explicitly tentative axioms of the original book. Examples of these are: (i) theoretical refinement and microanalysis have rejected “all behavior is communication” in favor of a more precise, less inferential focus on co-speech gestures; (ii) “one cannot not communicate” has fared better; the situational context that leads to “disqualification” (equivocation) has strong support; and (iii) the synchrony of digital and analogic elements in dialogue produces integrated messages rather than separate channels.
For security and justice professionals (e.g., police officers, lawyers, judges), the thousands of peer-reviewed articles on nonverbal communication represent important sources of knowledge. However, despite the scope of the scientific work carried out on this subject, professionals can turn to programs, methods, and approaches that fail to reflect the state of science. The objective of this article is to examine (i) concepts of nonverbal communication conveyed by these programs, methods, and approaches, but also (ii) the consequences of their use (e.g., on the life or liberty of individuals). To achieve this objective, we describe the scope of scientific research on nonverbal communication. A program (SPOT; Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques), a method (the BAI; Behavior Analysis Interview) and an approach (synergology) that each run counter to the state of science are examined. Finally, we outline five hypotheses to explain why some organizations in the fields of security and justice are turning to pseudoscience and pseudoscientific techniques. We conclude the article by inviting these organizations to work with the international community of scholars who have scientific expertise in nonverbal communication and lie (and truth) detection to implement evidence-based practices.
The present study explores the relationship initiation process in online dating using participants’ (N = 105) naturally occurring email messages to a prospective romantic partner. Data were collected online at time one, and participants were re-contacted at time two (after meeting their partner offline) to assess the likelihood of continued interaction. A qualitative content analysis uncovered a diverse set of strategies participants used to initiate relationships in online dating (RQ1). Additional analyses revealed differences in strategy use related to gender (RQ2) and the outcome of the first date in person (RQ3). The results have implications for the hyperpersonal model, as well as for illuminating the evolution of online dating relationships from the first contact with a partner to meeting offline.
The paper looks at the symbolic interactions on social networking sites, such as Likes on Facebook, and their role in users' sense of social in- or exclusion. In an online experiment, users of Facebook were asked to write a possible status update and then received note about the numbers of hypothetical Likes they received (zero, two, or thirty) and who (close friends or acquaintances) pressed the Like button. Multivariate analysis of variances showed that belongingness and self-esteem needs are threatened when people do not receive Likes. In contrast, more Likes seem to satisfy these needs better. The influence of who gives the Likes is minor compared to the sheer number of Likes.
Communication is the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another.
Communication in the workplace is critical to establishing and maintaining quality working relationships in
organisations. This paper discusses the communication process, barriers to communication, and provides guideline for administrators to improve communication effectiveness.
The age of big data is now coming. But the traditional data analytics may not be able to handle such large quantities of data. The question that arises now is, how to develop a high performance platform to efficiently analyze big data and how to design an appropriate mining algorithm to find the useful things from big data. To deeply discuss this issue, this paper begins with a brief introduction to data analytics, followed by the discussions of big data analytics. Some important open issues and further research directions will also be presented for the next step of big data analytics.
The primary purpose of this paper is to make a comparative analysis between two leading scholars’ perspectives on semiotic theory, namely Charles Sanders Peirce and Ferdinand de Saussure. In addition, it is also aimed at discussing the linkage between communication and semiotic which can be grasped as a signification of symbol or simply as a study of sign in societal life. Apart from the communication field itself, the theory is commonly used as a reference in various fields such as philosophy, linguistic, arts and literature, archeology, architecture, mathematics and so on. The data has been attained by using content analysis technique of various studies on semiotic and related subject. This article is expected to generate positive contribution in underlining the significance of semiotic theory, not only towards the enhancement of the semiotic epistemology but also to other researchers and academicians in related fields or specific areas.
Making accurate perceptions of others is a valuable skill. This meta-analysis examines whether accurate person perception is a skill amenable to training in nonclinical adult populations and, if training can increase accuracy, what are the most effective training methods. Across person perception domains, training interventions significantly increased accuracy. Training approach mattered more than length of training. Practice and feedback were more effective approaches than instruction alone; however, a combination of training approaches was the most effective intervention. Results of this meta-analysis advance person perception theory and offer practical advice for future development of trainings to increase person perception accuracy.
This article examines the potential effectiveness of training in nonverbal communication for sales representatives. The literature on this subject was reviewed, and a study using students as sales representatives was conducted to evaluate the potential of training in body language. The research results provide support for the proposition that such training can be of value in academic and practical applications.
Despite research spanning a 20-year period (from 1950 to 1970), Ray L. Birdwhistell’s work on body language and theory of kinesics has been recorded only in occasional papers. Birdwhistell defined kinesics as “the study of body-motion as related to the non-verbal aspects of interpersonal communication”. He believed body-motion communication to be systemic, a socially learned and communicative behaviour unless proven otherwise. The article extensively collates and analyses Birdwhistell’s work and theories. Birdwhistell was frequently forced to admit that a number of his theories were subject to some dispute. The article concludes that Birdwhistell’s work contains major flaws and the verdict of other researchers who have tried to develop his theories of kinesics has been damning.
In this first chapter a set of relevant distinctions will be made to explore old and new ways of profiling, making a first
attempt to define the type of profiling that is the subject of this publication. The text explains how profiling or pattern
recognition allows us to discriminate noise from information on the basis of the knowledge that is constructed, providing
a sophisticated way of coping with the increasing abundance of data. The major distinctions discussed are between individual
and group profiles (often combined in personalised profiling), between distributive and non-distributive group profiles and
between construction and application of profiles. Having described automated profiling we will compare such machine profiling
to organic and human profiling, which have been crucial competences for the survival of both human and non-human organisms.
The most salient difference between organic and machine profiling may be the fact that as a citizen, consumer or employee
we find ourselves in the position of being profiled, without access to the knowledge that is used to categorise and deal with
us. This seems to impair our personal freedom, because we cannot adequately anticipate the actions of those that know about
us what we may not know about ourselves.
Karl Bühler (1879-1963) was one of the leading theoreticians of language of the twentieth century. Although primarily a psychologist, Bühler devoted much of his attention to the study of language and language theory. His masterwork Sprachtheorie (1934) quickly gained recognition in the fields of linguistics, semiotics, the philosophy of language and the psychology of language. This new edition of the English translation of Bühler's theory begins with a survey on 'Bühler's legacy' for modern linguistics (Werner Abraham), followed by the Theory of Language, and finally with a special 'Postscript: Twenty-five Years Later …' (Achim Eschbach). Bühler's theory is divided into four parts. Part I discusses the four axioms or principles of language research, the most famous of which is the first, the organon model, the base of Bühler's instrumental view of language. Part II treats the role of indexicality in language and discusses deixis as one determinant of speech. Part III examines the symbolic field, dealing with context, onomatopoeia and the function of case. Part IV deals with the elements of language and their organization (syllabification, the definition of the word, metaphor, anaphora, etc).The text is accompanied by an Introduction (Achim Eschbach); Translator's preface (Donald Fraser Goodwin); Glossary of terms; and a Bibliography of cited works.
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On the basis of a televised debate in the 2005 German national election, this study compares the influence of verbal, visual, and vocal communication on viewers' immediate impressions of political candidates by using an innovative research design. A second‐by‐second content analysis of 17 verbal, visual, and vocal message elements is combined with a second‐by‐second analysis of viewers' immediate impressions using continuous response measurement (CRM). Findings show that viewers' immediate impressions are mainly influenced by verbal communication, especially the issues discussed and the argumentative structure used. In contrast to that, the effect of nonverbal communication is far smaller. The causes and implications of these findings are discussed.
In 1971, Albert Mehrabian published a book Silent Messages, in which he discussed his research on non-verbal communication. He concluded that prospects based their assessments of credibility on factors other than the words the salesperson spoke---the prospects studied assigned 55 percent of their weight to the speaker's body language and another 38 percent to the tone and music of their voice. They assigned only 7 percent of their credibility assessment to the salesperson's actual words. Over the years, this limited experiment evolved to a belief that movement and voice coaches would be more valuable to teaching successful communication than speechwriters. In fact, in 2007 Allen Weiner published So Smart But… discussing how to put this principle to work in organizations.
According to an anonymous obituary in The Times newspaper on 12 March 2001, Claude Shannon was
[a] playful genius who invented the bit, separated the medium from the message, and laid the foundations for all digital communications. … [He] single-handedly laid down the general rules of modern information theory, creating the mathematical foundations for a technical revolution. Without his clarity of thought and sustained ability to work his way through intractable problems, such advances as e-mail and the World Wide Web would not have been possible.
the great breakthroughs in understanding which heralded the convergence of computing and communications. To colleagues in the corridors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who used to warn each other about the unsteady advance of Shannon on his unicycle, it may have seemed improbable that he could remain serious for long enough to do any important work. Yet the unicycle was characteristic of his quirky thought processes, and became the topsy-turvy symbol of unorthodox progress towards unexpected theoretical insights.
The ability to make astonishing leaps beyond the intellects of his colleagues (all the more remarkable at MIT, the forcing house of technological theory) had to be acknowledged as genius, and Claude Shannon was recognised as a giant throughout the industry.
The present study investigated how different product presentation formats (visual vs. verbal) influence consumer attitudes toward product and purchase intentions in Internet shopping. The overall results from two Web experiments simulating Internet apparel shopping showed that both visual and verbal information had significant effects on affective and cognitive attitudes toward apparel products, but only verbal information had a significant effect on purchase intention. Though the superiority of visual information was predicted based on prior literature, the results of the study supported verbal superiority. This finding provides an important implication for Internet retailers who tend to pay more attention to visual product presentation. Although visual product presentation is also found to be important, detailed product descriptions are critical to positively influence consumer shopping experience in Internet shopping. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In this paper I revise and expand formulations which distinguished among a number of different types of body movements and facial expressions (Ekman and Friesen 1969). Some of the terminology and most of the conceptual distinctions have been preserved, but refinements and expansions have benefited from empirical findings and theoretical developments. The crucial issue remains to distinguish among quite different activities, which are shown in facial and/or bodily movement, but which have quite different functions, origins and coding.
Sociological analyses of social interaction have been primarily directed toward human-to-human exchange. Recently, some have begun to actively question that stance. Challenges are found in new theoretical ideas and in empirical study — experimental, field, and survey data on people's attitudes and behaviors toward nonhumans. Such developments are leading many scholars to carve out a more central role for animals, objects, images, and both memories and projections of the self and others in the study of social interaction. In this article, I review these innovative ideas, pursuing four specific tasks. First, I briefly review the theoretical grounds that eliminated nonhumans from studies of social interaction. Next, I present new theories and empirical studies that construct a role for nonhumans in social interaction. Third, I review surveys that document popular perceptions of human/nonhuman interaction. I conclude by proposing some conceptual guidelines that might bring nonhumans into our contemporary analytic frames.
This paper summarizes some of the measures of nonverbal behavior that have been found to be significant indicators of a communicator’s
attitude toward, status relative to, and responsiveness to his addressee. The nonverbal cues considered include posture, position,
movement, facial, and implicit verbal cues. In addition to providing criteria for the scoring of these cues, experimental
findings that relate to the various cues are summarized.
This article explores the skills needed for effective communication with people who have dementia. It describes the factors that influence the communication process and the effect this may have on the nurse-patient therapeutic relationship. Cognitive impairment in people with dementia may limit their ability to communicate effectively. This may, in turn, affect the nurse's ability to identify patients' needs. Communication is central to providing good dementia care. The article examines some of the challenges nurses may face when caring for this patient group and suggests some strategies to overcome any barriers, enhance quality of care and improve patient outcomes.
Professor Manning's acclaimed text, is now in its fourth edition. In the new edition, Aubrey Manning has joined forces with Marian Stamp Dawkins, an experienced and accomplished writer, to present a fully revised and updated introduction to the subject. Distinguished by its broad biological approach, which links physiology, ethology, and comparative psychology, and written in a clear, attractive style, this well-illustrated text will be of interest to all students, both undergraduate and graduate, of animal behavior and psychology.
Introduction to kinesics: (An annotation system for analysis of body motion and gesture)
- R L Birdwhistell
- RL Birdwhistell
Lezioni di Linguistica Teorica
- De Mauro
Ineffectively testing the effectiveness of TSA
- P Ekman
Linguistica Elementare. Con Esercizi e Test di Verifica [Elementary linguistics. With exercises and verification tests
- De Mauro
Whistle while going through airport security? TSA is watching you closely
- J Gauntt
Come Fingere di Sapere Tutto sul Conto degli Altri. Introduzione di James Randi [The cold Reading manual. How to pretend you know everything about others
- R Hyman
APA handbook of nonverbal communication
- D Matsumoto
- H C Hwang
- Frank
Il Trucco c’è! Manuale di Mentalismo e Giochi di Prestigio Pseudo-Paranormali. Introduzione di Silvan [The trick is there! Handbook of mentalism and pseudo-paranormal magic tricks
- M Polidoro
- M Tomatis
93% of all communication is nonverbal? Correcting a common misconception of the Mehrabian studies
- H Wahler
Exclusive TSA’s secret behaviour checklist to spot terrorists. The Intercept
- J Winter
- C Currier
On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life
- C Darwin
- M V Simkin
- V P Roychowdhury
Theory of language. The representational function of language. Translated by Donald Fraser Goodwin, in collaboration with Achim Eschbach
- K Bühler