Running head: COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW 1 Final Project: How People Experience Optimal Well-Being COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW 2

Full text

Running head: COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
1
Final Project: How People Experience Optimal Well-Being
Elysia Bronson
Yorkville University
PSYC 6213
Research Methods
Due Date, 20XX

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract.................................................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 4
Background ............................................................................................................................. 4
Problem Statement .................................................................................................................. 4
Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 4
What it Known ................................................................................................................ 5
What is Unknown ............................................................................................................ 5
Summary.................................................................................................................................. 5
Implications ............................................................................................................................. 5
Ideas for Future Research ........................................................................................................ 5
Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 5
References ............................................................................................................................... 7

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
3
Abstract
With only 2 out of 10 American’s experiencing optimal well-being, it is important to discover how people
do experience optimal wellbeing. As little is known about the process of well-being this comprehensive
literature review describes ways people experience well-being through activities and the interactions
between what is known and not know about well-being. Presently positive psychology is focused on
improving well-being through positive interventions that aim to boost happiness as a way of increasing
well-being. But, there is still a wide amount of unknown areas in well-being research, such as biology
being shown to play an important role in a person’s experience of optimal well-being. Thus, the
following twelve journal article reviews attempt to explore these known and unknown experiences of
well-being further.
Keywords: Self-care, Positive Intervention, Biological Well-being, Goals

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
4
How Do People Experience Optimal Well-Being
The research area focuses on exploring how optimal well-being is experienced. Therefore, the
purpose of this review is to explore how people experiences optomal flourish, as both known and
unknown factors are play a role in optimal well-being. Grounded theory will be used as it is aimed to
discover the process of well-being and explores how prominent themes related to optimal well-being. Six
quantitative articles that were, longitudinal studies for an overview of long-term change, correlational
studies to show relationships to constructs, and experimental studies for firm conclusions of those
relationships. Six qualitatively studies, that through grounded theory and ethnographic designs answer
questions about the process of optimal well-being.
Background
Positive psychology began with Maslow and then re-emerged with Martin Seligman and his
theory of subjective well-being and optimizing flourishing. (Seligman, 2002). As a national survey in
America showed that 8 in 10 Americans are suffering from low physical and behavioural functionality.
(Merchert, 2011, pg. 30-31). Presently studies show known experiences that improve well-being through
positive interventions and unknown biological parts of the process.
Problem Statement
The research question is asking how people experience optimal well-being. This will be answered
through exploring the process of how a person’s engagement in methods of self-care, happiness,
resilience has shown to optimize well-being.
Literature Review
Known ways people experience optimal well-being
Due positive psychology focusing on improving well-being, an ethnographic study focused on a
better understanding of self-care as a way to define it. A sample of 8 participants from Facebook,
participated in semi-structured in-depth interviews and a participant observation event. However, with
Facebook’s involvement there could be researcher, participant and selection bias as well as participant
reactivity. The question asked about their definition, practices, and motivations towards self-care.

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
5
(Adams, 2019, pg.19-32). As well as what effects self-care had on their well-being. After each interview
participants free listed associated terms to self-care. Next interviews were transcribed from recordings
which aided in reliability, coded and main themes structured into patterns and analysed. Next, the
participant observation event was a self-care party that came had arts, and crafts activities. Field notes
were further coded and increased internal validity. However, since there was only one coder the reliability
is decreased. Six themes emerged, first that self-care is about thriving not surviving. (Adams, 2019 pg.19-
32). Second, it needs to be a balanced between mind and body needs. (Adams, 2019, pg.19-32). Third, it
should be managed through intentional, distinct practices and not self-indulgent, or avoidance. (Adams,
2019). Fourth, it recharges participants for future productivity. Fifth, it is focused on long term success.
And lastly, is a symbiotic relationship as vital care for oneself further enables care for others. The overall
result was that self-care at its core is about achieving well-being. The strength of this study is it aids in
better understanding of how self-care contributes to wellbeing through identifying how people
conceptualize their situation and benefits from observed behavior. “A weakness of ethnography
is that is cannot be generalized to other social contexts.” (Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F.,
2017, pg. 369-387). Another limitation is a small sample size lacking in diversity, with only one male,
further decreasing external validity.And lastly the possibility of evaluation apprehension could be
present.
In an experimental longitudinal design, researchers used a random sample and continuously tested them
over four weeks for reliability. With the purpose of exploring the benefits of self-care habits on mood, a
small sample of 67 undergraduates were randomly assigned an exercise. University student pose ethical
possibilities of coercion. The first group had the gratitude exercise, visualized counting their blessings.
The second group’s exercise visualized their best possible selves (BPS). And, the third was the control
group given a task of recalling daily events for validity. Being separated into groups increased the
reliability through parallel forms. Possible ethical problem as control group perceive they are missing out.
(Goodwin et al., 2017, pg. 259-280). They were tested weekly for mood increases and motivation levels.

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
6
After the fourth week the researchers tested PANAS measurements, coefficient alphas of 0.87 to 0.93
showed a high reliability. When reviewing, which activity had the highest PA they changed to a between-
subject design was used with two levels. Which help in comparing independent variables with similar
groups. Correlations of predicted , “ F(1, 65)=5.32,d=0.34,p< 0.05, that those in the gratitude and BPS
conditions increased in PA (from 3.63 to 3.78;t(43)=2.19,p< 0.05) compared to those in the control
condition, who trended downward (from 3.72 to 3.60 ns).” (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013pg. 57-62).
Showing how self-care habits, increased moods. Since, the long-term well-being did benefit from these
self-care exercises, they switched the design within and asked participants questions about motivation to
continue. At 2 weeks participants were asked ‘‘How many times did you actually do the exercise over the
last two weeks?’’ (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013 pg. 57-62). The responses came to a mean of 3.04
times, showing that well-being and moods increased. After four weeks, 30 of the 67 participants were still
using their positive exercises. (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013 pg. 57-62). The correlated responses from
both questions showed, an r 0.38 and after standardization, it yielded a reliable outcome of continuous
exercise performance equaling (r.0.56). Thus, the positive activity groups showed stronger motivation
than the control group. The internal validity and reliability of the study are good due to the random
assignments of exercises and having tested for gender effects. While its reliability is convergent with
previous studies and shows good internal validity as the design allows for a cause and effect. BPS was
further shown to be related to self-motivation and personal goals. The limited longitudinal length
weakening the external validity. Effects of self-relevance in BPS exercise, may be an alternative
explanation for findings. Yet, statistical conclusion validity could also be strengthened by using more
measurements, as the PANAS has shown to be bias. (Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013 pg. 57-62).
Hypothesis two of goal-progress scores predicting SWB was supported by standardized coefficients of,
“T2 .06 (ns) and .18 (p <.05) for T3” (Sheldon et al., 2009 pg. 39-48). Confirming that continuous effort
was necessary for SWB gains to be maintained. (Sheldon et al., 2009 pg. 39-48). The third hypothesis
focused in preconceived views of changing happiness levels effecting SWB. However, regression analysis

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
7
showed no significant interactions. Outcomes of this study are significant as through the correlation and
regressions it helps to better predict behaviors such as need-satisfying goals and led to outcomes of
participants experiencing maintainable SWB improvements through continuous effort. The random
sample had good generalizability and lowered bias which increased external validity. Yet, attrition
decreased internal validity as bias is possible. Consent and coding not mentioned which could cause
ethical problems. A third variable is possible as they aren’t sure why, “the comparison group and the
treatment had equal numbers for T3.” (Sheldon et al., 2009 pg. 39-48) this could weaken statistical
conclusion validity and is a possible error 1.
Next, looking at how passion can optimize well-being in life, presenters from TEDX were
contacted from sociodemographic backgrounds, which gave good generalizability increasing external
validity. Through a grounded theory design researcher, conducted semi-structured interviews, analyzed
transcripts and recordings. They coded line-by-line, focused coding and by comparative analysis for
reduced bias and increased reliability.( Charmaz K., 2007, pg. 81-110). The core theme was a passionate
way of being, with two components. First, having a purpose and working towards it through goals in
order to have a positive impact. Participants were motivated towards on-going growth often through
education and opportunities. The second component to a passionate way, is being authentic. One
participant stated that this meant simply, “Being true to yourself”. (M. Halonen & Lomas, 2014, pg. 17).
As participants saw passion as the core of their identity. Following their passion enhanced their lives and
well-being (M. Halonen & Lomas, 2014, pg. 17). Another participant stated that having goals and structure
gave her happiness. (M. Halonen & Lomas, 2014, pg. 17). From this study we gain the insight that through
pursuing, a passion by choice, for enjoyment and through persistence lead to high well-being. Strengths
of this study was gaining consent and redaction of identifiers. The saturation was ensured, and monthly
meetings were had with a colleague to avoid bias and review analysis. Some limitations included the lack
poor generalizability due to lack of diversity and balanced, which lowered the external validity While the
researcher did not have a hypothesis to avoid bias the study was then limited by a lack of clarity.

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
8
Another positive intervention known to increase wellbeing, is meditation. A correlational study,
examines, how meditation frequency (daily to none) is related to happiness. The large balanced sample
size (n=365) is a strength, yet an online survey site could have survey bias. First, through correlation
analysis, there was a positive correlation between meditation and happiness (r = .222; p<.0.01). (Campos
et al., 2016, pg. 80-85). Next, ANCOVA analysis compared happiness levels between the group that
meditates and the group that does not. The meditation group had a higher score of ([F (3360) = 6.114; p b
.01; η2p = .05]) than the non-meditators. (Campos et al., 2016 pg. 80-85). Through, stepwise hierarchical
regression analysis, components predicted happiness. In step 1, age and level of education were used. In
step 2, FFMQ and SCS subscales were added. Finally, the bootstrap analysis showed that all except for
awareness were predictors of happiness. With, “The total indirect effect via observing, awareness, self-
kindness and common humanity was significant (95% bootstrap confidence interval of 0.233–0.405).
Significant indirect effects were found for observing (95% bootstrap confidence interval of 0.033–0.161),
self-kindness (95% bootstrap confidence interval of 0.089–0.184) and common humanity (95% bootstrap
confidence interval of 0.049–0.142)” (Campos et al., 2016 pg. 80-85). The researcher’s model was
supported all of which were found to be mediators in the meditation-happiness relationship. (Campos et
al., 2016 pg. 80-85) . Further showing, the correlation of meditation practices and the outcome of this self-
care method having a positive relationship with increased well-being. This study shows a correlation of
how meditation brings greater happiness through comparing meditators to non-meditators. A strength was
obtaining consent and following ethics. Reliability of measurements had good test-retest reliability. A
main limitation could be a third variable.
Due to research behind positive activities showing increased well-being, components were
applied to schools to teach foundational skills to aid in transitions to adulthood. Both an elementary and
high school implemented The Positive Education Program (PE) based on Seligman’s six domains,
(positive emotion, engagement, accomplishment, purpose, relationships and health, and character
strengths) (Stevanovic et. al, 2017, pg. 39-55). The school applied these having teachers learning the

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
9
skills, practicing them together in the classroom, teaching them in a separate class, and finally
implemented at school wide events. Stevanovic et. al, (2017) followed up with 21 young adults one year
after graduation. As a qualitative phenological study researcher used semi-structured interviews, asking 5
demographic questions, and 10 opened questions. Interviews lasted 20-35 min. and students received 40$
voucher (Stevanovic et. al, 2017, pg. 39-55). Through, a thematic approach, strong themes connected the
data to feelings. NVivo helped code and classify themes. The use of the computer helped to reduce bias
that is common in grounded theory. After analysis, mind maps that developed prominent connections to
themes. Three main themes emerged, first challenges after graduation were: changes in friendships,
academic expectations, and reduced structure (Stevanovic et. al, 2017, pg. 39-55). Second, the coping
skills found to reduce these challenges were mindfulness training, optimism training to avoid negative
thinking, and gratitude practices (Stevanovic et. al, 2017, pg. 39-55). All of which 70% of participants still
used to help lower stress and increase their well-being. Third, components that led to poor usage of skills
was a lack of understanding of relevance, value, and external reinforcements (Stevanovic et. al, 2017, pg.
39-55). The study explanation how implementation of positive skills can increase young adult well-being
as they transition in life. It has poor generalizability that lowers external validity. The inductive thematic
approach minimized bias yet, only one researcher coding increased bias.
Previously there has shown well-being can development through positive emotions like
happiness, passion, and finding purpose. In looking closer at those studies, happiness is shown to be a
main theme. However, in past years psychology noted the importance of good self-esteem to order to
flourish. A correlational study by Lyubomirsky, Tkach, and Dimatteo (2005), took a deeper look. Their
purpose was finding differences between self-esteem and happiness, through nomological network factors
that significantly associated with each construct. (Lyubomirsky et al. 2005, pg. 363-404). A sample used
621 retired employees and measured them on the Subjective Happiness Scale. Variables such as affect,
personality, psychosocial characteristics, health, and demographics, all underwent a variety of statistical
analysis. First, Pearson’s r differences showed relations between target variables of Happiness and self-

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
10
esteem and their demographics. Reviewing gender revealed women to have higher happiness levels than
men, “t (611=2.15; p< 0.04, d =0.17). Marriage also predicted happiness, t (614 = 2.38, p < 0.2 d = 0.19).
And, higher education related significantly to self-esteem “(r=0.12; p< 0.003).” (Lyubomirsky et al. 2005,
pg. 363-404). Confirmatory factor analysis showed happiness and self-esteem significantly correlated “(r
= 0.58 p< 0.001; r = 0.63)” (Lyubomirsky et al. 2005, pg. 363-404). and that their constructs are also able
to be separated making them distinct constructs. The final analysis taken was hierarchical regressions
which showed, “The best predictors of happiness were the following: mood and temperamental traits,
social relationships, purpose in life, and global life satisfaction.” These measured variables correlated
higher with happiness, (DR2 = 0.25; adjusted R2= 0.58 with self-esteem added). However, in contrast,
“self-esteem was best predicted by dispositions related to agency and motivation. shown through (DR2 =
0.38, adjusted R2 0.71).” (Lyubomirsky et al., 2005, pg. 363-404). While SHS had high internal
reliability and test-retest stability the self-report style is open to response bias. Constructs held good
validity as they were used in multiple studies by different researchers. The intercorrelation of variables is
open to third variable problems. What we know from this study is that happiness as a construct is
different from self-esteem and correlates positively with different components of well-being. A few
grounded theory approaches below give insight experiences shared in interviews as to how happiness as a
construct is thought of first-hand.
Two qualitative grounded theory studies explained components of happiness, through the person,
and the world were explored. In the first study by Pramanik, S., & Ray, D., (2018), ages 26-36 used and a
second study by Maher, Hadfield, Hutchings, & de Eyto, (2018) the focus was on ages 12-15. The first
had a small sample of 4, and the second had 20 participants. Both used semi-structured interviews, yet the
second combined also used the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire for better reliability. Both recorded and
transcribed data for reliability. The first, chose initial line-by-line coding and focused coding, and
repetition checks to reduce the bias in analysis and had a strengthened inter-rater reliability in codes
(Charmaz K., 2007, pg. 81-110). While the second study chose a narrative analysis which, “focused on

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
11
allowing the data to tell its story.” (Richards, L., & Morse, J. M., 2013). In the first study interviews
themes were, “giving up and letting go of expectations”, and “knowing oneself” in order to be happy.
(Pramanik, S., & Ray, D., 2018, pg. 78–82). The second studies, adolescence core component was
centered on goals. Stating they had clear future goals that gave purpose and meaning to their lives. The
first study also focused on goals to increase both happiness and well-being. Both studies and the western
study on practiced positive exercises, showed greater wellbeing was produced by envisioning goals. The
conclusion of both had convergent validity, as their results reflected the same outcomes that is the need to
have a purpose and goals. (Maher et al., 2018, pg. 1–13; Lyubomirsky et al. 2005, pg. 363-404).
Strengths, for both was insight gained into ideology of happiness, showing that between the years 12-36
the views generally overlapped. A large limitation of the first study was a sample that was too small,
whereas the second had a good sample size and balanced genders. The semi-structured interviews of both,
allowed for rich data collection and creativity (Richards, L., & Morse, J. M., 2013). A major limitation of
the first study was having an alternative explanation that was the capacity for researcher bias. There are
multiple ways compounding factors that could cause internal validity to decrease. A limit to the second
study was the lack of information as questionnaire answers were not included, consent was not
mentioned, and most categories only had agreement of under four participants lowering reliability. The
validity would be increased if more analytic methods were used. (Maher, Hadfield, Hutchings, & de Eyto,
2018, pg. 1–13; Riessman 2008).
Similar to looking at happiness, the themes of finding purpose and meaning in life are continually
emerging. Bhattacharya, A. (2011) conducted a grounded theory study exploring the construct of meaning
in life, as having a purpose was explained as integral to optimal well-being. 10 young adults, ages 23-28
were selected for semi-structured interviews. Next, data was combined with questionnaire answers from
Life Regard Index that was qualitatively used in narrative analysis. This study defined happiness as being
synonymous with meaning in life (Bhattacharya, A, 2011, pg. 280-288). The largest themes stated, were
similar to above studies, as having goals and a purpose in life was important to attaining meaning in life.

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
12
This study also connects well-being, to spirituality through a theme shared by Maher et al., (2018), as
Karma was important to wellbeing which provided an Indian cultural lens. (Maher et al., 2018, pg. 1–13).
The strength of this article was the combined method of data collection that strengthen validity. However,
the limited generalizability of all participants having spiritual backgrounds causes a third variable and
lowers external validity. A selection of specific participants could be researcher and participant bias.
Consent was not mentioned limiting ethics. Finally, it has limited reliability as only one researcher
involved.
Unknown areas of Well-being research
When looking at what unknown factors are outside of a person’s control causing them to experience
optimal or decreased well-being, biology showed to play an important role. A quantitative correlational
study by, Hutchinson et al. (2010), looked for a positive correlation between temperament, character
strengths and resilience. (Hutchinson et al., 2010, pg. 1–10). Through 620 university students being
measured on four different assessments. (Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, the VIA-IS, the
Sense of Coherence scale, and the Resilience scale). Second, the correlation of temperament outcomes
from Zurckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, scores to predict the other three assessments
(Hutchinson et al., 2010, pg. 1–10). Canonical correlations were statistically significant in relationships.
First, temperament (ZKPQ) and virtue of character (VIA-IS) had a correlation of 0.533. In this positive
correlation with character strengths a proactive lifestyle and high energy levels could be connected to the
development all character strengths. Next, the measures of wellbeing were Resilience (the Sense of
Coherence scale, and the Resilience scale) and virtue of character (VIA-IS), had a correlation of 0.505.
(Hutchinson et al., 2010, pg. 1–10). Thus, development of resilience and character strengths may assist in
young people sustaining wellbeing. Lastly, researchers found temperament (ZKPQ), and Resilience, (the
Sense of Coherence scale, and the Resilience scale) to have a correlation of 0.493 (Hutchinson et al.,
2010). Through findings a scope for developing character strengths is possible in spite of temperament
predispositions. Showing a statistically significant positive relationship among the subscales and among

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
13
the components of wellbeing, character strengths and resilience. From this study testing could be
developed to aid in finding where temperament lies. Further, logistics regressions found that temperament
did predicted resilience level based on the correlations showing 64-76% accuracy. This is important as
those with low levels could be targeted with positive self-care interventions to prevent psychological
difficulties and increase wellbeing. Other possible conclusions range from problems with reliability and
validity to third variable issues. (Goodwin, et al., 2017, pg.259-280). A weakness of the design is lacking
randomization. A convenience sample allows the possibility of sampling bias, and evaluation
apprehension (Bornstein, et al., 2013, pg. 357– 370), lowering both generalizability and external validity.
(Goodwin, et al., 2017, pg.259-280). And, with these tests there is a chance of response bias and
participant bias that, “occurs regardless of the contents of scales.” (Iijima et al., 2020, pg. 53-59). Thus,
causational studies can be important tools to predict behaviours and outcomes yet cannot be proven, due
to the type of design and possibility of errors.
As seen a correlation of temperament does not equal causation however, an experimental
longitudinal single-factor design, which aided in insight into this finding. Through an observational view
Fujita & Diener, (2005) wanted to understand whether a person’s life satisfaction (LS) had a set point as
older researcher had stated that well-being has a baseline determined by both nature and nurture.
Indicating that after happiness increases, the genetic predispositions would eventually return it to the
baseline. Since only cross-sectional research was done, researchers chose an experimental longitudinal
design using a large sample from Germany’s annual panel to form a 17-year study from 1984-2000.
Having 3,608 participants in the study increased generalizability and external validity. Consent was
followed through government participation. however, confidentiality is not noted. Participants had
responded to LS questions each year, of “How happy are you at present with your life as a whole?”
(Fujita & Diener, 2005, pg. 158-164). Rated on a 0-10-point scale with 0 meaning (totally unhappy) to 10
meaning (totally happy). (Fujita & Diener, 2005, pg. 158-164). The average mean within-subject variation
was 1.28 and between-person variation 1.78. However, a limitation to the within-subject design, “is its

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
14
sensitivity to small differences in means.” (Goodwin et al., 2017, pg. 259-280).Showing that many people
did have notable changes over a year (Fujita & Diener, 2005, pg. 158-164). They found that the
dependant t test revealed 24% (852) of participants baselines changed in some way, 6 % had an increase
in LS from their baselines, and 18% had a decrease. The mean absolute value of significant changes was
2.2 scale units (Fujita & Diener, 2005, pg. 158-164). The correlation after checking for ceiling effects
was, “(r = -.26, n = 175, p< 0.5)” (Fujita & Diener, 2005, pg. 158-164). The negative effect showed that
the more significant the changes the least satisfied they were. A disattenuated regression checked for
errors starting at 0.79 and was 0.34 after 16 years. Which means there is a moderate stability to LS (Fujita
& Diener, 2005, pg. 158-164). In the first 5 years compare to the last 5 years a correlated average of the
mean was r (3,606) = .51, p< .001. This level of p strengthens this study. Findings support their
hypothesis that a set point of LS does change over time despite genetics. And, also that the 75% of
participants set points did not change significantly showing that well-being has stability. Limitations were
due to design and included the time-consuming nature, and the survey could have social desirability
bias. (Goodwin et al., 2017, pg. 259-280). As well, it suffered from response bias as an inconsistent
number replied to these questions each year and they were only able to use the data from those
that did. Aside from that, the study added valuable longitudinal knowledge to the understanding of well-
being and LS. With strong internal validity from test-retests and being well documented, and external
validity due to good generalizability. Possible ethical problem is the lack of coding to protect identities.
(Goodwin et al., 2017, pg. 259-280).
Summary
What is known about how people experience optimal well-being is through a variety of positive
interventions, finding that if those intervention had continuous effort into need based goals life
satisfaction could both increase and be maintained. As well a focus on purpose in life and goals optimizes
well-being in spite of biological factors.
Implications

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
15
Not enough is understood about the biological components, yet through the implementing of
experimental quantitative studies we could to get a better view. Qualitative studies give open experiential
data but need stronger constructs to learn more.
Ideas for Future Research
Further experimental designs should focus on biological components, more than just correlations
are needed as they lack the causation that well-being needs clarity on. These speculative correlations and
qualitative theories are shown to need better reliability, and all had a form of bias effects both the
reliability and validity. It would further help the understanding between happiness and wellbeing
constructs were looked into through qualitative grounded theories to look at find explanations for optimal
well-being.
Conclusion
The study on Life satisfaction set points and biological contributions of temperaments effects on
well-being made the largest contributions, as little is known about experiences effected biology. There are
major gaps in research due to a lot of correlation and not enough causation determined by experimental
studies. There are gaps in knowledge of which comparative self-care methods are most effective.

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
16
References
Adams, Q. (2019). “No Amount of Baths Is Gonna Make You Feel Better”: Seeking Balance,
Wholeness, and Well-being in Everyday Self-Care. Journal For Undergraduate
Ethnography, 9(2), 19-32. doi: 10.15273/jue.v9i2.9377
Bhattacharya, A. (2011). Meaning in Life: A Qualitative Inquiry into the Life of
Young Adults. Psychological Studies, 56(3), 280-288. doi: 10.1007/s12646-
011-0091-0
Bornstein, M. H., Jager, J., & Putnick, D. L. (2013). Sampling in Developmental Science:
Situations, Shortcomings, Solutions, and Standards. Developmental review : DR,
33(4), 357– 370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2013.08.003
Campos, D., Cebolla, A., Quero, S., Bretón-López, J., Botella, C., & Soler, J. et al. (2016).
Meditation and happiness: Mindfulness and self-compassion may mediate the
meditation–happiness relationship. Personality And Individual Differences, 93, 80-85.
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.040
Charmaz, K. (2007). Grounded theory. In J. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative Psychology: A
Practical Guide to Research Methods (2nd ed., pp. 81-110). Thousand Oaks,
CA: Sage.
Fujita, F., & Diener, E. (2005). Life Satisfaction Set Point: Stability and Change. Journal Of
Personality And Social Psychology, 88(1), 158-164. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.158
Goodwin, K. A., & Goodwin, C. J. (2017). Research in psychology: Methods and
designs (8th ed.) ch. 9, pg.259-280. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Hutchinson, A.-M. K., Stuart, A. D., & Pretorius, H. G. (2010). Biological Contributions to
Well-Being: The Relationships Amongst Temperament, Character Strengths and

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
17
Resilience. SAJIP: South African Journal of Industrial Psychology, 36(2), 1–10.
https://doi- org.libraryservices.yorkvilleu.ca/10.4102/sajip.v36i2.844
Iijima, Y., Okumura, Y., Yamasaki, S., Ando, S., Okada, K., & Koike, S. et al. (2020).
Assessing the hierarchy of personal values among adolescents: A comparison of rating
scale and paired comparison methods. Journal Of Adolescence, 80, 53-59. doi:
10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.02.003
Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & DiMatteo, M. (2005). What are the Differences between
Happiness and Self-Esteem. Social Indicators Research, 78(3), 363-404. doi:
10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y
Lyubomirsky, S., & Layous, K. (2013). How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-
Being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(1), 57–62.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412469809
M. Halonen, S., & Lomas, T. (2014). A passionate way of being: a qualitative study
revealing the passion spiral. International Journal Of Psychological Research, 7(2),
17. doi: 10.21500/20112084.655
Maher, C., Hadfield, M., Hutchings, M., de Eyto, A. (2018). Ensuring rigor in qualitative
data analysis: A design research approach to coding combining Nvivo with traditional
material methods. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 17, 1–13.
doi:10.1177/1609406918786362
Merchert, T. (2011). Foundations of professional psychology: The end of theoretical
orientations and the emergence of the Biopsychosocial Approach. Amsterdam:
Elsevier. 30-31.
Pramanik, S., & Ray, D. (2018). Subjective construal of happiness among urban educated
Bengali youth: A preliminary study using grounded theory approach. Indian Journal of

COMPREHENSIVE LITERATURE REVIEW
18
Positive Psychology, 9(1), 78–82. https://doi-
org.libraryservices.yorkvilleu.ca/10.15614/ijpp.v9i01.11747
Queirós, A., Faria, D., & Almeida, F. (2017). Strengths and limitations of qualitative and
quantitative research methods. European Journal of Education Studies, 3(9), 369-387.
Richards, L., & Morse, J. M. (2013). Readme first for a user's guide to qualitative
methods (3rd ed.). pp. ch.2-3. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.
Riessman, C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage.
Seligman, M.E.P. (2002). Authentic happiness. New York: Free Press
Sheldon, K., Abad, N., Ferguson, Y., Gunz, A., Houser-Marko, L., Nichols, C., &
Lyubomirsky, S. (2009). Persistent pursuit of need-satisfying goals leads to increased
happiness: A 6-month experimental longitudinal study. Motivation And Emotion,
34(1), 39-48. doi: 10.1007/s11031-009-9153-1
Stevanovic, N., Hoare, E., Mckenzie, V., & O'Connor, M. (2017). Sustaining the use of
Positive Education coping skills to meet the challenges of the emerging adulthood
period. International Journal Of Wellbeing, 7(3), 39-55. doi: 10.5502/ijw.v7i3.640