No full-text available
To read the full-text of this research,
you can request a copy directly from the authors.
Nanotechnology and Agroecosystem
Abstract
Nanotechnology is working with the smallest possible particles which raise hopes for improving
agricultural productivity through encountering problems unsolved conventionally. Improvement of crops
in agriculture is a continuous process. Breeding varieties to suite the growing needs are done through
conventional breeding and biotechnical means. Recently scientists have started using nanotechnology
to deliver the genes to specific sites at cellular levels and rearrange the atoms in the DNA of the same
organism to get expression of desired character, thus skipping the time consuming process of
transferring the gene from the foreign organisms. In the management aspects, efforts are made to
increase the efficiency of applied fertilizer with the help of nano clays and zeolites and restoration of
soil fertility by releasing fixed nutrients. Research on smart seeds programmed to germinate under
favourable conditions with nanopolymer coating are encouraging. In the controlled environment
agriculture and precision farming input requirement of crops are diagnosed based on needs and
delivered the required quantities in right time at right place with the help of nanobiosensor and satellite
system. Nanoherbicides are being developed to address the problems in perennial weed management
and exhausting weed seed bank. Remediation of environmental contamination of the industrial waste
and agricultural chemicals like pesticides and herbicide residues are possible through metal
nanoparticles. Details of possibilities and concepts of application of nanotechnology in the crop
production and results obtained already in these areas are reviewed in this paper.
... As indicated by Royal Society, "Nanotechnology is the design, characterization, production and use of structures, devices and frameworks by controlling shape and size at nanometre scale" (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009). Currently nanotechnology is far from logical judgment concrete areas (Baruah and Dutta, 2009). ...
... Currently nanotechnology is far from logical judgment concrete areas (Baruah and Dutta, 2009). In reality, nanotechnology has given the plausibility of exploiting nanoscale or nanostructured materials as fertilizer carriers or controlled-release vectors for building of so-called "smart fertilizer" as new facilities to enhance nutrient use efficiency and diminish expenses of environmental protection (Chinnamuthu andBoopathi, 2009 andCui et al., 2010). ...
... Currently nanotechnology is far from logical judgment concrete areas (Baruah and Dutta, 2009). In reality, nanotechnology has given the plausibility of exploiting nanoscale or nanostructured materials as fertilizer carriers or controlled-release vectors for building of so-called "smart fertilizer" as new facilities to enhance nutrient use efficiency and diminish expenses of environmental protection (Chinnamuthu andBoopathi, 2009 andCui et al., 2010). ...
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising field with potential applications
in various sectors, including agriculture. The integration of nanotechnology in
agriculture has the potential to revolutionize the way crops are grown, protected,
and managed. Nanotechnology enables the development of nanomaterials and
nanodevices with unique properties and functionalities that can be harnessed to address
various agricultural challenges. Nanoparticles, nanofertilizers and nanopesticides are
some examples of nanotechnology-based solutions that offer precise and targeted
interventions. These technologies facilitate the efficient delivery of nutrients, water,
and agrochemicals to plants, thereby minimizing waste and optimizing resource
utilization. In addition to precision farming, nanotechnology also contributes to
sustainable agriculture practices. By minimizing the use of fertilizers, pesticides,
and water, nanotechnology reduces the environmental impact associated with
conventional agricultural practices. Nanopesticides provide targeted pest control,
reducing the need for broad-spectrum chemicals and minimizing their impact on non-target organisms. Furthermore, nanoremediation techniques can help mitigate
soil and water pollution caused by agrochemical runoff, promoting environmental
sustainability. Nanotechnology-mediated precision and sustainable agriculture
offer a paradigm shift in farming practices, enabling precise, efficient, and eco-friendly crop management. By leveraging the unique properties of nanomaterials and nanodevices, agriculture can become more productive, resource-efficient, and
environmentally sustainable.
... Nanotechnology is a new emerging and fascinating field of science, permits advanced research in many areas and applications in the field of biotechnology and agriculture. Nanotechnology is providing feasibility of exploiting nanoscale nanostructure materials as fertilizer carriers or controlled release vectors for building of so called "smart fertilizer" as new facility to enhance nutrient use efficiency and reduce costs of environmental protection (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009) [5] . ...
... Nanotechnology is a new emerging and fascinating field of science, permits advanced research in many areas and applications in the field of biotechnology and agriculture. Nanotechnology is providing feasibility of exploiting nanoscale nanostructure materials as fertilizer carriers or controlled release vectors for building of so called "smart fertilizer" as new facility to enhance nutrient use efficiency and reduce costs of environmental protection (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009) [5] . ...
... Overdose of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers deteriorates the groundwater quality and leads to eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. Further, due to the low of fertiliser use efficiency of conventional fertilisers (30-35%, 18-20%, and 35-40% for N, P, and K, respectively; Subramanian et al. 2015), food production needs to be much more efficient than ever before (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009). ...
... However, going above a specific point can have an inhibitory effect on agricultural plants, which could result in slower crop growth and output. The science of nanotechnology has made it possible to use nanoscale or nanostructured materials as fertiliser carriers or controlled-release carriers in order to lower the expense of environmental protection (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009). Nanofertilisers can be explained as the nanoparticles or nanomaterials that provide nutrition to plants or increase the efficiency of the activities of conventional fertilisers. ...
As per the UN prediction, the world population is to surpass 9 billion by 2050, so is the food demand by at least 70%. To meet this huge demand, the crop production must go hand in hand. It is anticipated that to meet the raised demand, the current production practices would invite anthropogenic stresses on our soil and biosphere. The leftover chemicals seep deep into the ecosystem risking human health and triggering environmental degradation. This is even worsened with the extreme weather events in recent years, affecting farm production and the availability of basic food grains at both the national and international levels. Apart from salinity, unpredicted severe droughts and floods hit the same region causing major problems for farmers, agricultural scientists, and extension workers. This leads to shortage of food grains and increase in price of food grains and inflation which in turn affects the farmers and poor communities the most. There is little chance to things getting better in the near future. Therefore, developing a climate-resilient agriculture (CRA) system is the need of the hour. CRA refers to combined use of natural resources in crop and livestock to attain sustainable productivity and income under varied climatic conditions. Most agricultural soils are deficient of more than one essential nutrients. Fertilisers and supplements are crucial in providing nutrients and high yields. It is estimated that performance of these fertilisers has been 50% or lower for N, less than 10% for P and 40% for K. Nutrient efficiency decreases due to leaching, run off, gas emission, and nutrient fixation in soil. To increase the nutrient efficiency, the best nutrient management strategies should be adopted, depending on the source of nutrients, crop requirements, nutrient level, placement of nutrients associated with the crop, as also climate, soil, and several other factors.
... Nanoparticles have been synthesized using semiconductors, polymers of both synthetic and natural origin, oxides of metals, ceramics, magnetic materials, lipids and emulsions Ruiz-Cañas et al., 2020). Clays, zeolites, zinc oxide (ZnO), silicon oxide (SiO 2) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) are among the inorganic nanoparticles used in this smart delivery system (Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009;. Currently, a variety of products like nano fungicides, bactericides, growth regulators and fertilizers have been developed using nanotechnology applications with the potential to use as agrochemicals (Peters et al., 2014;. ...
... With the advent of "smart fertilizers," in a novel strategy to increase nutrient use effectiveness and lower environmental pollution, nanoscale or nanostructured materials can be employed as fertilizer carriers or vectors for the regulated release of nutrients (Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009). Nanofertilizers are thought of as a unique way to provide nutrients for plant growth in a continuous and controlled way since nanoparticles have a significant capacity to deliver nutrients to target areas in biological systems. ...
Rapidly growing human populations and constantly deteriorating human health due largely to malnutrition is a major global concern. Attempt is therefore made by scientists working in different disciplines like agriculture, food, medical, and other related industries to improve the human health across the globe. The improvement in human health may be achieved by providing nutrient-rich and contaminant-free foods to circumvent many diseases arising due to malnutrition or supply of poor-quality foods to people at global scale. In this context, a recent concept “biofortification” a process which is used to supplement some vital nutrients to many food crops in order to enhance human health via food chain is promoted. The conventional/traditional “biofortification” even though has shown significant success, yet the global scientists working in this area suggest that this process of enriching food crops with essential nutrients can further be improved by adopting/employing biotechnological tool, nanotechnology. Using this technology, edible crops are enriched with indispensable micronutrients in the form of nanoparticles to enhance the quality of human dietary systems with balanced diet via “nano-biofortification.” Among micronutrients, zinc has been recognized as one of the greatest elemental deficiencies that severely destruct growth, production, and nutritional quality of many edible crops. Due to this and many other reasons, like poor consumption, low bioavailability, and several human health problems linked with zinc deficiency, researchers are working to find an economical and sustainable solution to preclude this problem. In this direction, many fortification strategies including nano-biofortification have been found useful in alleviating the zinc deficiency in plants. Broadly, nano-biofortification provides a platform for the utilization of an efficient micronutrient delivery system which is safe, quick, target specific, and sustainable. Realizing the importance of nano-biofortification and impact of zinc deficiency on human health, an attempt is made herein to better understand this process and how this process could alleviate malnutrition in order to enhance human health while supplying zinc using nanoparticles.KeywordsNano-biofortificationCrop nutritionZincNanoparticlesCerealsVegetables
... Nanoparticles have been synthesized using semiconductors, polymers of both synthetic and natural origin, oxides of metals, ceramics, magnetic materials, lipids and emulsions (Kumar et al., 2018;Ruiz-Cañas et al., 2020). Clays, zeolites, zinc oxide (ZnO), silicon oxide (SiO 2) and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) are among the inorganic nanoparticles used in this smart delivery system (Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009;Zhao et al., 2014). Currently, a variety of products like nano fungicides, bactericides, growth regulators and fertilizers have been developed using nanotechnology applications with the potential to use as agrochemicals (Peters et al., 2014;Pestovsky & Martínez-Antonio, 2017). ...
... With the advent of "smart fertilizers," in a novel strategy to increase nutrient use effectiveness and lower environmental pollution, nanoscale or nanostructured materials can be employed as fertilizer carriers or vectors for the regulated release of nutrients (Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009). Nanofertilizers are thought of as a unique way to provide nutrients for plant growth in a continuous and controlled way since nanoparticles have a significant capacity to deliver nutrients to target areas in biological systems. ...
Providing food security is one of the most serious issues in the modern world. In this regard, conventional farming practices must be improved by incorporating new and developing approaches that are both quick and cost-effective. Nowadays, nanotechnology is one of the most important research and development tactics that has consistently assisted mankind in flourishing, even in the face of adversity. Nanotechnology has the potential to contribute significantly towards the upliftment of the agricultural sector, and several research experiments have been done in this regard in recent years (Ditta, 2012). To address global challenges such as a rapidly expanding human population, changing climatic conditions and decreasing accessibility of critical plant macronutrients and other nutrients, agricultural yields should be increased by utilizing a variety of modern approaches. Nanotechnology has also shown the potential in augmenting global food production, improving food nutritional content and reducing leftovers for the “sustainable intensification” of agricultural output (Mousavi & Rezaei, 2011; Pérez-de-Luque, 2017; Bhardwaj et al., 2022). The widespread use of chemicals in the form of pesticides and fertilizers is the leading source of environmental pollution and the extinction of biodiversity in each ecosystem. Overcoming the drawbacks, several nano-based formulations provide channels for fertilizer delivery that are both effective and target-specific, resulting in increased yield and reduced damage. Hence, food security and safety are the main emphasis areas of nanotechnology research in the agricultural aspects which may lead to achieving sustainable crop production goals.
... Controlled nutrition release has been transformed by the use of nanocarriers, which effectively transport nutrients to desired locations (Chinnamuthu et al., 2009;Panpatte et al., 2016). These nanocarriers, which might be lipid-based, polymeric, inorganic, or hybrid, have benefits including stability, nutrient protection, enhanced bioavailability, and controlled release kinetics. ...
... It is clear from different examples that nutrients like nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, and potassium, which are essential for plant growth and development, maybe deficiently detected by nanobiosensors (Fig. 4). Nano-biosensors help optimize nutrient management plans and increase crop yields in agriculture by enabling quick interventions (Chinnamuthu et al., 2009). For treating nutritional shortages and encouraging sustainable agricultural practices, the incorporation of nanotechnology and biorecognition components in nano-biosensors offers considerable potential. ...
A potential strategy to improve fertilizer usage effectiveness, maximize
crop yield, and lessen environmental consequences in agriculture is called
"Nanotechnology in Nutrition Management." This chapter gives a general
overview of the use of nanotechnology in nutrition management,
highlighting its advantages and exploring the prospects and difficulties of its
use. Unique potential to enhance nutrient management techniques is
presented by the incorporation of nanomaterials and nanotechnology
concepts. As transporters of nutrients at the nanoscale, nano-fertilizers offer
regulated release mechanisms that effectively feed nutrients to plants. They
increase the intake of nutrients, reduce losses, and lessen environmental
contamination. Nano-sensors provide accurate nutrient management choices
by enabling real-time monitoring of nutrient levels in soil, plant tissues, and
irrigation water. Nanomaterials used in soil amendment and cleanup increase
plant growth, nutrient availability, and soil fertility. Enhancing nutrient
adsorption, reducing leaching, and enabling regulated nutrient release are all
made possible by functionalized nanoparticles. Nutrient shortages may be
found using nanotechnology-based methods like nano-biosensors and
nanoscale imaging techniques, which allow for focused treatments and more
effective fertilizer use. Despite the significant advantages of nanotechnology
in nutrition control, difficulties still exist. Safety and environmental impact
evaluations are necessary to ensure proper use. To assess the long-term
consequences of nanomaterials on ecosystems, human health, and soil
health, it is essential to comprehend the fate, transport, and accumulation of
nanomaterials in the soil-plant system. Nutrient management with
nanotechnology has the potential for sustainable agriculture. Utilizing the
special qualities of nanomaterials, it is possible to increase agricultural yield,
decrease environmental effects, and optimize fertilizer utilization. To fully
realize the promise of nanotechnology in nutrient management, assuring
safety and sustainability, further study, collaboration, and regulation are
required.
... As per the findings of Chinnamuthu and Boopathi (2009), nanotechnology holds considerable promise for effecting substantial transformations in the field of agriculture. Today, the field of nanotechnology is expanding quickly transdisciplinary scientific field that integrates using physics, chemistry, and engineering biology and does away with the conventional borders separating them (Ray et al., 2009). ...
Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology book series aims to bring together leading academic scientists, researchers and research scholars to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology. The field of advanced and applied Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology has not only helped the development in various fields in Science and Technology but also contributes the improvement of the quality of human life to a great extent. The focus of the book would be on state-of-the-art technologies and advances in Chemical, Material Sciences & Nano technology and to provides a remarkable opportunity for the academic, research and industrial communities to address new challenges and share solutions.
... Moreover, nanosensors can be employed for real-time monitoring of soil conditions, water quality, and crop health, aiding precision agriculture practices (Kah et al., 2018;Kaushal and Wani, 2017). Formulation of nanoparticles with the characteristics like nano-size (1-100 nm), large surface-to-volume ratio, alterable physicochemical properties, high electrical and heat conductivity, enhanced photoemission and improved surface catalytic properties continues to increase crop productivity and sustainability (Berekaa, 2015;Bhan et al., 2018;Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009;Misra et al., 2013;Raliya et al., 2017). Nanotechnology is a great hope that may convert conventional agriculture into precision agriculture. ...
Global warming and climate change have favored the resurgence of arthropod pests and their short lifecycle. The massive use of synthetic chemicals for insect pest control has indirectly favored global warming, ecotoxicity, and insecticide resistance in agricultural arthropod pests. Additionally, the increasing population of the world required more food, and a significant proportion of the agricultural produced is deteriorated by arthropod pests and other biotic and abiotic factors. Recently, nanotechnology has revolutionized the agricultural industries in the current era. Extremely small size and physio-morphic properties of nanomaterials have attracted the interest of researchers to develop nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and nano-herbicides that have overwhelmed the aforementioned problems and increase crop productivity. Micronutrient based nano-pesticides like Ag, ZnO, TiO 2 , Cu, and SiO 2 have not only enhanced the arthropod pest's biogenicity but also boost-up crop productivity. There are some apprehensions regarding nanomaterial synthesis and usage as nano-pesticides but the physio-morphic characteristics of nanostructured metals offers a cheap and excellent solution for pest control. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the global trend in nanomaterial usage for controlling important agricultural arthropod pests. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the research landscape and identify key trends in this field. The review encompasses various aspects, including the emergence of chemical pesticides, the fate of pesticides in arthropod pest management, and the detrimental effects of pesticides on the ecosystem. The role of nanotechnology in agroecosystems is discussed, specifically focusing on the utilization of nanomaterials in arthropod pest management. The review provides an in-depth analysis of the role of silver, zinc, copper, titanium, gold, iron, silica, and aluminum nanoparticles in pest control, highlighting their efficacy and mechanisms of action. The findings underscore the importance of continued research and responsible implementation to overcome the limitations and harness the full potential of nanomaterials in arthropod pest management for the benefit of sustainable agriculture. ☆ This article is part of a special issue entitled: "Novel approaches to alleviate Abiotic Stresses in Crop Plants using new engineering nanoparticles" published at the journal Plant Stress. * Corresponding authors.
... Therefore, producing nutritive agricultural products rich in protein and other critical elements needed for human and animal consumption will be necessary in the future. For this reason, focus should be put on producing high-quality food with a sufficient amount of nutrients and proteins (Chinnamuthu and Boopati, 2009). ...
"Novel Approaches in Agronomy" explores cutting-edge techniques and technologies transforming agricultural practices. It covers advancements in precision farming, sustainable crop management, biotechnology, and climate-resilient strategies. The book aims to enhance productivity, reduce environmental impact, and address food security challenges, providing a comprehensive guide for modern agronomists and researchers.
... Chinnamuthu and Boopathi [74] reported that nanopore carrying zeolite for delayed discharge and greater enricher efficiency, soil quality monitoring with nanosensors, and eased herbicide delivery methods are some of the good effects of nanotechnology application in agriculture. Carbon NPs, silica NPs, silver NPs, and aluminosilicates are some of the NPs used to monitor plant diseases. ...
The quest to enhance food security for all continuously drives the need for the massive use of agrochemicals, which has resulted in a severe influence on biodiversity , human health and several environmental challenges. However, to overcome the aforementioned challenges and many more, nanotechnology has come in handy to ensure sustainable agriculture. Nanotechnology produces nanomaterials that are natural polymers ranging in size between 10 and 100 nm with a high surface area-to-volume ratio and a wide range of applications. They are considered environmentally friendly, with lots of prospects, particularly in the area of green nanotechnology. The types of nanoparticles discussed include lipid, polymeric, ceramic, semiconductor, and metal nanoparticles. Nanotechnology has found applications in the detection and remediation of environmental pollutants, water and soil remediation, energy generation , crop improvement, and plant pathology. The use of nanotechnology products like biofertilizers, bioherbicides, and biopesticides serves as suitable replacement for agrochemicals. Nanomaterials help to regulate nutrient uptake, ensure the quality of water and pesticides, enhance disease resistance, and facilitate bioremediation by enhancing microbes responsible for heavy metal biodegradation. This chapter finally concludes that nanotechnology is useful in improving microbial activities, promoting long-term food security, and protecting the environment by improving soil health, plant growth, and food safety.
... The use of nanotechnology in modern agriculture has advantages for the ecosystem as well. As an interdisciplinary area of science, nanotechnology is being used as a potent method to empower the agriculture industry by increasing crop production and reducing the use of pesticides (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009;Mousavi and Rezaei, 2011;Tudi et al., 2021). Plant nanoparticles are rapidly being used as ingredients in novel fertilizers and products to extend the life of fresh flowers (Song et al., 2021). ...
Nanomaterials exhibit distinctive advantages due to their characteristic size range falling within 1-100 nanometers, which can easily penetrate through plant cell membranes. The application of plant-derived smoke (PDS) solutions is also recognized for its beneficial impact on seed germination and growth of diverse plant species. In this context, in the present study, we investigated the effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs), PDS, and their combined application on pea seeds, and thereafter evaluated a spectrum of morphological and biochemical growth parameters. The results demonstrated that SiO2 NPs significantly enhanced pea seed germination, seedling length/weight, secondary root formation, as well as key biochemical indicators including photosynthetic pigments, total soluble sugars, and protein content. Notably, the PDS solution also exerted a significant positive influence on all growth parameters in comparison to that of SiO2 NPs. However, the combined application of SiO2 NPs and PDS exhibited superior effects on the morphological and biochemical growth characteristics as compared to their individual applications. From these findings, it can be concluded that both SiO2 NPs and PDS solutions, whether used independently or in combination, impart beneficial effects on the morphological and biochemical growth parameters of pea plants. This research highlights the potential of SiO2 NPs and PDS solutions as promising tools for enhancing plant growth and seedling development. Future studies could further explore the underlying mechanisms and optimize application methods for maximizing the beneficial effects of these materials, thus contributing to sustainable agricultural practices and improved crop yields.
... The science of nanotechnology has provided feasibility for the utilization of nanoscale or nanostructured materials such as fertilizer carriers or controlled-release carriers for building the 'smart fertilizer' to reduce costs of environmental protection (Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009). Nanomaterials (NMs) are defined as compounds that contain nanoparticles with at least one dimension ranging from 1 to 100 nm (US Environmental Protection Agency). ...
Fertilizers play a crucial role in enhancing the productivity of plants. However, low nutrient use efficiencies of conventional fertilizers (CFs) associated with several losses have led to widespread multi-nutrient deficiencies in the soil and lower productivity. Furthermore, their excess application has caused serious damage to the soil and environment. Recently, nanotechnology has broadened its applicability in plant nutrition and has paved a way for the production of nanoparticle-induced fertilizers. Therefore, nanofertilizers stand out as promising alternative to CFs for sustainable agriculture. Nanofertilizers are composed of nanoparticles that contain macro- and micronutrients and deliver them in a controlled way to the plant's rhizosphere. This contributes to the enhanced nutrient utilization efficiency. This review delves into the effect of nanotechnology-based nanofertilizers in different forms and dosages on soil properties and plant development. Additionally, the mechanism underlying absorption of nanofertilizers and their advantages and limitations have also been discussed. A thorough comparison between conventional and nanofertilizers has also been made in this review in terms of their nutrient delivery mechanism, efficiency and application. As the use of nanoparticle-embedded fertilizers in plant nutrition is still in its infancy, this review can serve as a guide for future investigations to enhance the knowledge of the use of nanoparticles in the mineral nutrition of different crops.
... It is difficult to control these invasives at the agroforest ecosystem level. The use of nanoherbicides to manage these on a large scale has only been suggested by a small number of studies (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009). The risk of forest fires is rising due to the thickness of the population, the slow spread of cities, attacks on the wildland-urban interface (WUI), and changes in land use plans that conflict with societal and environmental assurance. ...
Nanofertilizers are important in agriculture and agroforestry to boost nutrient use efficiency, lower fertilizer waste, and lower cultivation costs while also enhancing crop growth and yield. Nanofertilizers provide more surface area for different metabolic reactions in the plant which accelerates photosynthesis and increases the amount of dry matter and productivity of crops and trees. Nanofertilizers are particularly useful for precise nutrient management in precision agriculture. According to studies, applying nanofertilizers minimizes soil toxicity, reduces the risk of adverse side effects from overdosing, and increases the nutrient use efficiency. Due to the scarcity of arable land and water, the development of the agricultural sector can only be achieved by improving resource use efficiency through efficient utilization of modern technologies. One of these technologies is nanotechnology, which has the potential to completely transform agricultural systems. Consequently, nanotechnology has a great potential to promote sustainable agriculture, particularly in underdeveloped nations.
... The production of green ZnO NPs using Rhamnus triquetra and Lantana camara demonstrates antibacterial properties against microbes (Altabbaa et al., 2023a). Nano pore zeolite, as reported by Chinnamuthu and Boopathi (2009), enhances the efficacy of Nano sensors for soil quality assessment and herbicide delivery systems in agriculture. Nanoparticles like carbon, silica, silver, and alumino-silicate are employed for plant infection detection, minimizing the need for chemical spraying and ensuring a consistent release of active molecules. ...
Agricultural productivity faces significant challenges due to global population growth, contributing to a worldwide food crisis. Various stressors such as fungi, bacteria, salinity, ozone, UV-B radiation, drought, and metal toxicity further exacerbate yield losses. To address these issues, agricultural management employs diverse practices aimed at minimizing yield loss and environmental impact. In the pursuit of sustainable solutions, exogenous protectants, considered green technologies, play a crucial role in crop protection and nutrient management. Nanotechnology emerges as a promising green technology for soil fortification and enhancing agricultural production by activating nutrients and energy in plant cells. Nanoparticles find applications in the form of Nano fertilizers, Nano pesticides, and Nano fungicides, contributing to improved crop yields. A range of nanoparticles, including titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, gold, and silver, are currently utilised for soil fertility enhancement, nutrient management, and increased crop production. Moreover, nanoparticles demonstrate efficacy as remedies against both abiotic and biotic stresses, providing a comprehensive strategy for stress tolerance management. This review aims to assess the effectiveness and mechanisms of nanoparticles in enhancing soil fertility and promoting eco-friendly agricultural production. The insights gained from this study are pivotal for the development of environmentally friendly nanotechnologies, ultimately contributing to the mitigation of global food crises.
... In general, nanoparticle size less than 20 nm is the best for penetration through foliar application. Nanotechnology has provided the feasibility of exploiting nanoscale or nanostructured material as fertiliser carries or controlled release vectors for building of so-called "smart fertiliser " as new facilities to enhance nutrient use efficiency and reduce cost of environmental protection (7,8). Encapsulation of fertilisers within a nanoparticle is one of these new facilities which are done in three ways: (i) Nutrient can be encapsulated inside nanoporas materials, (ii) coated with thin polymer film, or (iii) delivered as particle or emulsions of nanoscale dimensions (9). ...
Increasing the nutrient use efficiency of the soil through Nanotechnological approach
... There are currently many nanopesticides, nanofungicides, nanoinsecticides, and other nanobased products available on the market, and many more are currently in the research and development stage. As a result, copper nanoparticles would be the most in-demand nanoformulations in the agricultural industry, and they may shortly be put to use in a variety of plant protection applications (Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009;Waris et al., 2021). ...
Throughout this chapter, we discuss how nanotechnology can be used to
progress our knowledge of antifungal agents that are produced using environmentally
friendly processes that can be used in agriculture
... Chinnamuthu and Boopathi [74] reported that nanopore carrying zeolite for delayed discharge and greater enricher efficiency, soil quality monitoring with nanosensors, and eased herbicide delivery methods are some of the good effects of nanotechnology application in agriculture. Carbon NPs, silica NPs, silver NPs, and aluminosilicates are some of the NPs used to monitor plant diseases. ...
... Dashora and Sharma proved that a majority of such nanoherbicides eradicate only the above ground part of herbs and weeds and viable underground plants; plants, namely, tubers or rhizomes remain unaffected, which may lead to generation of new growth in the next season ( Dashora and In general, the nanoherbicide produced with nanocarrier penetrates the root system of herbs or weeds and inhibits glycolysis in the root system, and due to starving or lack of food, the speci c herb or weed ultimately gets destroyed ( Hess 2018 ). Also, Chinnamuthu and Boopathi proved that the detoxi cation of weed is mandatory as prolonged use of herbicide leaves the herbicide residue in the soil and that may also affect the desired crop and soil quality ( Chinnamuthu and Boopathi 2009 ). Perhaps it was also stated that continuous use of the same herbicide for long durations makes the herb or weed resistant to that particular herbicide. ...
... Moreover, nanosensors can be employed for real-time monitoring of soil conditions, water quality, and crop health, aiding precision agriculture practices (Kah et al., 2018;Kaushal and Wani, 2017). Formulation of nanoparticles with the characteristics like nano-size (1-100 nm), large surface-to-volume ratio, alterable physicochemical properties, high electrical and heat conductivity, enhanced photoemission and improved surface catalytic properties continues to increase crop productivity and sustainability (Berekaa, 2015;Bhan et al., 2018;Chinnamuthu and Boopathi, 2009;Misra et al., 2013;Raliya et al., 2017). Nanotechnology is a great hope that may convert conventional agriculture into precision agriculture. ...
... Moreover, nanosensors can be employed for real-time monitoring of soil conditions, water quality, and crop health, aiding precision agriculture practices (Kah et al., 2018;Kaushal & Wani, 2017). Formulation of nanoparticles with the characteristics like nano-size (1-100 nm), large surface-to-volume ratio, alterable physicochemical properties, high electrical and heat conductivity, enhanced photoemission and improved surface catalytic properties continues to increase crop productivity and sustainability (Berekaa, 2015;Bhan et al., 2018;Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009;Misra et al., 2013;Raliya et al., 2017). Nanotechnology is a great hope that may convert conventional agriculture into precision agriculture. ...
Global warming and climate change have favored the resurgence of arthropod pests and their short lifecycle. The massive use of synthetic chemicals for insect pest control has indirectly favored global warming, ecotoxicity, and insecticide resistance in agricultural arthropod pests. Additionally, the increasing population of the world required more food, and a significant proportion of the agricultural produced is deteriorated by arthropod pests and other biotic and abiotic factors. Recently, nanotechnology has revolutionized the agricultural industries in the current era. Extremely small size and physio-morphic properties of nanomaterials have attracted the interest of researchers to develop nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and nano-herbicides that have overwhelmed the aforementioned problems and increase crop productivity. Micronutrient based nano-pesticides like Ag, ZnO, TiO 2 , Cu, and SiO 2 have not only enhanced the arthropod pest's biogenicity but also boost-up crop productivity. There are some apprehensions regarding nanomaterial synthesis and usage as nano-pesticides but the physio-morphic characteristics of 3 nanostructured metals offers a cheap and excellent solution for pest control. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the global trend in nanomaterial usage for controlling important agricultural arthropod pests. A bibliometric analysis was conducted to evaluate the research landscape and identify key trends in this field. The review encompasses various aspects, including the emergence of chemical pesticides, the fate of pesticides in arthropod pest management, and the detrimental effects of pesticides on the ecosystem. The role of nanotechnology in agroecosystems is discussed, specifically focusing on the utilization of nanomaterials in arthropod pest management. The review provides an in-depth analysis of the role of silver, zinc, copper, titanium, gold, iron, silica, and aluminum nanoparticles in pest control, highlighting their efficacy and mechanisms of action. The findings underscore the importance of continued research and responsible implementation to overcome the limitations and harness the full potential of nanomaterials in arthropod pest management for the benefit of sustainable agriculture.
Cotton seeds have poorer germination than other crops because of their high sensitivity towards insect pests and other biotic and abiotic stresses during the germination process. In the present study, inorganic bulk and nano nutrients of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles were synthesized using the chemical reduction method and invigourated with cotton seeds. The characterization of nanoparticles was done by FESEM, HRTEM, UV/Vis analysis and FTIR. The delinted and fuzzy seeds of two American cotton varieties (H 1300 and H 1098-i) were nano-primed for 10 h with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) @ 400 ppm and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) @ 100 ppm. After nanoparticle invigouration, the seeds were analyzed for various parameters at different intervals (0 months, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months) such as germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, electrical conductivity, dehydrogenase activity, antioxidant enzyme activity. The results indicated that that different storage periods and nanopriming treatments had significant effects on all seed quality parameters except the effect of nanopriming treatments on germination percentage (excluding delinted seeds of H 1098-i). It is also revealed that the interaction effect of nanopriming treatment and storage period was non-significant on all parameters except EC. Maximum reduction in seed quality parameters was observed in control treatment and minimum was found when seeds were nanoprimed with ZnONPs @ 400 ppm. The differences in the response for both NPs can be attributed to their surface charge, and concentration used. Overall, ZnONPs and TiO2NPs could hold seed quality and vigour during the storage of cotton seeds of American varieties (H 1300 and H 1098-i).
The aim of this study was to assess the influence of hydrogel and zinc oxide nanoparticles on quinoa germination and establishment. Various doses of a commercial potassium-based hydrogel (0, 5, 7, and 9 g), each dissolved in one liter of rainwater, were applied. Additionally, 1.5 g of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) and pre-crushed nitrogen fertilizer, at a rate of 1.6 kg/ha, were added to the solution to achieve a homogeneous mixture. Following the application of hydrogel in the 10-linear-meter rows corresponding to each treatment area in every block, 25 seeds per linear meter of the "Blanca de Juli" quinoa cultivar were sown with a 4 cm spacing between the seeds. Subsequently, a thin layer of soil, approximately 0.5 cm thick, was used to cover the seeds. Ten seedlings were randomly selected and labeled for subsequent evaluations. The experimental design employed in this research was a completely randomized block design. The collected data underwent an analysis of variance, and the means of all the treatments were compared using Tukey's test with a 5% probability. Height and diameter evaluations of the plant neck were conducted every 45 days. The doses used in this study (5, 7, and 9 g of hydrogel per liter of water) significantly enhanced seed germination and increased the number of plants per linear meter (from 82.00 to 90.33) compared to the control dose without hydrogel (14.66), which resulted in an average of one plant per linear meter.
Conventional agricultural practices often rely heavily on large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides, which can have detrimental effects on both existing organisms and ecosystems. In contrast, sustainable agriculture advocates for minimal use of agrochemicals to safeguard the environment and conserve various species.. Various techniques, including geoinformatics and the utilization of nanoparticles and nanoionics, contribute to advancements in agricultural productivity, poverty reduction, and food security. Geoinformatics methods aid in identifying soil types and their structures. Nanotechnology offers significant benefits in agriculture, including the development of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, which enhance productivity without soil degradation while providing protection against insect pests and microbial diseases. This chapter aims to critically underscore the importance of geoinformatics, nanoparticles, and nanobionics as emerging tools for achieving sustainable agriculture.
The growth of nanotechnology and its applications has improved agricultural activities in diverse ways. One of the most challenging factors in modern day agriculture is weed infestation. Farmers in order to solve these issues have considered the use of synthetic herbicides, which has caused serious environmental concern over the years. For this purpose, bioherbicides, such as the use of biological organisms , control weed advancement. Biological management, on the other hand, has drawbacks in that it is a long-term activity with variable outcomes and only works on a limited number of weeds. Furthermore, this method is insufficient. In order to provide a more efficient method of sustainable weed removal, nanobioherbicide was considered. Bionanoherbicides are based on the creation of multifunctional organic and inorganic nanocarriers with hierarchical architectures that allow for both immediate and long-term delivery. However, researchers have shown concern on the possible effects of these nanocarriers on the photosynthetic capabilities of plants. This chapter provides in-depth knowledge concerning nanobioherbicides and its mode of action as well as its possible impacts on photosynthetic pigments.
As a result of human activities, notably the combustion of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas, carbon dioxide (CO2) levels have considerably increased. Due to the increase in atmospheric CO2 over the past 250 years from around 280 to more than 380 parts per million (ppm) global warming has been seen. Sea-level rise, droughts, and tropical storms are among potential negative consequences. To reduce the effects of rising atmospheric CO2, technically and economically feasible measures are required.
In the developing field of myconanotechnology, fungi can be used to create nanomaterials or nanostructures with desired shape and size. The word “myconanotechnology” was coined by Rai M of India. It is described as the provision of nanoparticles by fungus and their subsequent application, mainly in healthcare, environmental, and medical sectors. It investigates silver nanoparticle production by important fungi, such as mushrooms, Fusarium, Trichoderma, Endophytic fungus, and yeast. Silver nanoparticles synthesized using fungi enable the control of pathogens, with low toxicity and good biocompatibility. The section focuses on experiments that used fungus to make silver nanoparticles synthesis, creation of nanoparticles of various sizes, surface charges, and morphologies and the synthesis can be optimized by adjusting parameters such as temperature, pH and silver precursor concentration. This chapter reviewed the potential of fungal mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and its importance in biological functions.
Nanotechnology has become one of the pillars of modern scientific research. The evolution of nano-based products and nanomaterials in the past few years has immensely benefited the entire economy and society. Over the last two decades, we have observed a steady increase in the number of industries producing nano-based products and the number of countries promoting nanotechnology. This chapter highlights this commercialization aspect of nanoscience. We have found a continuous increase in the number of patents registered under nanotechnology worldwide between 2000 and 2020. More importantly, the ratio of nanotechnology to nominal GDP has increased significantly, suggesting that the contribution of nanotechnology to World GDP has increased. Nanotechnology has also played a key role in new job creation. This chapter also points out a few negative aspects of nanoscience from the socioeconomic perspective.
The excessive and mostly unregulated use of synthetic chemical fertilizers to cope with the rising global food demand has a constant detrimental effect on farming ecosystems as well as the quality of food supply through fertilized produce (various contaminants, loss of gross nutritional value, etc.). Hence, it’s vital to reduce the bioburden on farming ecosystems through sustainable alternatives without compromising food quality, produce yield, or comprehensively, food security. A nanohybrid solution like nanofertilizers (NFs) could be a suitable alternative to chemical fertilizers. NFs have several proven advantages, including improved growth promotion in crops, ease of consistent delivery, enhancement of gross biomass, and aiding in the development of resistance against multiple stress factors. Furthermore, the implementation of nanomaterials in post-harvest processes through different bioprotectants and nanosensors can reduce petroleum footprints in the ecosystem. Hence, NFs seem to be a good alternative to chemical fertilizers. However, while the multi-faceted applications and advantages of NFs have opened new vistas to promote and incorporate them in sustainable agricultural practices, their dosage and toxicity concerns should be addressed before their full potential can be exploited with more certainty.
This study examines the effects of year, drought stress, and different fertilizer treatments on rosemary's growth, nutrient assimilation, and essential oil yield. Optimal growth was observed in the second year, while drought stress negatively impacted growth, which could be ameliorated by the application of nano-bio-fertilizers and bio-fertilizers. During the two-year study on rosemary, the second year displayed superior vegetative growth, but drought stress in the first year reduced essential oil percentage to 0.325% without fertilizers. Applying bio-fertilizers and nano bio-fertilizers, especially the nano-biofertilizer, increased the essential oil percentage to 1.57% in the second year despite a 30% accessible moisture condition. Under drought, rosemary's potassium levels in leaves increased, while nitrogen and phosphorus decreased, signifying shifts in nutrient uptake. Our research suggests that strategic fertilizer application can mitigate the adverse impacts of drought stress, optimizing growth and essential oil production in rosemary. However, more research is needed to understand these observations and create more effective cultivation strategies for medicinal plants.
Both synchrotron radiation based soft-X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant soft-X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) on a variety of nano-structured systems has yielded characteristic fingerprints. With high-resolution monochromatized synchrotron radiation excitation, resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) has emerged as a new source of information about electronic structure and excitation dynamics of nanomaterials. The selectivity of the excitation, in terms of energy and polarization, has also facilitated studies of emission anisotropy. Various features observed in resonant emission spectra have been identified and studied.
We synthesized multimetal microrods intrinsically encoded with submicrometer stripes. Complex striping patterns are readily
prepared by sequential electrochemical deposition of metal ions into templates with uniformly sized pores. The differential
reflectivity of adjacent stripes enables identification of the striping patterns by conventional light microscopy. This readout
mechanism does not interfere with the use of fluorescence for detection of analytes bound to particles by affinity capture,
as demonstrated by DNA and protein bioassays.
Fundamentals of Weed Science, Fifth Edition, provides the latest information on this constantly advancing area of study. Placing weed management in the largest context of weed research and science, the book presents the latest advances in the role, control and potential uses of weed plants. From the emergence and genetic foundation of weeds, to the latest means of control and environmental impact, the book uses an ecological framework to explore the role of responsible and effective weed control in agriculture. In addition, users will find discussions of related areas where research is needed for additional understanding. Explored topics include the roles of culture, economics and politics in weed management, all areas that enable scientists and students to further understand the larger effects on society. Completely revised with 35% new content Contains expanded coverage of ethnobotany, the specific identity and role of invasive weed species, organic agriculture, and herbicide resistance in GM crops Includes an emphasis on herbicide resistance and molecular biology, both of which have come to dominate weed science research Covers all traditional aspects of weed science as well as current research Provides broad coverage, including relevant related subjects like weed ecology and weed population genetics.
The implementation of nanotechnology in food science is discussed. The developments include the incorporation of miniscule carbon nanotubes into polymer substrates developed into electrically conductive membranes that can minimize the energy losses that occur when the feedstock is heated, and limit the detrimental effects of prolonged heating on the nutritional and sensory properties of the food. Chip-based sensing for rapid detection of biological pathogens is another new area with potential for application in food handling, processing, and in early warning regarding exposure to bacteria, viruses and other antigens. The applications of atomic force microscopy in nondestructive topographical analysis of delicate biomaterials are also elaborated.
A bird's eye review was tried to select the bio-rational targets from known and novel plant-specific ones for the molecular design of modern herbicides, which exhibit efficient phytotoxicity at a low-use rate and preserve a good environment in the 21st century. In phytotoxic sites in the photosynthetic electron transport (PET) system discussed in the present article (Part 1), the generally called bleaching herbicides interfering with the biosynthesis of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophylls and carotenoids, and the biosynthesis of plastoquinone, were considered to be good models for the molecular design of modern herbicides. The PET itself was still considered as an interesting target site for new herbicides, although they need to exert their action in all green leaves of weeds to achieve herbicidal efficacy. Because these herbicides never form a tight binding with D1-protein, their use-rate cannot be expected to be as low as the herbicides inhibiting chlorophyll or branched amino-acid biosynthesis. Other herbicidal targets found in chloroplasts, namely ATP and NADPH formations, have already been omitted from the worldwide biorational molecular design program of herbicides targeting the PET system.
To a large extent our work has grown out of the remote sensing technology and conceptual framework developed by geologists. For example the drive to look at the physics of reflectance and atmospheric corrections is rooted in work done in the early 1980s by the United States Geological Survey and NASA. Our work on emissivity and thermal behavior of plants pulls on research done using the Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner, an instrument originally conceived for geologic applications. Even our ability to geometrically map the airborne imagery onto the globe was explicitly developed because of need to map sediment flow patterns in along the coast of Louisiana. Growing from this base we have learned much in the last few years and believe our integration of geologic remote sensing with the other fields of expertise was a wise investment. Clearly none of the specialties alone could develop, let alone test, the basic approach we are now finding so powerful. This is the path that will ultimately give the information needed by the farmer. We also recognize how small a portion of the total problem has been solved. Having developed the basic logic, built proto-type tools and performed initial tests everything else remains to be done. And problems, scientific and practical, are everywhere. We have not established sensitivities. We have not robustly segregated the contributions of crop residue, soil moisture, shadows, plant and soil to the energy leaving the surface. What we do is extremely expensive and difficult. It is experimental in methodology and uses research oriented tools. We are constantly alive to the practicality of moving our results into commercial applications. We know another airborne instrument will have to be available. Atmospheric parameters will have to be measured automatically. The software will have to be re-written for speed. At times the list of problems seems endless. But the potential is also enormous. Agriculture is a huge portion of our economy. Just a one percent increase in efficiency is a $2,000,000 change. We all depend on farmers, literally for the bread we eat. No other activity of man even has an impact on the land that farming has. If application of precision agriculture can nelp farmers manage their land better, we all may benefit.
Cells represent the minimum functional and integrating communicable unit of living systems. Cultured cells both transduce and transmit a variety of chemical and physical signals, i.e., production of specific substances and proteins, throughout their life cycle within specific tissues and organs. Such cellular responses might be usefully employed as parameters to obtain chemical information for both pharmaceutical and chemical safety, and drug efficacy profiles in vitro as a screening tool. However, such cellular signals are very weak and not easily detected with conventional analytical methods. By using micro- and nanobiotechnology methods integrated on-chip, a higher sensitivity and signal amplification has been developed for cellular biosensing. Micro- and nanotechnology is rapidly evolving to open new combinations of methods with improved technical performance, helping to resolve challenging bioanalytical problems including sensitivity, signal resolution and specificity by interfacing these technologies in small volumes in order to confirm specific cellular signals. Integration of cell signals in both rapid time and small space, and importantly, between different cell populations (communication and systems modeling) will permit many more valuable measurements of the dynamic aspects of cell responses to various chosen stimuli and their feedback. This represents the future for cell-based biosensing.
Nanotechnology extends the limits of molecular diagnostics to the nanoscale. Nanotechnology-on-a-chip is one more dimension of microfluidic/lab-on-a-chip technology. Biological tests measuring the presence or activity of selected substances become quicker, more sensitive and more flexible when certain nanoscale particles are put to work as tags or labels. Magnetic nanoparticles, bound to a suitable antibody, are used to label specific molecules, structures or microorganisms. Magnetic immunoassay techniques have been developed in which the magnetic field generated by the magnetically labeled targets is detected directly with a sensitive magnetometer. Gold nanoparticles tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of genetic sequence in a sample. Multicolor optical coding for biological assays has been achieved by embedding different-sized quantum dots into polymeric microbeads. Nanopore technology for analysis of nucleic acids converts strings of nucleotides directly into electronic signatures. DNA nanomachines can function as biomolecular detectors for homogeneous assays. Nanobarcodes, submicrometer metallic barcodes with striping patterns prepared by sequential electrochemical depositon of metal, show differential reflectivity of adjacent stripes enabling identification of the striping patterns by conventional light microscopy. All this has applications in population diagnostics and in point-of-care hand-held devices.
A sensitive, specific, and rapid method for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 was demonstrated using quantum dots (QDs) as a fluorescence marker coupled with immunomagnetic separation. Magnetic beads coated with anti-E. coli O157 antibodies were employed to selectively capture the target bacteria, and biotin-conjugated anti-E. coli antibodies were added to form sandwich immuno complexes. After magnetic separation, the immuno complexes were labeled with QDs via biotin-streptavidin conjugation. This was followed by a fluorescence measurement using a laptop-controlled portable device, which consisted of a blue LED and a CCD-array spectrometer. The peak intensity of the fluorescence emission was proportional to the initial cell concentration of E. coli O157:H7 in the range of 10(3)-10(7) CFU/mL with a detection limit at least 100 times lower than that of the FITC-based method. The total detection time was less than 2 h. Neither E. coli K12 nor Salmonella typhimurium interfered with the detection of E. coli O157:H7.
Gains from trade come from a certain degree of specialization among trade partners. Specialization in the case of an agriculture-based developing country might be feared to imply a higher reliance than ever on low skill labor. Trade might thus be seen as a step away from the much awaited structural transformation of the economy, which can only come with increases in productivity. In this paper, we suggest that it needs not be the case. We show, within a dynamic general equilibrium model, that trade openness can in fact trigger the structural transformation of such an agrarian society. It can induce a higher reliance on human capital accumulation and produce the necessary productivity gains for an economy to pick up. Our model provides an illustration of the mechanics behind such structural transformation.
Securely wrapped: Science for a Better Life
- Bayer
Bayer. 2005. Securely wrapped: Science for a Better
Life. http://www.research.bayer.com/medien/
pages/2999/polyamides.pdf.
Micro and Nano Technologies in Bioanalysis: Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Delivery
- Sha Jin
- John C Leach
- Kaiming Ye
Sha Jin, John C. Leach and Kaiming Ye. 2009. Micro
and Nano Technologies in Bioanalysis:
Nanoparticle-Mediated Gene Delivery. In
Methods in Molecular Biology, Robert S. Foote
and James Weifu Lee (Eds), Humana Press,
LLC., USA.
India looks to nanotechnology to boost agriculture
- M Sreelata
Sreelata, M. 2008. India looks to nanotechnology to
boost agriculture. http://www.scidev.net/en/
news/india-looks-to-nanotechnology-to-boostagriculture.html
Remediation of herbicide atrazine through metal nano particle
- V S Susha
- C R Chinnamuthu
- K Pandian
Susha, V.S., Chinnamuthu, C. R. and Pandian, K.
2009. Remediation of herbicide atrazine
through metal nano particle. Paper presented
in the International Conference on Magnetic
Materials and their Applications in the 21st
Century, October 21-23, 2008. Organized by
the Magnetic Society of India, National
Physical Laboratory, New Delhi.
Herbicides affecting the structure and function of chloroplasts (1)
- K Wakabayashi
- Y Sato
Wakabayashi, K. and Sato, Y. 1992a. Herbicides
affecting the structure and function of
chloroplasts (1). Japan Pesticide Information,
60: 25-31.
Plant nutrient management through nanofertilizers
- K S Subramanian
- C Paulraj
- S Natarajan
Subramanian, K.S., Paulraj, C. and Natarajan, S.
2007. Plant nutrient management through
nanofertilizers. In Application of Nanotechnology
in Agriculture, C.R. Chinnamuthu, B.
Chandrasekaran, and C. Ramasamy (Eds),
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore,
India.
Nanotechnology for Agriculture and Food Systems-A View Microelectronics, School of Advanced Technologies, Asian Institute of Technology
- H C Warad
- J Dutta
Warad H. C. and J. Dutta. 1995. Nanotechnology
for Agriculture and Food Systems-A View
Microelectronics, School of Advanced
Technologies, Asian Institute of Technology,
Thailand. http://www.nano.ait.ac.th.
Weed management through nanoherbicides
- C R Chinnamuthu
- E Kokiladevi
Chinnamuthu, C.R. and E. Kokiladevi. 2007. Weed
management through nanoherbicides. In
Application of Nanotechnology in Agriculture,
C.R. Chinnamuthu, B. Chandrasekaran, and
C. Ramasamy (Eds), Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore, India
- Oakdene Hollins
Oakdene Hollins. 2007. Environmentally Beneficial
Nanotechnologies, 9. http://www.defra.gov.uk/
environment/nanotech/policy/pdf/envbeneficialreport.pdf
Livestock's long shadow
- H P Steinfeld
- T Gerber
- V Wassenaar
- M Castel
- C Rosales
- De Haan
Steinfeld, H.P., Gerber, T., Wassenaar, V., Castel,
M.and Rosales, C. de Haan (2006). Livestock's
long shadow. http://www.virtualcentre.org/en/
library/key_pub/longshad/A0701E00.htm.
Atomically Modified Rice in Asia
ETC. 2004. Atomically Modified Rice in Asia:
www.etcgroup.org/article.asp?newsid=444
Mitsubishi-forms-jv-with-gsyuasa-to-build-lithium-ionbatteries
- Autobloggreen
Autobloggreen. 2007. Mitsubishi-forms-jv-with-gsyuasa-to-build-lithium-ionbatteries. http://
www.autobloggreen.com/2007/05/08/
Can nanotechnology provide the innovations for a second green revolution in Indian agriculture?
- Kalpana Sastry
- R Rao
- Richard Cahoon
- Terry Tucker
Kalpana Sastry R., Rao, N.H, Richard Cahoon and
Terry Tucker. 2007. Can nanotechnology
provide the innovations for a second green
revolution in Indian agriculture? Nanoscale
Science and Engineering Grantees
Conference, Dec 3-6, 2007, National Science
Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, USA.
Preparation and testing of cementing nano-subnano composites of slowor controlled release of fertilizers
- X Liu
- Z Feng
- S Zhang
- J Zhang
- Q Xiao
- Y Wang
Liu, X., Feng, Z., Zhang, S., Zhang, J., Xiao, Q. and
Wang, Y. 2006. Preparation and testing of
cementing nano-subnano composites of slowor controlled release of fertilizers. Scientia
Agricultura Sinica, 39: 1598-1604.
Nanotechnology application in seed management
- N Natarajan
- K Sivasubramaniam
Natarajan, N. and Sivasubramaniam, K. 2007.
Nanotechnology application in seed
management. In Application of Nanotechnology
in Agriculture, C.R. Chinnamuthu, B.
Chandrasekaran, and C. Ramasamy (Eds), Tamil
Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India.
Targets of herbicides: Mechanism of action of herbicides
- K Wakabayashi
Wakabayashi, K. 1993. Targets of herbicides:
Mechanism of action of herbicides. In
Pharmaceutical Research and Development
(2nd Series): Management and Development
of Agrochemicals, H. Yajima, H., Iwamura, T.
Ueno and K. Kamoshita (Eds), Hirokawa
Publishing Co., Tokyo, 18: 393-420 (in
Japanese).
Herbicidal targets in photosynthetic light reaction and molecular design of new herbicides
- K Wakabayashi
Wakabayashi, K. 1989. Herbicidal targets in
photosynthetic light reaction and molecular
design of new herbicides. Plant Protection, 43:
575-584.
Nanostructured materials in new and existing buildings: To improved performance and saving of energy
- Zdenìk Bittnar
- J M Peter
- Jiøí Bartos
- Vít Nìmeèek
- Jan Šmilauer
- Zeman
Zdenìk Bittnar, Peter J. M. Bartos, Jiøí Nìmeèek,
Vít Šmilauer and Jan Zeman. 2009. Nanostructured materials in new and existing
buildings: To improved performance and
saving of energy. In Nanotechnology in
Construction 3 Proc.NICOM3. Prague, Czech
Republic, May 31 to June 2, 2009.
Environmentally Beneficial Nanotechnologies
- Oakdene Hollins
Oakdene Hollins. 2007. Environmentally Beneficial
Nanotechnologies,48. http://www.defra.gov.uk/
environment/nanotech/policy/pdf/envbeneficialreport.pdf
Report of Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, USDA, National Planning Workshop
- Usda
USDA. 2005. Nanoscale Science and Engineering
for Agriculture and Food Systems. Report of
Cooperative State Research, Education and
Extension Service, USDA, National Planning
Workshop, November 18-19, 2002,
Washington, DC.