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Strategic benchmarks for strengthening the country’s economic security through measures regulating migration processes
Abstract
Growing destructive migration characteristics of the current stage of social and economic development of Ukraine prevent the formation of a resource base for ensuring economic security. The article proves that international migration (intellectual, labour, and stationary migration of youth and families), as well as the latest forms of business, intellectual property, and technology migration, have become critical, threatening the sustainable development of the national economy (they deepen socio-demographic disparities and pose a threat to national and economic security due to the loss of resources, complication and deterioration of economic reproduction and revitalization processes). To ensure effective migration regulation and achieve a positive impact of these processes on strengthening the economic security of the national economy in Ukraine, an appropriate toolkit for state regulation of migration according to the components of economic security is proposed. Its introduction makes it possible to ensure the implementation of strategic priorities for the development of the national economy. Strategic vectors of implementation of migration regulation policy in the context of functional components of the system of ensuring economic security are determined: increasing the export potential, increasing the role in the international division of labour through the mobilization of labour resources; reducing the level of energy dependence of the national economy through the development of the internal energy complex and the use of alternative energy supply sources; overcoming systemic problems of sustainable development and forming an environment of economic freedom; technological modernization of the real sector of the economy and development and increase of employment in new types of economic activity in the context of globalization; strengthening of demographic stability by measures of spatial-structural policy and realization of the potential of internal migration; increase of the export potential of the agro-industrial complex in the system of the world food market; ensuring of financial stability at all levels of economic relations; approximation of the quality of life to the EU standards and reduction of social tensions in society; creation of conditions for innovation and technological development, increase of competitiveness of innovative strategic sectors of the economy.
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The advantages of an integral approach to assessing the competitiveness of retailers are substantiated, which allows obtaining a more thorough and versatile informative base for making further managerial decisions to ensure the development of trading business. A new approach to the integral evaluation of the competitiveness of retailers is developed. The list of functional and structural components of competitiveness was substantiated: marketing,financial and investment, material and technical, intellectual and personnel,innovation, logistic and social. It is proposed to use the methodological sequence of competitiveness assessment, which involves the alternate passage of the following stages: construction of an evaluation hierarchy, identification of the levels of the criterion importance, definition of a set of “local vectors” by evaluation criteria, conducting comparative evaluation of competing enterprises, hierarchical synthesis of alternative options for ensuring competitiveness. The methods of an expert survey are used to form an information and analytical base. Using the Saaty’s analytic hierarchy process and the Delphi method of an expert survey, a matrix of pairwise comparisons of the criteria of the retailers’ competitiveness is formed. The Gallup Institute methodology is used to form the sample of enterprises. A matrix of rating positions of the socially-oriented retailers is developed to enable evaluation.On the basis of the obtained results – analytical support of the policy(regarding the competitiveness level, state of security and coefficients of weight of its functional and structural components), the strategic principles of managing the competitiveness of socially-oriented retailers. A matrix of strategic decisions on managing the competitiveness of socially-oriented retailers is developed.
The main features of external labour migration from
Ukraine are defined in the article, including the scope, the
directions, the role in the modern and future development of
Ukraine. Its main components are considered that differ in the
length of migrant’s stay abroad, the composition of
participants, the impact on the overall social and economic
situation in the country and the life of migrant’s households.
The scope and structure of the migratory flows in the recipient
countries are clarified. The estimates of migration mobility of
various population groups of Ukraine are presented. It is
demonstrated that external migrations in the modern Ukraine
perform the functions of social lifts, and migrant’s intentions
to leave the country has become the prevalent behavior
patterns. According to studies results, the main factor is
differences between wage in Ukraine and potential
remuneration in the country of destination, but mentality is the
important role. Due to traditional high mobility of Ukrainians,
it is unreasonable to promote the idea to stop the external
migration exclusively solely through the growth of wages. The
opportunities of the state impact on the migration behaviors
of the population are outlined and the most effective actions,
from the point of view of the author, are highlighted.
In this paper a case is made for the necessity of an inter-disciplinary treatment of the migration phenomenon. The paper addresses the relation between migration and security from a reconciliatory perspective after a brief analysis of the migration-security nexus and how migration got securitised. Based on the Foucauldian notion of biopolitics, one can argue that what contributes heavily to the securitisation of migration is the emergence of biopower and biopolitics which are primarily concerned with the control over lives of the population within a given territory. This makes states and societies consider migration as a matter that should be under control, since it is related to the hygiene of the population and nationals of a given state. I, therefore, discuss the EU and other European countries' policies regarding migration and how biopolitics have influenced securitising the EU's migration policies. The main argument is that migration can, and should, be treated as an advantage rather than a threat, though it does not deny the security concerns that alway accompany such social phenomenon. The impact of culture and history on migration policies, and how identity politics shape a given country's policies are discussed. Perceiving migration as either a threat or an opportunity, the way in which a country perceives migrants shapes its migration policies, whether restrictive or multiculturally-tolerant.
An analysis of the linkages between immigration and security must consider three basic issues and tasks. First of all, it must look at the definition of the concepts in use: threat, referent object and the logic or rationale that brings both concepts together. Secondly, the framing of immigration within the discourse on security issues is to be tackled. And thirdly, it must take into account the measures and public policy instruments related to that framing. This article focuses on these three interrelated issues and explores those questions with particular reference to the EU area. The first part reviews the scholarly literature that explores the linkage between migration and security in order to identify what is known as the ‘threat’, the referent object and the rationales established in discourses since the 1990s. During this decade the EU began to develop its ‘common’ immigration policy, while at the same time critiques of the emerging securitisation of migration were developed. The second part of this research traces the effects of the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001 on discourses and public policies in the EU. The analysis of post 9/11 developments in the EU provides evidence to deny on the hand, that EU institutions’ discourses on immigration policies consider this phenomenon as an existential threat and, on the other hand, to reject that extraordinary measures or courses of actions had followed those terrorist attacks. A global approach towards migration is underway although in need of political impetus.
This special issue illustrates that the securitisation of migration is not a linear process but a spiralling phenomenon, which involves different actors, and their policies, practices and narratives, in a spiralling progression that both self-fulfils and reinforces migration-security nexus’ dynamics. By proposing a cognitive ontology to understand the social construction of migration as a security threat, the introduction to this special issue proposes a categorisation of cognitions, mandates, constituencies and interests of state and non-state actors. Through a dichotomisation of these categories, it is possible to clarify how and why they either socially construct or deconstruct migration as a threat. In particular, the special issue identifies in prejudicial cognitions one of the main reasons for which a variety of actors enact practices and produce narratives that contribute to both securitising migration and reinforcing its nexus with crime, and the consequent social construction of ‘migration crises’. The different contributions to this special issue prove the arguments here exposed with a different analysis of how migration has been dealt with at either governmental or non-governmental levels.
Forced migration as a consequence of wars, civil conflicts, or natural disasters may have consequences different from those of voluntary migration. Recent work has highlighted the consequences of forced migration on receiving populations, on migrants themselves and on sending populations. We document findings from recent work, on education and other economic outcomes, but also on political outcomes. We summarize key lessons and point to gaps in the literature.
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