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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO
MARINA PENIDO COLERATO
CRISE CLIMÁTICA E ANTROPOCENO
Perspectivas ecofeministas para liberar a vida
MESTRADO EM CIÊNCIA SOCIAIS
SÃO PAULO - SP
2023!
PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO!
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CRISE CLIMÁTICA E ANTROPOCENO
Perspectivas ecofeministas para liberar a vida
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SÃO PAULO - SP
2023
MARINA PENIDO COLERATO
CRISE CLIMÁTICA E ANTROPOCENO
Perspectivas ecofeministas para liberar a vida
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AGRADECIMENTOS
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"Se o resultado final do atual sistema mundial é uma
ameaça geral à vida no planeta Terra, então é crucial
ressuscitar e nutrir o impulso e a determinação de
sobreviver, inerente a todos os seres vivos".
(Maria Mies e Vandana Shiva)
RESUMO
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ABSTRACT
+*,($#-*G!"31.83!'K!Climate crisis and the Anthropocene: ecofeminist perspectives
for liberating lifeK! ).//01232.68! W"3/201l/! .8! /6<.3D! /<.08<0XK! '682.?@<.3! A8.B01/.9390!
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0<6?0>.8./2!31HF>082!2Q32!2Q010!./!3!10D32.68/Q.7!J02R008!2Q0!/FJ619.832.68!6?!R6>08!
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LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS
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!
SUMÁRIO
!
1 INTRODUÇÃO 13
1.1 Postulados metodológicos para a pesquisa feminista 18
1.2 Epistemologia ecofeminista 21
1.3 Acerca do uso dos conceitos 25
2 CAIU DO CÉU: A CRISE CLIMÁTICA E A FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO
DO PLANETA NA ERA NEOLIBERAL 26
2.1 Um breve resumo do projeto neoliberal 28
2.2 Forjando um consenso global: o nascimento da "economia verde" 31
2.3 A matemática climática para a acumulação primitiva 36
2.4 Movimentos por justiça climática e seus limites 41
2.5 Negar a narrativa e as ferramentas do mestre 49
3 A CRISE EPOCAL DO CAPITALISMO 52
3.1 Antropoceno ou Capitaloceno? 51
3.2 A formação da ecologia-mundo capitalista 60
3.3 Lei do Valor como Lei da Natureza Barata 65
3.4 O esgotamento da Natureza Barata e a crise do clima 70
4 PATRIARCADO, CAPITALISMO E DONADECASEFICAÇÃO:
ACERCA DAS ORIGENS DO FEMITARIADO 76
4.1 As origens da divisão sexual do trabalho 88
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!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!71cV<689.456!7313!3<F>FD3456!! ! ! ! ! ! ZYZ!
!!!!!!!!!sKZKh!#!<689.456!93/!>FDQ010/!83!"0/6762g>.3!382.H3!0!6/!71.>0.16/!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!73//6/!7313!6!0/23J0D0<.>0826!96!7321.31<396!! ! ! ! ZY[!
!!!!!!!!!sKZKs!t(/<13B3t!/.H8.?.<6FG!3820/!90!2F96G!>FDQ01M!/6J10!3!<1.3456!93!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!<6Di8.3!>3./!382.H3!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ZZ^!
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4.2 Patriarcado e acumulação em escala mundial 126
!!!!!!!!!sK^KZ!)6!61H38.<./>6!36!>0<38.<./>6M!6!/F1H.>0826!93!3J/213456!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!96>.83820!<Q3>393!+.I8<.3!!! ! ! ! ! ! ZhY!
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5 NATUREZA-MULHER-TRABALHO: A CONTRADIÇÃO FUNDAMENTAL 152
5.1 O esgotamento da Natureza Barata e a violência contra mulheres 161
5.2 A realidade da crise climática para meninas e mulheres 165
5.3 Mulher, natureza, trabalho: uma questão de classe 173
5.4 As respostas socialistas prévias 180
5.5 A resposta ecofeminista socialista: imanência, corporificação
e subsistência 183
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6 A REVOLTA DO FEMITARIADO EM ROJAVA 195
6.1 Breve contexto histórico e político da questão curda 196
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6.2 O contexto político-ecológico da revolução de Rojava 203
6.3 Jin, jiyan, azadi: uma revolução das mulheres 211
6.4 Perspectivas ecofeministas em Abdullah Öcalan e Rojava 207
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7 CONCLUSÃO 226
REFERÊNCIAS 228
12
1 INTRODUÇÃO
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1.1 Postulados metodológicos para a pesquisa feminista
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WFeminist Participatory Action Research - PARXM!!
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1 Cf. FREIRE, Paulo. Pedagogia do Oprimido. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 2019.
17
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1.2 Epistemologia ecofeminista
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!
A rejeição do construtivismo social ou cultural por atacado não significa um
colapso no determinismo ecológico ou biológico. O que é politicamente e
teoricamente vital para entender é a relação entre relacionamentos
socialmente construídos e realidades físicas, seja de corporificação ou
imersão. É essa interface que diz respeito ao ecofeminismo, a conexão entre
os processos biológicos e ecológicos que envolvem a sociedade humana e a
subordinação e opressão das mulheres. Para as ecofeministas, a
preocupação com a vitalidade da ecologia do planeta está diretamente
relacionada à preocupação com a vida e as experiências das mulheres. A
dominação pós-moderna/pós-estruturalista da teorização social
contemporânea apresenta uma falsa escolha entre o construtivismo social
radical e várias formas de universalismo e essencialismo. (MELLOR, 1997a,
p. 7, tradução nossa).
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1.3 Acerca do uso dos conceitos
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!
Paralelamente à rejeição do conceito de ‘mulher’, muitas feministas pós-
modernas também menosprezam o conceito de ‘natureza’. Contra um
tratamento literal, quase positivista, dos ‘universais”, as pós-modernas
celebram a multiplicidade das diferenças, se ‘regozijam na confusão das
fronteiras e da responsabilidade em construí-las’. Ainda assim, durante esse
processo de recontextualizar os ‘universais’, as ativistas ainda precisam ser
capazes de ‘falar’ – mesmo enquanto usam palavras que estão em processo
de contestação e redefinição. A despeito de sua sofisticação linguística, as
pós-modernas frequentemente discutem universais capitalistas patriarcais
como ‘mulher’ e ‘natureza’ de maneira não dialética, como se fossem ‘fatos
sociais’ durkheimianos.
!
22
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25
2 CRISE CLIMÁTICA E A FINANCEIRIZAÇÃO DO PLANETA NA ERA
NEOLIBERAL
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26
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2 Cf. <https://antigo.mma.gov.br/responsabilidade-socioambiental/agenda-21/agenda-21-global.html>
3 O Consenso de Washington diz respeito a um conjunto de medidas formuladas por economistas de
instituições financeiras situadas na cidade de Washington D.C., como o Fundo Monetário
Internacional, o Banco Mundial e o Departamento do Tesouro dos Estados Unidos, que estimulavam
a competição entre as taxas de câmbio, davam incentivos às exportações e previam a gestão de
finanças públicas. O Consenso de Washington se tornou a política oficial do FMI em 1990 e passaram
a ser "receitadas" para promover o ajuste macroeconômico dos chamados países em
desenvolvimento.
27
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>01<396!3/<0890820K!!
2.1 Um breve resumo do projeto neoliberal
!
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J31323!013!710<./6!<1.31!trabalho baratoK!(//3!?6.!F>3!93/!<313<201@/2.<3/!?F893>0823./!
4 Em 1968 uma série de revoltas e rebeliões sociais marcaram o mundo como A Revolta de Praga, na
antiga Tchecoslováquia, protestos contra a guerra do Vietnã e contra projetos de energia nuclear e
mineração de urânio em várias partes do mundo, A Passeata dos 100 mil no Brasil contra a Ditadura
Militar, as Revoltas de maio de 1968 na França, entre outros.
28
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29
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30
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2.2 Forjando um consenso global: o nascimento da "economia verde"
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5 Em 25 de junho de 2018, o economista publicou um novo artigo para a revista intitulado "25 Years
Ago I Coined the Phrase 'Triple Bottom Line'. Here’s Why It’s Time to Rethink It ("Há 25 anos,
criei a frase 'Triple Bottom Line'. Veja por que é hora de repensar isso", em tradução livre) onde ele
retoma o conceito e faz um "recall", afirmando que "nenhuma dessas estruturas de sustentabilidade
será suficiente, desde que lhes falte o ritmo e a escala adequados - a intenção radical necessária -
para impedir que todos ultrapassamos nossos limites planetários". Disponível em:
https://hbr.org/2018/06/25-years-ago-i-coined-the-phrase-triple-bottom-line-heres-why-im-giving-up-
on-it. Acesso em: 12/05/2023.
6 Na leitura de Maria Mies, o Grande Homem é o Estado patriarcal e os Grandes Homens são a elite
masculina dominante atrelada aos interesses de manutenção desse Estado e das possibilidades de
acumulação que ele garante (MIES, 2022). Para Val Plumwood, os Mestres são uma elite de homens
dominantes e que se utilizam de vários meios, incluindo a ciência, o capital e o Estado, para garantir a
manutenção do próprio domínio social, econômico e político (PLUMWOOD, 2003).
32
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96./!20>3/!<08213./!0!<6>7D0>082310/M a economia verde no contexto da erradicação
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7 Sendo eles África do Sul, Brasil, China, Índia e México.
8 Cf. < https://www.unep.org/explore-topics/green-economy>
9 O anacrônico BRIC foi criado em 2001 por Jim O'Neill, economista sênior do Goldman Sachs, um
dos maiores bancos de investimento do mundo, em seu argumento de que Brasil, Rússia, Índia e
China poderiam tornar-se uma força maior na economia mundial (MORENO, p. 262, 2016).
33
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10 Cf. <https://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/>.
11 No Brasil, foi estabelecido sob o nome de Conselho Empresarial Brasileiro para o Desenvolvimento
Sustentável (CEBDS). Cf.<https://cebds.org/sobre-o-cebds/wbcsd/>.
12Cf. < https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000213311>
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13 Proposta pela primeira vez em 1972, por Christopher Stone, a tese sobre os Direitos da Natureza,
busca reconhecer a natureza como sujeito de direitos e ajuda a embasar a elaboração de legislações
em diversos países como Equador e Estados Unidos, bem como a Convenção Sobre Diversidade
Biológica das Nações Unidas, assinada no Rio de Janeiro em 1992 (JUNIOR e BARROS, 2016).
14 Publicado em 1972 pelo Clube de Roma, OSC fundada em 1968 por um grupo de trinta
empresários para debater questões econômicas, sociais e ambientais relativa ao desenvolvimento
sustentável, e escrito por um grupo de pesquisadores do Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(MIT), o livro "Os Limites do Crescimento" moldou parte do debate ecológico nas décadas
posteriores, com uma crítica centrada no crescimento econômico e populacional. Na página do Clube
35
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!
um processo que só é possível com a participação ativa dos Estados e
governos, pois sua implementação depende da centralidade de um regime
jurídico que assegure a criação de novas leis, a reforma ou ajustes dos
parâmetros normativos existentes e a consequente segurança e validade
jurídica dos contratos e investimentos. (MORENO, 2016, p. 259 - grifo da
autora).
!
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do Roma sobre a publicação, é possível ler a seguinte descrição: "O livro também contém uma
mensagem de esperança: o homem pode criar uma sociedade na qual possa viver indefinidamente
na terra se impor limites a si mesmo e à sua produção de bens materiais para alcançar um estado de
equilíbrio global com a população e a produção em condições cuidadosamente selecionadas
equilibradas." (tradução nossa). Disponível em: https://clubofrome.org/publication/the-limits-to-growth/.
Acesso em: 17/03/2023.
36
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15 Cf. <https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/greeneco/40133781.pdf>
37
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16 Cf. <https://www.esmap.org/>
17 Cf. <https://teebweb.org/publications/teeb-for/synthesis/>.
18 O Deutsche Bank AG é o maior banco da Alemanha em ativos totais e número de funcionários.
Com sede em Frankfurt, a empresa opera como um banco internacional e mantém sucursais em
Londres, Nova Iorque, Singapura, Hong Kong e Sydney. Cf. <https://www.db.com/>
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39
96!>31! 23>Jc>!?3S.3>! 73120!96! 73<620!90! 34d0/K!(>! ,68910/G!6! Schroder Global
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90!<31J686G!0!3!F1HI8<.3!90!/F3!3>7D3!10HFD31.S3456!83!+*'^]20G!7690>!/01!D.96/!
<6>6! 6! >0DQ61! 0=0>7D6! 90//3! DCH.<3K! (>! ^Y^ZG! 6! B3D61! 96/! >01<396/! HD6J3./!
80H6<.396/!7313!D.<0843/!90!9.C=.96!90!<31J686!W+*^X!J320F!10<6190!90![uZ!J.DQd0/!
19 Comumente chamada de geoengenharia, a engenharia climática "refere-se a soluções tecnológicas
de grande escala, de base industrial e de capital intensivo para intervenção nos oceanos, solos e
atmosfera da Terra com o objetivo de reduzir artificialmente os efeitos das mudanças climáticas,
geralmente temporariamente, sem abordar suas causas profundas - carbonização e poluição."
(tradução nossa). Disponível em: https://solargeoeng.org/what-is-solar-geoengineering/>. Acesso em:
24/03/2023.
20 Em 2021, a 26ª Conferência das Partes marcou a criação global do mercado de carbono. Segundo
reportagem publicada na Exame, "o documento final da COP26, a Conferência do Clima da ONU,
encerrada na noite deste sábado, em Glasgow, Escócia, regulamenta as últimas cláusulas do Acordo
de Paris. Com isso, os países poderão comercializar créditos de carbono entre si, num passo
fundamental para fazer a transição para a economia de baixo carbono e conter o aquecimento
global". Disponível em https://exame.com/negocios/mercado-de-carbono-criado-cop26-tem-
documento-final/. Acesso em: 23/03/2023.
40
90!9CD310/21K!*!>6>0826!?6.!67612F86!<68/.9013896!3!<1./0!?.838<0.13!908216!90!F>!
<6820=26!86!`F3D!3!0<686>.3!>F89.3D!c!<68216D393!70D6!<37.23D!?.838<0.16G!90!?61>3!
`F0! 3! <37.23D.S3456! 96! 0<6//./20>3! 701>.2.F! F>! 86B6! >6>0826! 90! 3<F>FD3456!
71.>.2.B3G! <6>! 86B6/! <01<3>0826/! 90//0/! <Q3>396/! w32.B6/! 3>J.0823./xG!
3//0HF13896! F>! >31<6! aF1@9.<6! 7313! H31382.1! 9.10.26/! 90! 71671.09390! /6J10! 0D0/K!
)0//3!?61>3G!
!
os territórios ricos em biodiversidade, em 'estoques de carbono', em fontes
de água passam a ser alvo prioritário do capital especulativo e, ao mesmo
tempo, por meio de contratos, passam a servir de lastro para o valor desses
novos títulos 'verdes' no mercado financeiro. (MORENO, 2016, p. 287 - grifo
da autora).
!
#!<68/6D.93456!93!3H0893!93!0<686>.3!B0190!0>!/020>J16!90!^YZuG!<6>!3!
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0<686>.3!B0190! 7313!3! t/6DF456!96! 716JD0>3t!7690! /01!082089.93! Q6a0!<6>6! F>3!
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3`F0D3/! >3./! 32.8H.93/! 9.1023! 0! .89.1023>0820! 70D3/! 3D20134d0/! 96! <D.>3! <6>! 6!
71.8<.73D!6Ja02.B6!90!3>7D.31!3!<373<.9390!90!3<F>FD3456!90!<37.23D!0>!F>!>6>0826!
21 Cf. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/global-carbon-markets-value-surged-record-851-bln-
last-year-refinitiv-2022-01-31/. Acesso em: 11/05/2023.
41
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2.4 Movimentos por justiça climática e seus limites
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22 No entanto, existe o questionamento pertinente acerca da forma como é colocado em prática esse
tipo de compensação financeira. Ariel Salleh (2017) aponta para o fato que muitas vezes esse recurso
não é direcionado para as comunidades diretamente afetadas, ficando no meio do caminho,
sobretudo nas mãos de OSCs, normalmente ocidentais ou, ainda, sendo utilizado por parte de ações
estatais ou ações público-privadas para desenvolver indústrias ou setores prejudiciais aos próprios
beneficiários em teoria.
42
!
A aplicação de uma abordagem de justiça climática é um processo intencional
que envolve uma análise cuidadosa de quem é excluído ou marginalizado
pelos processos de mudança climática, bem como quaisquer intervenções de
adaptação ou mitigação realizadas. Uma abordagem de justiça climática se
concentra em quem se beneficia, quem perde, de que maneira, onde e por
quê. É uma ferramenta interpretativa que ajuda a explicar melhor as relações
em diferentes escalas que co-criam e mantêm injustiças.
!
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23 Não está no escopo da presente pesquisa detalhar como se deu essa contra narrativa nos
movimentos que passaram a apontar as contradições da economia verde e demandar justiça
climática. No entanto, é possível citar o Fórum Social Mundial, proposto como um contraponto ao
Fórum Econômico Mundial de Davos pela primeira vez em 2001; o People's Summit, que durante a
Rio+20 produziu o relatório que demandava por justiça social aliada à questão climática Another
Future is Possible ("Outro futuro é possível", em tradução livre) bem como articulações como
GENANET e GenderCC-Women For Climate Justice. No Brasil, destaco o movimento Via Campesina
e a Ação Democrática Feminina Gaúcha (SALLEH, 2013, 2017).
44
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Para qualquer nível de aquecimento futuro, muitos riscos relacionados ao clima
são maiores do que os avaliados no AR5, e os impactos de longo prazo
projetados são várias vezes maiores do que os observados atualmente
(confiança alta). Os riscos e os impactos adversos projetados e as perdas e
danos relacionados às mudanças climáticas aumentam a cada incremento do
aquecimento global (confiança muito alta). Os riscos climáticos e não
climáticos vão interagir cada vez mais, criando riscos compostos e em cascata,
mais complexos e difíceis de gerir (alta confiança). (IPCC, 2023, p. 36).
'61! ?.>G! c! 76//@B0D! 31HF>08231! `F0! 6! 08`F3913>0826! 7C/V76D@2.<6! 93! <1./0!
<D.>b2.<3!?6.!23826!>0.6!<6>6!?.>!90//0!D68H6!716<0//6!86!`F3D!3!aF/2.43!<D.>b2.<3!0!
0<6DCH.<3! 3<3J313>! 761! ?.HF131! <6>6! 8623! 90! 16937c! 83/! 76D@2.<3/! <D.>b2.<3/G! 3!
<6>708/3456! 93/! 0>.//d0/! ?6.! 71.61.S393! ?10820! :! 109F456! 0! >0<38./>6/!
24 Refugiados climáticos são as pessoas forçadas a migrar, de forma permanente ou temporária, em
decorrência dos danos causados por eventos climáticos extremos ou aumento do nível do mar.
25 O apartheid climático chama a atenção para as disparidades socioespaciais das mudanças
climáticas, muitas vezes correlacionadas com injustiças coloniais e raciais. (SULTANA, 2021).
26 Tratado internacional sobre mudanças climáticas assinado em Paris, na 21ª Convenção das Partes
cujo principal objetivo é fazer com que os países se comprometam a reduzir as emissões de GEE.
45
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27 Há uma série de elaborações críticas ao uso de tecnologias potencialmente nocivas para "reparar"
o clima. No contexto da presente pesquisa, ver MOORE, 2023 e SALLEH, 2017. Ver também o
International Non-Use Agreement on Solar Geoengineering. Disponível em:
https://www.solargeoeng.org/non-use-agreement/. Acesso em: 11/05/2023.
28Os profissionais gerenciais são um tipo de aristocracia dentro do proletariado cuja atuação e visão
de mundo fantasia o capitalismo racional, tecnológico e meritocrático entre eles profissionais do
terceiro setor, cientistas, economistas, burocratas do Estado, entre outros. Cf. MOORE, 2022d.
46
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!
uma mudança gradual da política de mitigação para resiliência, que pode ser
lida como priorizando a proteção das pessoas contra desastres relacionados
ao clima ao invés da proteção do meio ambiente contra desastres humanos
de contaminação, extração e extinção. Como tal, o enquadramento
dominante da mudança climática produziu uma visão despolitizadora da
natureza como inimiga, que só pode servir para reduzir ainda mais o potencial
político do ambientalismo como um movimento social que se dedica a
29 Ver, por exemplo, ANNAN, Kofi. Climate change puts us all in the same boat. One hole will sink us
all ("A mudança climática nos coloca todos no mesmo barco. Um buraco afundará todos nós", em
tradução livre). The Guardian, 2019. Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/cif-
green/2009/dec/10/kofi-annan-climate-change. Acesso em: 12/05/2023. Outro exemplo é o relatório
do FMI, We are all in the same boat ("Estamos todos no mesmo barco", em tradução livre) de 2021.
Disponível em: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2021/01/22/We-Are-All-in-the-Same-
Boat-Cross-Border-Spillovers-of-Climate-Risk-through-International-49947. Acesso em: 12/05/2023.
30 O controle populacional forçado é historicamente imposto às mulheres do Sul global bem como às
mulheres pobres do Norte. Sobretudo a partir dos anos 1970, uma série de políticas de "planejamento
familiar" foram desenvolvidas por organizações como OIT e Banco Mundial. Ver capítulo quatro da
presente pesquisa para mais detalhes sobre essas políticas.
47
remediar as relações destrutivas homem-natureza. (MACGREGOR, 2014,
p.621, tradução nossa). !
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!
um compromisso com o tempo político, uma análise do poder, uma aceitação
da indeterminação e um compromisso de permanecer pacientemente com o
problema. O que importa são os princípios de reconhecimento, procedimento
e distribuição que sustentam o acesso à voz e aos recursos agora e em
futuros globalmente aquecidos, e até que ponto isso envolve redistribuições
31A narrativa dos esforços individuais, inclusive como forma de incentivar "negócios verdes", pode ser
observada na transferência de responsabilidade para os sujeitos compensarem as próprias emissões
de CO2 por meio do mercado de carbono. Isso está se tornando cada vez mais comum e já é uma
prática adotada por companhias aéreas, empresas de aluguel de carros e empresas de serviços
como Uber. individualização das responsabilidades em relação às emissões de GEE também são
repassadas do topo para baixo por meio da própria ONU. Ver, por exemplo, o site Act Now.
Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/actnow. Acesso em: 12/05/2023.
48
materiais e simbólicas e reordenações das relações de poder. Isso requer um
pensamento corporificado, material e socio estrutural e uma compreensão e
análise das experiências vividas por diferentes e múltiplos grupos sociais. Na
sua ausência, os movimentos não são capazes de fazer mais do que refletir
os arranjos sociais dominantes e projetar as exclusões existentes no futuro.
(HAYES; MACGREGOR, 2022, p. 187, tradução nossa).
!
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!
2.5 Negar o discurso e as ferramentas do Mestre
!
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49
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Q./2C1.<6/!0>01H0>!0!86/!10B0D3>!856!/C!`F0!"um outro mundo é possível [...], como
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32 A Agenda 2030 é atualmente o principal guia para as empresas ou organizações adequarem suas
atividades às práticas ESG (Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance). Em português,
Governança Ambiental, Social e Corporativa, é uma metodologia para avaliar até que ponto uma
corporação trabalha em prol de objetivos sociais. Ver, por exemplo, ESG - Pacto Global. Disponível
em: https://www.pactoglobal.org.br/pg/esg. Acesso em: 12/05/2023.
50
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51
3 A CRISE EPOCAL DO CAPITALISMO
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3.1 Antropoceno ou Capitaloceno?!
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52
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33 A Pequena Idade do Gelo data entre os séculos 13 e 19, e é um período de clima frio que ocorreu
na Europa e América do Norte a partir dos anos 1300 até a década de 1850. Na Europa, este fenômeno
é acompanhado por uma série de más colheitas, fome e desastres naturais.
34 Cf. CRUTZEN, Paul; STOERMER, Eugene, The Anthropocene, IGBP [International Geosphere-
Biosphere Programme] Newsletter 41, p. 17–18, 2000.
35 RAWORTH, Kate. Must the Anthropocene be a Manthropocene? The Guardian, Londres, 20 out.
de 2014. Opinion, science. Disponível em:
https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/20/anthropocene-working-group-science-
gender-bias. Acesso em: 12/06/2023.
53
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!
uma forma de entender o capitalismo como um sistema geográfico conectivo
e um sistema histórico padronizado. Nessa visão, o Capitaloceno é uma
geopoética para dar sentido ao capitalismo como uma ecologia mundial de
poder e re/produção na teia da vida. (MOORE, 2019, p. 50, tradução nossa).!
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36 No livro organizado por Jason Moore (2022a), uma série de autores e pesquisadores se engajam
com o conceito de Capitaloceno. Entre eles, Christian Parenti, Donna Haraway e Eileen Crist vão
elaborar críticas à narrativa do Antropoceno popular a partir da proposta geo-histórica de Moore.
54
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!
na relação da humanidade com o restante da natureza … [e] foi maior do que
qualquer outro divisor de águas desde o surgimento da agricultura e das
primeiras cidades, podendo ser considerado ainda maior do que o surgimento
do motor a vapor. (MOORE, 2022a, p. 156, grifo do autor).
!
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55
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9396/!96!;38<6!"F89.3D!90!^Y^^G!6!73@/!86!/FD!3/.b2.<6!710/08<.3!6!90/37310<.>0826!
37 Cf. THE WORLD BANK GROUP. Climate Risk Country Profile: Kiribati. The World Bank Group,
Washington, DC, 2021. Disponível em:
https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/country-profiles/15816-
WB_Kiribati%20Country%20Profile-WEB.pdf; BIAZI, Chiara Antonia Sofia Mafrica; GRUBBA, Leilane
Serratine. A proteção internacional aos refugiados ambientais. Instituto Brasileiro de Direitos
Humanos, vol. 22, número 22, p. 195-207, out. 2022. Disponível em:
https://milas.x10host.com/ojs/index.php/ibdh/article/view/480. Acesso em: 12/06/2023; MAIA,
Caroline; COLERATO, Marina. Bangladesh e Ilhas Kiribati: Crise Climática Aprofunda Pobreza e
Aumenta a Vulnerabilidade Social. Modefica, 2020. Socioambiental. Disponível em:
https://www.modefica.com.br/bangladesh-e-ilhas-kiribati-crise-climatica/. Acesso em: 12/04/2023.
56
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0D0!86/!701>.20!B01!3/!61.H08/!90!F>3!<1./0!08H0891393!70D6 modo de organização
do trabalho orientado para a máxima produção de mais-valor!W"**$(G!^Y^^3XK!€!F>3!
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38 Cf. INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT MONITORING CENTRE. Disaster Displacement in Asia and
Pacific. Relatório. Org. Alexandra Bilak, Bina Desai e Christelle Cazabat. Geneva, 2022. Disponível
em: https://www.internal-
displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/220919_IDMC_Disaster-Displacement-in-
Asia-and-the-Pacific.pdf. Acesso em: 12/06/2023; BANCO MUNDIAL. Groundswell: Preparing for
Internal Climate Migration. Relatório. Org. Kanta Kumari Rigaud et al. Washington, 2018. A Unidade
de Investigação de Refugiados e Movimentos Migratórios também elaborou uma série de relatórios,
artigos e livros sobre a migração em Bangladesh. Cf.: http://www.rmmru.org/newsite/.
57
10a0.2396/!7313!931! 0/7346!3!F>3! B./56!>3./!3>7D3! 0!Q./261.<3>0820!D6<3D.S393! 93!
710/0820!<1./0M!
!
A tese do Capitaloceno diz que para entender a crise planetária hoje,
precisamos olhar para o capitalismo como uma ecologia-mundo de poder,
produção e reprodução. Nessa perspectiva, os momentos 'sociais' da
dominação de classe moderna, da supremacia branca e do patriarcado estão
intimamente ligados a projetos ambientais voltados para a acumulação
infindável de capital. Essencialmente, a grande inovação do capitalismo,
desde suas origens após 1492, foi inventar a prática de apropriação da
Natureza. Essa Natureza não era apenas uma ideia, mas uma realidade
territorial e cultural que aprisionava e policiava mulheres, povos colonizados
e teias de vida extra-humanas. Como as teias da vida resistem à
padronização, aceleração e homogeneização da maximização do lucro
capitalista, o capitalismo nunca foi estritamente econômico; a dominação
cultural e a força política tornaram possível a devastação capitalógena das
naturezas humana e extra-humana a cada passo. (MOORE, 2019, p. 53,
tradução nossa - grifo nosso).
!
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58
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+37.23D6<086!`F3896!3?.1>3>M!!
!
O primeiro pressuposto de toda a história humana é, naturalmente, a
existência de indivíduos vivos. O primeiro fato a constatar é, pois, a
organização corporal destes indivíduos e, por meio dela, sua relação com o
restante da natureza. Naturalmente não podemos abordar, aqui, nem a
constituição física dos homens nem as condições naturais, geológicas, oro-
hidrográficas, climáticas e outras condições já encontradas pelos homens.
Toda a historiografia deve partir desses fundamentos naturais e de sua
modificação pela ação dos homens no decorrer da história.
!
&3! 8623! 90! 16937c! <G! 83! >0/>3! 7bH.83G! 0D0/! 3<10/<0823>! `F0! 6! >696! 90!
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!
como uma abreviação filosófica para as tendências históricas mundiais do
capitalismo. Por um lado, encontramos uma 'universalidade' capitalista como
um movimento 'histórico mundial… empiricamente verificável' – uma
59
tendência que 'faz de toda a natureza… [o] corpo inorgânico' do capital. De
outro, sua contratendência dialética e negação potencial: o comunismo. Este
não é um 'estado de coisas', mas o 'movimento real… [do] proletariado, [que]
só pode existir historicamente no mundo… diretamente ligado à história do
mundo'".
!
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3.2 A formação da ecologia-mundo capitalista
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60
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61
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a natureza passou a ser vista como um sistema composto por partículas
mortas e inertes movidas por forças exteriores ao invés de inerentes, a própria
estrutura mecanicista podia legitimar a manipulação da natureza. Ademais,
como uma estrutura conceitual, a ordem mecanicista associou a ela uma
estrutura de valores baseados em poder, completamente compatível com as
direções tomadas pelo capitalismo comercial. (MERCHANT, 1989).
!
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39 No contexto da presente pesquisa, a Renascença diz respeito ao período da história da Europa
responsável por marcar a transição do feudalismo para o capitalismo entre meados do século XIV e o
fim do século XVI, quando as transformações sociais, políticas, econômicas, bem como seus efeitos
na filosofia e nas ciências, são evidentes.
62
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3710/0823G!/6J102F96G!83!10D3456!<682139.2C1.3!08210!213J3DQ3961!0!6!7169F26!96!/0F!
213J3DQ640K! &3! 0/20.13! 96/! 9F3D./>6/! <1./23D.S396/G! B.>6/! 83/<01! 3/! <68<074d0/!
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40 Essa alienação pode ser entendida em termos marxistas. Como nem a mercadoria nem o trabalho
objetivado na mercadoria pertencem ao trabalhador, quanto mais ele trabalha "tanto mais poderoso
se torna o mundo objetivo, alheio (fremd) que ele cria diante de si, tanto mais pobre se torna ele
mesmo, seu mundo interior, [e] tanto menos [o trabalhador] pertence a si próprio." (MARX, p. 80-81,
2010).
63
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312.<FD3456!08210!6/!q13890/!v6>08/K!!
'61!/F3!B0SG!6!>0<38.<./>6!08<68216F!/0F!<3>.8Q6!7313!3!2061.3!93!76D@2.<3!
D.J013D! <6>! 3! 6J13! ,0B.325! WZ]uZXG! 90! -Q6>3/! v6JJ0/K! #`F.G! 6! `F0! 86/! .82010//3!
90/23<31! c! 3! B./56! >0<38.<./23! 93! <.I8<.3! /0896! .8<61761393! 83! <Db//.<3! 6J13! 90!
v6JJ0/G!90>68/213896!3!apropriação política!96!>0<38.<./>6!<.082@?.<6!`F0!6<6110F!
83!c76<3K!)08216!96!(/2396!<.B.D!96!2.76!Q6JJ0/.386G!6!716H10//6!93!B.93!/6<.3D!7690!
/01!082089.96!<6>6M!
!
uma rejeição aos laços naturais dos homens uns com os outros e dos homens
com a própria natureza. Trata-se de uma espécie de naturalização da vida
artificial, que reduz a complexidade do homem às categorias rasas de
máquina e de cidadão. (Silva, 2019, p. 14 - grifo nosso).
!
'313!v6JJ0/!W^YYhG!7K!ZZXG!6!(/2396!/6J01386!c!F>!7321.31<3!.>76896!10H13/!
08`F3826! 3! 71C71.3! B.93! 7690! /01! 082089.93! 90! 3<6196! <6>! 6! ?F8<.683>0826! 93/!
>b`F.83/M!
!
Pois, considerando que a vida não passa de um movimento de membros, cujo
início ocorre em alguma parte principal interna, por que não podemos dizer que
todos os autômatos (máquinas que se movem por molas e rodas como um
relógio) possuem uma vida artificial? Pois o que é o coração, senão uma mola;
e os nervos, senão outras cordas; e as juntas, senão tantas rodas, imprimindo
movimento ao corpo inteiro, como foi projetado pelo Artífice?