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Technology and Society Perspectives (TACIT) Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2023, pages 10–17
Digital Technology Transformation in Enhancing Public Partici-
pation in Democratic Processes
Suherlan Suherlan1
1Universitas Subang, Subang, West Java, Indonesia
A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received: 9 January 2023
Revised: 12 February 2023
Accepted: 2 March 2023
DOI:
10.61100/tacit.v1i1.34
Key words:
Digital technology, Public participation,
Democracy
This wo rk is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International License
1. INTRODUCTION
Amidst the ever-evolving era of globalisation and the rapid advancement of digital technology, the role of
technology has experienced a tremendous increase in various aspects of human life (Wahyoedi et al., 2023).
One area that has been massively impacted is the democratic process in the structure of society. Through the
emergence of digital technology, new opportunities have opened up that intensify the participation of com-
munity members in every stage of the democratic process (Congge et al., 2023). It is only natural that this
would eventually lead to the further strengthening of the entire democratic system itself. The fundamental
principle of modern democracy is active and inclusive civic engagement, and in this context, digital technol-
ogy plays an infinite role in facilitating such forms of participation.
The transformation process that has been induced by advances in digital technology has provided
an increasingly broad and diverse platform for public participation in political dynamics and decision-mak-
ing processes (Rijal, 2023; Sudirjo, Diawati, et al., 2023). In this context, elements such as the internet, which
includes social media that connects, online platforms that encourage interaction, and mobile applications that
* Corresponding author, email address: suherlanfia@gmail.com
A B S T R A C T
In the era of globalisation and the development of digital technology, the role of tech-
nology in various aspects of life is increasing. One of the areas significantly affected is
the democratic process in society. This research aims to analyse the transformation of
digital technology in increasing people's participation in the democratic process. The
current research type is qualitative. Data collection techniques include listening and
recording important information to conduct data analysis through data reduction,
data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that the transformation of
digital technology has brought a significant impact on public participation in the dem-
ocratic process. The availability of online platforms, easy access to information, and
the ability to interact with political leaders have changed the way individuals engage
in political decision-making. Despite the positive potential, there are challenges and
risks that need to be addressed in order for public participation in the digital era to
truly contribute to the strengthening of democratic principles.
A B S T R A K
Dalam era globalisasi dan perkembangan teknologi digital, peran teknologi dalam
berbagai aspek kehidupan semakin meningkat. Salah satu bidang yang terpengaruh
secara signifikan adalah proses demokrasi dalam masyarakat. Riset ini bertujuan un-
tuk menganalisis transformasi teknologi digital dalam meningkatkan partisipasi
Masyarakat dalam proses demikrasi. Jenis penelitian saat ini adalah kualitatif. Teknik
pengumpulan data meliputi menyimak dan mencatat informasi penting untuk
melakukan analisis data melalui reduksi data, display data, dan penarikan kesimpulan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transformasi teknologi digital telah membawa
dampak signifikan terhadap partisipasi masyarakat dalam proses demokrasi. Keterse-
diaan platform online, akses informasi yang mudah, dan kemampuan berinteraksi
dengan pemimpin politik telah mengubah cara individu-individu terlibat dalam
pengambilan keputusan politik. Meskipun potensi positifnya besar, terdapat tan-
tangan dan risiko yang perlu diatasi agar partisipasi masyarakat dalam era digital
benar-benar berkontribusi pada penguatan prinsip-prinsip demokrasi.
ISSN 3025-5104 S. Suherlan: Digital Technology Transformation in Enhancing …
extend reach, have significantly opened up access for individuals to gain information and insights in the
political sphere (Appel et al., 2020). Not only that, this space also embraces invaluable opportunities for in-
depth discussions, the expression of diverse views, and active participation in initiatives that promote dem-
ocratic principles. The implications of these changes have the potential to increase universal accessibility to
politics, bridge gaps in process transparency, and strengthen accountability at every stage of the political
process.
However, despite the wide-open potential that awaits the realisation of digital technological trans-
formation, its complexities still pose high-impact challenges that require careful understanding and response.
For example, the harmony of access to these technological advancements has not been evenly distributed
across society, creating a range of digital participation that is stretched between those with abundant access
and those with limited access. In addition, there are a series of issues that raise concerns, such as the delicate
balance between data privilege and security, the expansion of which is accompanied by the risk of spreading
unsettling fake news, and the potential manipulation of public opinion that can undermine the integrity of
the fabric of the democratic process as a whole. Addressing these essential questions thus requires a holistic
approach and a collaborative effort involving a wide range of stakeholders (Ayala-Orozco et al., 2018).
In order to delve deeper into "The Transformation of Digital Technology in Enhancing Public Partic-
ipation in the Democratic Process," the first step will be to go upstream to a number of relevant scholarly
references to explore how digital technology has shaped the pattern of public participation in the frame of
the democratic process. This exploration will open the pages of an ever-expanding literature, and in between
will reveal the following aspects:
1. Participation in Online and Offline Contexts: The review will highlight how digital technology has
underlined the importance of public participation in two dimensions, namely online and offline. In the
digital space, we will reflect on various forms of participation such as online petitions, online campaigns,
discussion forum platforms, and demonstrations organised through social media. On balance, it will
illustrate how digital technology has bridged the gap between these two dimensions.
2. Affordability and Inclusivity Aspects: A look at the ability of digital technologies to overcome challenges
such as geographical, physical and economic limitations in access. Discussions will also weave in
important efforts to ensure that all groups in society, regardless of their backgrounds, are able to
experience spaces of participation in the digital arena.
3. The Role of Social Media in Politics: The next issue will discuss the immense impact of social media in
shaping public opinion, mobilising the masses, and opening a window for intense political dialogue
between leaders and citizens. This layer reveals how digital technology has become the new foundation
of modern political communication.
4. Encouragement of Young Generation Participation: Discusses how digital technology has become a
catalyst that stimulates political participation from younger generations who tend to be more connected
to technology. This generation will be the detailed focus to explore how technological shifts have played
a vital role in fuelling their political participation.
5. Technology-Related Threats: An alignment will be made on the challenges that arise with the rapid
growth of digital technology. Threats related to data security, privacy, and the spread of inaccurate
information will be an important part of this discussion. Efforts to maintain healthy participation and
accurate information will be highlighted.
6. Real Case Studies: The final space in this review will be dedicated to presenting real-life examples of
technology initiatives that have made a significant impact in enhancing public participation in
democratic processes in various parts of the world.
With this literature review, it is hoped that a deeper understanding of the impact of digital technol-
ogy transformation on civic participation in democratic processes can be gained. With this understanding, it
will be easier to identify related opportunities and challenges, and formulate appropriate policy recommen-
dations to ensure that the development of digital technologies contributes to the strengthening of democratic
systems and broader civic engagement.
2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND HYPOTHESES
Digital Technology
Digital technology refers to various types of technology that operate using digital signals or discrete repre-
sentations of data (Sutrisno, Ausat, et al., 2023). Digital data consists of binary numbers (0 and 1), known as
Technology and Society Perspectives (TACIT) Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2023, pages 10–17
bits, which are then used to represent information. Digital technology involves the use of electronic devices
and software that work with this digital data to perform various tasks and functions (Harini et al., 2023;
Sudirjo, Ausat, et al., 2023). Some key aspects of digital technology include:
1. Digital Processing: Digital technology involves the processing of information using electronic
components such as integrated circuits (ICs), microprocessors, and software. This process involves
manipulating digital data to perform various tasks, ranging from simple computing to complex tasks
such as data analysis and image processing.
2. Digital Communication: Digital communication involves sending and receiving data in digital form over
computer networks and digital media such as fibre optic cables or radio waves. The Internet is one of the
most important examples of digital communication infrastructure that enables the exchange of
information on a global scale.
3. Digital Storage: Digital technology enables the storage of data in digital form on various physical devices,
such as hard discs, flash drives, or even in cloud computing. Digital data can be stored with a large
capacity and accessed at any time.
4. Digital Devices: These include various electronic devices that use digital technology to operate, such as
personal computers, smartphones, tablets, digital cameras, digital televisions, and other devices that use
digital signals to generate and manage information.
5. Sensors and Actuators: Digital sensors measure physical phenomena and convert them into digital data
that can be processed by computers. Digital actuators, on the other hand, respond to digital signals to
perform specific physical actions, such as motors controlled by software.
6. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Data Analytics: Digital technology also supports the development of
artificial intelligence and data analytics. Digital data collected from various sources can be analysed using
AI algorithms to generate valuable insights.
Digital technology has changed many aspects of human life, including in business, education, enter-
tainment, communication, and more. It has a huge impact on the way we work, interact, and live our daily
lives as a whole (Azzaakiyyah et al., 2023; Said Ahmad et al., 2023).
Community Participation
Community participation refers to the active involvement of individuals in various aspects of social, political,
and economic life within a society (Ohara, 2023). It includes participation in decision-making, political pro-
cesses, social activities, and other initiatives that affect people's lives. Community participation is one of the
key pillars of democracy and indicates the extent to which citizens are involved in shaping the policies and
direction of society's development (Zikargae et al., 2022). There are several forms that community participa-
tion can take:
1. Political Participation: This includes the right of citizens to engage in political processes, such as
elections, political campaigns, voting, and the selection of representatives. Political participation also
involves participating in political organisations, public discussions, and providing policy-related input.
2. Social Participation: This includes engaging in activities and organisations that focus on social and
humanitarian development. This could include involvement in volunteer groups, charity campaigns,
community empowerment initiatives, and other activities that aim to improve quality of life and social
welfare.
3. Economic Participation: This involves participation in economic activities such as forming or being a
member of a co-operative, consumer cooperative, or trade union. Economic participation can also mean
being part of community-based economic initiatives.
4. Cultural Participation: This includes participation in cultural and artistic activities, such as music
groups, book clubs, cultural festivals, and the like. Participation in culture helps nurture cultural
identity and a diverse social life.
5. Environmental Participation: This pertains to participation in initiatives that aim to safeguard the
environment and sustainability. This could involve environmental clean-up activities, nature
conservation campaigns, and the use of environmentally-friendly technologies.
6. Digital Participation: In the digital age, public participation also includes interaction and engagement
in online platforms such as social media, online discussion forums, and digital petitions. This can
include sharing views, campaigning on important issues, or advocating for change through cyberspace.
Community participation is an important aspect of building an inclusive, equitable and sustainable
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society. It gives individuals a voice in decisions that affect their lives and enables the development of a
society that is more dynamic and responsive to the needs and aspirations of its citizens.
Democracy
Democracy is a form of government in which power and authority are vested in the people or citizens (Dahl,
1994). In a democratic system, political decisions are made based on the active participation of citizens, either
directly or through their elected representatives. The main principle of democracy is that power comes from
the people and governments are accountable to them (Khotami, 2017). Some of the key characteristics of a
democracy include:
1. Popular Sovereignty: Democracy recognises that ultimate power rests with the people. People have the
right to participate in political decision-making and have a say in determining the direction of the
country.
2. Elections: In a democracy, elections are an important mechanism for electing representatives who will
represent the interests of the people in government institutions. Elections are held periodically to elect
rulers and legislators.
3. Protection of Human Rights: A democratic system respects human rights and guarantees the basic rights
of citizens, such as freedom of speech, freedom of religion, right to association, and so on.
4. Division of Power: Democratic systems often involve the division of power among different institutions
of government, such as the executive, legislature, and judiciary. This aims to prevent excessive
concentration of power in one hand.
5. Transparency and Accountability: Governments in a democratic system are expected to be transparent
in their actions and decisions. They must be accountable to citizens for their actions.
6. Protection of Minorities: Democratic principles also recognise the rights of minorities. Although the
majority has a say in decision-making, the rights of minorities must be respected and protected.
7. Dialogue and Debate: The democratic process often involves open dialogue, debate, and discussion on
various issues. This allows citizens to voice their views, debate arguments, and seek solutions together.
8. Peaceful Change: In a democracy, changes in power usually occur through elections or other political
processes, rather than through violence or force.
Democracies come in many forms and variations, including direct democracy (where citizens are
directly involved in decision-making) and representative democracy (where citizens elect their representa-
tives to make decisions on their behalf). Although democracy has various implementations and levels of
effectiveness, at its core, it is about empowering the people in the political decision-making process and en-
suring a government that functions in the interests of the people (Sari, 2023).
3. RESEARCH METHOD
This research aims to analyse the transformation of digital technology in increasing public participation in
the democratic process. In this study, researchers conducted desk research so that they did not need to go
directly to the field during the data collection process, but instead examined various reference sources that
supported this research. The literature was obtained from online media and databases from journal portals
in accordance with the keywords related to this discussion, namely the transformation of digital technology
in increasing public participation in the democratic process. The author does not focus on specific journal
portals or online media in determining relevant reference sources such as referring to the Emerald Insight,
ResearchGate, and Elsevier journal portals, but is more flexible. In this article, with a focus on the transfor-
mation of digital technology in increasing public participation in the democratic process, the author makes
these keywords the focus of the search so as not to widen the main discussion. The search for journals, articles
and publications was mostly in the range of articles published between 1994 and 2023. Not all articles, jour-
nals and publications that appear in the search results will be used, but only those related to the transfor-
mation of digital technology in increasing community participation in the democratic process.
This research is a type of qualitative research. Data collection techniques include listening and re-
cording important information to conduct data analysis through data reduction, data display, and conclusion
drawing to obtain a conclusion picture regarding the literature study that will be developed in this study.
Data validation using data source triangulation.
4. DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Technology and Society Perspectives (TACIT) Vol. 1, No. 1, March 2023, pages 10–17
In the 21st century era characterised by the accelerated pace of technological advancement, the extraordinary
transformation in the realm of digital technology has had a fundamental impact that extends to almost all
areas of human life (Prastyaningtyas et al., 2023; Sutrisno, Kuraesin, et al., 2023). Among the most striking
impacts are the fundamental changes that have taken place in various aspects of life. The democratic process
is no exception to this change, as democracy has shifted into a more inclusive and responsive entity thanks
to the rushing waves of technological advancement (Seskir et al., 2023). This phenomenal transformation has
unequivocally opened up tremendous new opportunities in terms of enhancing the broad participation of
the public in the entire democratic process. Indeed, this has enormous potential to strengthen and reinforce
the values and underlying principles that democracy itself embodies.
The importance of active and inclusive civic participation has long been recognised as the corner-
stone of modern democracy (Fatlolon, 2023). However, amidst the onslaught of the digital age, the role of
technology cannot be underestimated, but rather as a key driver behind this paradigmatic shift in the form
of participation. With the proliferation of easy access to the internet, which has become a global information
hub, the proliferation of mobile devices, and the expansion of the social media scene, individuals from di-
verse social, cultural, and geographical backgrounds are now given amazing opportunities to participate in
every political process. In ways that were once the stuff of fantasy, they are now an inevitable reality.
The transformations that have been brought about by the rapid advancement of digital technology
have had tremendous consequences, and one of the most prominent is the emergence of a two-way commu-
nication channel that connects the government with the citizenry (Chen et al., 2021). With the emergence of
various online platforms, such as the dominant social media, citizens are now privileged to be able to interact
directly with their political leaders (Aytac, 2022). In this environment, they are not only able to ask nagging
questions, but also have the means to voice their views, and are able to make requests for necessary infor-
mation. More than just removing the geographical barriers that used to restrict them, this phenomenon also
breaks down the time boundaries that used to influence and limit the communication framework between
citizens and their leaders.
In addition to this, one cannot underestimate the significant role played by social media as an inval-
uable tool in mobilising the public. Through social media, political campaigns are run, online petitions are
organised, and waves of social campaigns are easily spread quickly and evenly through the digital universe
(Lorenz-Spreen et al., 2022). This provides a valuable opportunity for all levels of society to jointly campaign
or voice their opinions on specific issues that are currently developing. Interestingly, involvement in such
campaigns is no longer limited to physical participation through demonstrations or face-to-face meetings
(Abela et al., 2023), but can also be done with a single click in cyberspace.
It is imperative to recognise and assess the impact that social media has had in giving a vocal plat-
form to groups that were often unable to be accommodated in the past. In particular, minority groups, mar-
ginalised entities, and the youth now have a golden opportunity to express their opinions without having to
wander within the usual and conventional political corridors (George et al., 2014). This phenomenon, in itself,
has provided a major impetus in opening up a more diverse and colourful arena of discussion and dialogue,
which then presents a variety of viewpoints that have important weight in supporting the progress of an
ever-inclusive democracy.
However, along with the array of potential positives, it is important to recognise that the widespread
transformation brought about by digital technologies also brings with it an array of challenges and risks that
need to be carefully addressed. In this domain, issues relating to data privacy, cybersecurity governance and
the proliferation of hoaxes are complex and relevant in the context of digital engagement and participation.
In addition, concerns about the ability to manipulate public opinion and the utilisation of technology to
strengthen extreme groups have also emerged as negative impacts that cannot be ignored in the journey
towards more advanced technological developments.
Amidst the complexity of these dynamics, it is clear that the roles of government, regulatory institu-
tions and civil society are of undeniable significance (Pratama & Sudirman, 2022). This role becomes central
in ensuring that the extraordinary transformation driven by digital technology is able to have a real impact
in increasing public involvement in every aspect of the democratic process, without having to sacrifice the
fundamental principles that are the pillars of democracy itself. On this basis, efforts in developing people's
digital literacy, a careful monitoring approach to online platforms, and strategic measures in addressing the
expansion of the spread of inaccurate information are some of the inevitable strategic steps in addressing the
challenges that emerge from this transformation.
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In the overall picture, there is no denying that digital technology-driven transformation has brought
about a fundamental shift in the paradigm of public participation in the democratic process. The existence of
digital technology presents a vast expanse of change, realised through the provision of easier access, the
opening of widespread communication channels, and the opening of countless opportunities to participate
in various political campaigns online. In this horizon, digital technology is not just a tool, but a force that
contributes strongly to strengthening people's participation in the process of determining the direction and
policies relating to the state. However, while there is much to celebrate about these changes, it is important
to recognise that new challenges are also likely to emerge with these developments. As such, it is imperative
that we remain in a continuous process of adaptation and wise responses to these challenges. This is neces-
sary so that the immense potential embedded in the transformation of digital technologies in enhancing pub-
lic participation in every inch of the democratic process can be realised in a positive, sustainable manner, and
successfully lead to overall beneficial impacts.
5. CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION, SUGGESTION, AND LIMITATIONS
The transformation of digital technology has had a significant impact on people's participation in the demo-
cratic process. The availability of online platforms, easy access to information, and the ability to interact with
political leaders have changed the way individuals engage in political decision-making. While the positive
potential is great, there are challenges and risks that need to be addressed in order for civic participation in
the digital age to truly contribute to the strengthening of democratic principles.
This study has several important implications. Digital technologies enable participation from differ-
ent walks of life, including minority groups and young people. This encourages the formation of policies that
are more inclusive and reflect the aspirations of the whole society. In addition, digital transformation encour-
ages governments to be more transparent in their actions and decisions, and makes it easier for citizens to
monitor government performance and remind them of promises made. On the other hand, it is important for
people to have strong digital literacy in order to critically understand information, recognise fake news, and
participate wisely in online political discussions. Furthermore, the implications of digital transformation in
public participation require co-operation between the government, technology institutions, and civil society
to overcome the challenges and risks that arise.
While the suggestions that can be given in the results of this research regarding digital literacy edu-
cation should be an important part of the education curriculum, so that citizens have the ability to participate
intelligently and critically in the digital world. The government needs to develop regulations that ensure the
protection of personal data and prevent the spread of false information. Cybersecurity should also be en-
hanced to protect digital infrastructure from attacks that could threaten public participation. Campaigns
aimed at raising awareness about the potential adverse effects of spreading false information and manipu-
lating public opinion need to be conducted to help people recognise and avoid inaccurate information.
This research also has several limitations. Firstly, the technology access gap: Not all citizens have
equal access to digital technology, which can create a participation gap between connected and disconnected
groups. Second, the spread of false information: The ability of digital technology to spread information
quickly also carries the risk of spreading false information and hoaxes that can undermine healthy political
discussions. Third, manipulation of public opinion: Digital platforms can be utilised to manipulate public
opinion through disinformation or propaganda campaigns that can disrupt the democratic process. Finally,
the limitations of physical interaction: While digital participation has many benefits, physical interaction in
meetings and demonstrations also has important value in building community solidarity and unity. In this
context, taking measures to strengthen digital literacy, safeguard data privacy, and promote critical and
healthy participation in the digital world will contribute to optimising the positive impact of digital techno-
logical transformation in strengthening people's participation in democratic processes.
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