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Nomenclature standards for raspberry breeding varieties of the Federal Scientifi c Breeding and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery
Abstract
Th e great diversity of national and foreign raspberry varieties grown in nurseries poses great risks of variety confusion. Th e risks can be eliminated by introducing the standards of varieties. Th ese include nomenclature standards which are instrumental in comparing morphological characteristics, and, if necessary, genetic identifi cation that con- fi rms the identity of the selection product. To date, the nomenclature standards include seven raspberry varieties selected by the Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia, ten varieties of raspberry selected by the Sverdlovsk Breeding Station of Horticulture and Novosibirsk Zonal Gardening Station. Th e breeders of the Federal Scientifi c Breed- ing and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery in partnership with scientists of the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources” have created nomenclature standards for fi ve raspberry breeding varieties under Contract No. 592-223-GR dated May 30, 2022 on the scientifi c project “National net- work collection of plant genetic resources for eff ective scientifi c and technological development of the Russian Federa- tion in the fi eld of genetic technologies.” Th e created varieties are represented by herbarium specimens consisting of four herbarium sheets of the Meteor (WIR-98342) and Peresvet (WIR-98349) varieties, three herbarium sheets of the Atlant (WIR-98341) and Podarok Kashinu (WIR-98400) varieties, as well as two herbarium sheets of the Poklon Kazakovu va- riety (WIR-98402). Th e herbarium sheets also include photographs of fl owers, fruits and canes. All nomenclature stand- ards are deposited in the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weed plants (WIR) of the Federal Research Center “N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources,” and registered in the database “VIR herbarium (WIR).” Th e paper contains descriptions of morpho-biological and economic features and properties of these varieties, as well as a brief history of raspberry breeding in the Federal Scientifi c Breeding and Technological Center for Horticulture and Plant Nursery.
Nomenclatural standards of five potato cultivars ‘Vulkan’ (WIR-108746), ‘Gejzer’ (WIR-108747), ‘Kamčatka’ (WIR-108748), ‘Severânin’ (WIR-108749), and ‘Solnyško’ (WIR-108750) bred by the Kamchatka Research Institute of Agriculture (currently a branch of VIR), and six potato cultivars ‘Dačnyj’ (WIR-108751), ‘Kazačok’ (WIR-108752), ‘Morâk’ (WIR-108753), ‘Orion’ (WIR-108755), ‘Posejdon’ (WIR-108756), and ‘Smak’ (WIR-108754) bred by the Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika, were prepared within the framework of the comprehensive program initiated at the All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) for registering the gene pool of Russian cultivars and preserving them in the institute’s gene bank. Plant material of the cultivars collected by the authors and transferred to VIR for herbarization was also used for DNA extraction, genetic certification, selection of explants and introducing them into the in vitro culture. Genetic passports of 11 cultivars have been developed using eight microsatellite markers and 15 markers associated with R -genes of resistance to various pests. A comparison of microsatellite profiles of nomenclatural standards and accessions of the same name from the VIR in vitro collection confirmed their identity.
The International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants promotes uniformity, accuracy, and stability in the naming of agricultural, forestry and horticultural plants. It governs the nomenclature of such categories as Cultivar, Group and Grex, and provides stability in the rules of their naming avoiding or rejecting the use of names that may cause errors or ambiguities. The first edition of the Code was published in 1953. Currently, the ninth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants is relevant (International Code…, 2016).
The first translation of the Code into Russian was made on behalf of the All-Union Botanical Society by Professor Ya.I. Prokhanov and published in 1957. The work on the Russian translation of the ninth edition of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants was initiated by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. The scientific translation was carried out by I.G. Chukhina (VIR), S.R. Miftakhova (VIR), and V.I. Dorofeyev (BIN RAS). All parts of the Code, including the Preamble, Principles, Rules, Recommendations, Examples and Appendices, are published in the five issues of the Vavilovia journal.
For the first time in Russia, N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) has initiated and is working on the creation of nomenclatural standards of domestic cultivars. The nomenclatural standard confirms the originality of the cultivar and protects the copyright of its creators. The article presents the nomenclatural standards of 8 black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) varieties bred at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station, that are undergoing State variety testing: Ataman (WIR-54113), Viktorina (WIR-54116), Voevoda (WIR-54117), Dobrokhot (WIR-54120), Kornet (WIR-54124), Mushketer (WIR-54126), Napev Uralskiy (WIR-54135), Staratel (WIR-54130). Herbarium samples the plant material for which has been selected directly by the author of these varieties in the collection of the originator organization are taken as nomenclature standards. In addition to the description and photos of the nomenclature standards, the distinctive taxonomic and economically valuable features of each variety are given. The created nomenclature standards in the amount of 14 herbarium samples are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included to the type collection of the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR).
This article is devoted to designing nomeclatural standars and herbarium vouchers of raspberry cultivars bred in the M.A. Lisavenko Research Institute of Horticulture for Siberia. The article presents nomeclatural standards of cultivars ‘Barnaul’skaya’, ‘Blesk’, ‘Dobraya’, ‘Zoren’ka Altaya’, ‘Illyuziya’, ‘Kredo’ and ‘Rubinovaya’. The work has been performed according to the rules and recommendations outlined in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants and guidelines developed for the vegetatively propagated plants. The material for nomenclatural standards should be collected with assistance of either the cultivar author, a representative of the institution owning the cultivar, or an expert in these cultivars. Therefore, material of the cultivars in question was picked with assistance of N.D. Yagovtseva, a representative of the Lisavenko Institute and author of two cultivars ‘Blesk’ and ‘Dobraya’. Nomenclatural standards contain two herbarium sheets with parts of one plant collected at the same time: the first sheet holds the middle third of a primocane and a leaf from this part, while the second one displays the middle third of a floricane and a lateral branch with fruits. Also, the specimens were supplied with photos of fruits taken before herbarization. The nomenclature standards have been deposited with the Herbarium of cultivated plants, their wild relatives, and weeds (WIR).
In the framework of the program initiated at the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), nomenclatural standards of five domestic black currant cultivars have been prepared. The present paper presents nomenclatural standards of these five cultivars bred at VIR: ‘Binar’, ‘Veloy’, ‘Peterburzhenka’, ‘Poeziya’ and ‘Trilena’. Plant morphological traits and breeding characters of these cultivars are described. Iinformation is provided on the formation and development of the VIR black currants collection at the Pavlovsk Experiment Station of VIR.
In the framework of the program of creating nomenclatural standards of domestic cultivars initiated by the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), nomenclatural standards of apple cultivars bred at the Pavlovsk Experiment Station of VIR have been developed. The cultivars in question are ‘Kormay’, ‘Kordonovka’, ‘Kryukovskoye’, ‘Krasnoshchyokoye’, ‘Leningradskaya Zelyonka’, ‘Leningradskiy Sinap’, ‘Leningradskoye Zheltoye’, ‘Lyubimitsa Tarasenko’, ‘Novogodneye’, ‘Novoye Polosatoye’, ‘Pashkevicha Krasnoye’, and ‘Sigovskoye’.
Researchers of the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) and Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station developed nomenclatural standards for 18 apple cultivars released at the said station: ‘Aksyona’ (WIR-53949), ‘Blagaya Vest’ (WIR-53950), ‘Danila’ (WIR-53952), ‘Isetskoye Pozdneye’ (WIR-53953), ‘Iset Belaya’ (WIR-53954), ‘Krasa Sverdlovska’ (WIR-53955), ‘Papiroyantarnoye’ (WIR-53956), ‘Pervouralskaya’ (WIR-53957), ‘Rodnikovaya’ (WIR-53958), ‘Rumyanka Sverdlovskaya’ (WIR-53959), ‘Sverdlovchanin’ (WIR-53960), ‘Serebryanoye Kopyttse’ (WIR-53961), ‘Sokovoye 3’ (WIR-53962), ‘Tavatuy’ (WIR-53963), ‘Uralets’ (WIR-53964), ‘Fakel’ (WIR-53965), ‘Fermer’ (WIR-53966), and ‘Ekrannoye’ (WIR-53967). Nomenclatural standards serve to confirm the authenticity of a cultivar and its name. They should be kept perpetually in the scientific herbarium collection. Herbarium specimens of nomenclatural standards are formatted in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the VIR Herbarium Database and included in the Herbarium of Cultivated Plants of the World, Their Wild Relatives, and Weeds (WIR).
In the herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR) a collection of nomenclatural standards for cultivars of domestic breeding is being created. Nomenclatural standards are carriers of the authenticity of the genetic information of the breeding achievements and should be kept indefinitely in the scientific herbarium collection. A herbarium sample collected with the direct participation of an expert, which can be the author of the cultivar or official representative of the author's breeding organization, is designated as the nomenclature standard. The nomenclatural standard confirms the originality of the cultivar, protects the copyright of its creators. The article publishes the nomenclature standards of 10 black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) cultivars, bred at Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station from 1983 to 1997 and included into the State Register of Breeding Achievements: Akkord (WIR-54112), Vasilisa (WIR-54115), Vympel (WIR-54118), Globus (WIR-54119), Dobry Dzhinn (WIR-54121), Pilot (WIR-54127), Slavyanka (WIR-54129), Udalets (WIR-54132), Fortuna (WIR-54133), Shaman (WIR-54134). In addition to the description of the nomenclature standards, the distinctive taxonomic and economically valuable traits of each cultivar are given. Herbarium samples of nomenclature standards are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included in the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR).
This article is devoted to designing of nomenclatural standards of raspberry cultivars bred by the Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station (‘Alaya rossy’p’’, ‘Antares’, ‘Barxatnaya’, ‘Vanda’, ‘Vy’sokaya’, ‘Lel’’, ‘Lyubitel’skaya Sverdlovska’, ‘Muza’, ‘Rovnicza’ and ‘Fregat’) and by the Novosibirsk Zonal Gardening Station (‘Arochnaya’, ‘Persikovaya’ and ‘Prelest’’). The work has been performed according to the rules and recommendations outlined in the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants and VIR methodology for the vegetatively propagated plants. Nomenclatural standards include two or three herbarium sheets with the simultaneously collected several parts of the same plant: the middle third of a primocane and a leaf from this part, the middle third of a floricane, and a lateral branch with fruits. Also, specimens were supplied with photos of flowers and fruits. Nomenclatural standards are preserved in the Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR) of N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources.
As part of the research there have been developed and published nomenclatural standards of 12 pear varieties bred by Sverdlovsk Horticultural Breeding Station: Berezhenaya (WIR-101392), Gvidon (WIR-101393), Dobryanka (WIR-101394), Zarechnaya (WIR-101395), Permyachka (WIR-101397), Raduzhnaya (WIR-101398), Rozovyy Bochonok (WIR-101399), Sverdlovchanka (WIR-101400), Sultan (WIR-101402), Talitsa (WIR-101404), Fleyta (WIR-101405), Chusovaya (WIR-103944). Plant material for nomenclatural standards was selected in the collection of the originator organization with the participation of the creators of these varieties. The herbarium sample of the nomenclature standard of each cultivar is represented mainly by two herbarium sheets containing parts of one plant collected during two periods: fruit and annual shoots ‒ in the fall 2019, flowers ‒ in the spring 2020. The herbarium label indicates: the herbarium number of the sample in the VIR Herbarium, the scientific name of the species, the name of the variety, the origin (the name of the organization in which the variety was created), the place of reproduction (where the plant was grown), the harvest dates, the names of collectors. Herbarium sheets are supplemented with photos of fruits and flowers. Nomenclatural standards are made in accordance with the recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP), registered in the database "VIR Herbarium" and included in the type collection of Herbarium of cultivated plants of the world, their wild relatives and weeds (WIR). According to the same rules, herbarium samples of 3 elite pear forms (Limonadnaya, Sretenskaya, Tais) were made, registered and included into the Main Fund of the VIR Herbarium. After registration of copyright documents for cultivars, these samples can be assigned as nomenclatural standards. In total, 27 samples in the amount of 27 herbarium sheets were transferred to the herbarium collection. A digital image of herbarium specimen is available in the database «VIR Herbarium» (http://db.vir.nw.ru/herbar/gerb).
Current pace of breeding technologies relies on a tighter control of quality and identity of breeding achievements. Thereby, standardised variety nomenclature becomes of particular relevance to store original genetic information and warrant authenticity of the breeding product. A nomenclature standard regulates the variety’s name and habitus. A herbarium specimen is most appropriate for standardisation, since it defines a set of strongly inherited morphological characters for a variety. Nomenclature standards must be permanently stored in a scientific herbarium collection. The N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) in alliance with national plant breeders initiated a first nomenclature standard collection of national-breeding cultivars. Aside to classical herbarising, the collection utilises molecular genetic techniques, particularly genotyping, to enable extended variety verification. The VIR team has developed the nomenclature standards of six apple varieties originated by the Crimean Experimental Breeding Station, a VIR Branch (Beloe Solntse, Zolotoy Potok, Kubanochka, Leto Krasnoe, Luchistoe and Shchedrost). The standards are supplemented with DNA barcodes obtained jointly with the N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics. Fifteen microsatellite markers were used for barcoding. The herbarium nomenclature specimens adhered to the VIR-developed protocol in accordance with the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The specimens are registered in the VIR Herbarium database and deposited in the World Crop Wild and Weed Relatives (WIR) Herbarium type collection.
An urgent need to use a unified nomenclature for cultivated plants was indicated at the beginning of the 20th century by R.E. Regel, A.I. Malzev, K.A. Flyaksberger. Half a century later, an appendix to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Stockholm, 1952) published the first formulated rules for naming cultivated plants, which provided a basis for the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants issued as a separate edition in 1953. The primary goal of the Code was to eliminate confusion, promote order and uniformity in the naming of new varieties and the use of accepted variety names, i.e. to establish unified nomenclature rules. The main categories of the nomenclature for cultivated plants (cultivar, group, grex) do not represent a hierarchical system. So far, nine editions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants had been published, of which four were translated into Russian (1953, 1958, 1961 and 1969). The prepared translation of the ninth edition is going to be published in the Vavilovia journal.
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