Future trends in protected cultivation: A review
Abstract
Protected cultivation is one of the newest types of farming methods that can able crops that can be easy to generate is adopted for smart farming the plants that are cultivated can able to generate a new door for the increase of the GDP (gross domestic product) and also it gives a new environment and could provide a huge scope for the Protected cultivation, with some control over wind speed, humidity, temperature, mineral nutrients, light intensity, and atmospheric composition, can do much to improve our understanding of growth factors and input requirements to improve crop productivity. I went to so in the fields. Protected cultivation is a unique and specialized form of farming. Protective devices or techniques (windbreaks, irrigation, soil mulching) or structures (greenhouses, tunnels, furrow covers) can be used with or without heat. The intention is to modify the natural environment to extend the harvest season, often to earlier maturity, to increase yields, to improve quality and to improve production stability so that raw materials are available when they are available. It's about growing crops where they can't survive by allowing them to. No external production. The main focus is the production of high-quality horticultural crops (vegetables, fruits, flowers, shrubs and bedding plants).
... Particularly in regions with severe weather or limited fertile land, protected farming techniques, such high tunnels and greenhouses, are becoming more and more prevalent [26] (Fig 1). ...
Horticultural crops grown under protection are becoming more and more significant in modern agriculture, offering a number of benefits such as increased yields, better quality, and protection from pests and bad weather. This comprehensive review aims to demonstrate protected cultivation methods as they currently exist and explore their future applications in horticulture. The first part of the examination covers the many types of protected production structures, including high tunnels, shade houses, and greenhouses, along with their advantages and disadvantages. The significance of protected farming in tackling concerns associated with worldwide food security is further underscored by preserving crop productivity throughout the year and limiting dependence on seasonal variations. This review looks more closely at the effects of protected cultivation methods on the growth and development of horticultural crops. These methods include improved crop morphogenesis, precipitation control, and the optimisation of environmental parameters like temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Furthermore, the utilisation of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming in protected growing systems is examined and its capacity to optimise crop yield while minimising resource consumption is emphasised. The difficulties and limitations associated with adopting protected cultivation are also examined in the study, including the need for artificial inputs, energy requirements, and financial considerations. It talks about environmentally friendly and sustainable ways to reduce these problems and preserve ecological balance, like switching to organic farming methods and using renewable energy sources. Future trends and developments in protected cultivation are covered in detail in the study's final section. These include the application of artificial intelligence, the adoption of smart farming technologies, and the employment of precision agriculture techniques. Higher yields and higher-quality horticultural crop output could be the outcome of these developments, which further optimise resource utilisation, improve automation, and better crop monitoring and management.
... In perimetropolitan regions, multistorey harvest development in nurseries has become basic to fulfil the need for new vegetables, strawberries, blossoms and organic product tree farms. Protected cultivation systems employ a variety of methods, including naturally ventilated polyhouses, drip irrigation, fertigation, and mulching [13]. ...
The survey starts by examining various sorts of protected cultivation, encompassing a variety of techniques such as greenhouses, polytunnels, modern nurseries, high passages, and shade houses, as well as their benefits and constraint has emerged as a pivotal component in horticultural practices. It then, at that point, features the significance of protected cultivation in tending to worldwide food security challenges by guaranteeing all year crop creation and decreasing dependence on occasional varieties. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted aspects of protected cultivation in horticultural crops, aiming to provide a nuanced understanding of its impact on crop yield, quality, and resource efficiency. The audit further investigates the effect of protected cultivation strategies on the development and advancement of plant crops, including further developed crop morphogenesis, precipitation the board, and the streamlining of natural factors like temperature, moistness, and carbon dioxide levels. Besides, the usage of cutting-edge innovations like aquaculture, aeroponics, and vertical cultivating inside protected cultivation frameworks is inspected, with an accentuation on their true capacity for amplifying crop efficiency while limiting asset utilization. The article synthesizes recent advancements, challenges, and future prospects in this field, shedding light on the dynamic interplay between environmental factors, crop physiology, and technological interventions. By critically evaluating the existing literature, we present a synthesis of knowledge that can inform both researchers and farmers in optimizing protected cultivation for sustainable and resilient horticultural production systems.
... In peri-urban areas, multistoried crop cultivation in greenhouses has become imperative to meet the demand for fresh vegetables, strawberries, flowers, and fruit tree nurseries [17]. Various techniques, such as naturally-ventilated polyhouses, drip irrigation, fertigation, and mulching, are employed in protected cultivation systems [18]. Additionally, walk-in polytunnels have recently emerged as profitable technologies in the Northern plains of India, proving their suitability for growing crops like tomatoes, capsicum, cucurbits, and establishing nurseries during the off-season [19]. ...
Protected cultivation of horticultural crops has emerged as a crucial technique in modern agriculture, offering numerous benefits such as increased yield, enhanced quality, and protection against adverse climatic conditions and pests. This comprehensive review aims to present the current status of protected cultivation practices and explore its future prospects in horticulture. The review begins by discussing the various types of protected cultivation structures, including greenhouses, high tunnels, and shade houses, along with their advantages and limitations. It then highlights the significance of protected cultivation in addressing global food security challenges by ensuring year-round crop production and reducing dependence on seasonal variations. The review further explores the impact of protected cultivation techniques on the growth and development of horticultural crops, including improved crop morphogenesis, precipitation management, and the optimization of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels. Furthermore, the utilization of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and vertical farming within protected cultivation systems is examined, with an emphasis on their potential for maximizing crop productivity while minimizing resource consumption. Moreover, the paper delves into the challenges and constraints faced in implementing protected cultivation, including cost considerations, energy requirements, and the use of synthetic inputs. It discusses sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches, such as utilizing renewable energy sources and adopting organic farming practices, to mitigate these challenges and promote ecological balance. Lastly, the review discusses some future prospects and trends in protected cultivation, including the integration of precision agriculture techniques, the use of artificial intelligence, and the adoption of smart farming technologies. These advancements have the potential to further optimize resource utilization, improve automation, and enhance crop monitoring and management, ultimately leading to greater yield and quality improvements in horticultural crop production.
Fungal pathogens pose significant threats to agricultural productivity and human health, necessitating accurate and rapid diagnostic methods for effective management and control. Traditional identification techniques, based on morphology and culture, often fall short due to the complexity and variability of fungal species. In recent years, molecular approaches have emerged as powerful tools for the diagnosis of fungal pathogens, leveraging advancements in DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology, and other molecular techniques. These methods allow for the detection and identification of pathogens at the species level, often with increased specificity and sensitivity compared to conventional methods. Techniques such as quantitative PCR (qPCR), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) facilitate the rapid and accurate diagnosis of fungal infections, enabling timely intervention and management strategies. Furthermore, molecular diagnostics can aid in understanding pathogen diversity, population dynamics, and the mechanisms of pathogenicity. This review highlights the latest advancements in molecular diagnostics of fungal pathogens, discusses their advantages and limitations, and emphasizes their role in enhancing disease management practices in agriculture and medicine.
The agricultural sector is undergoing a transformative shift driven by the integration
of smart technologies, which are poised to revolutionize agronomic practices and
enhance productivity sustainably. This paper explores the innovative applications of
Internet of Things (IoT) devices, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and
precision agriculture in optimizing farming operations. By harnessing real-time data
on soil health, weather patterns, and crop conditions, farmers can make informed
decisions that enhance resource efficiency, reduce waste, and improve yield quality.
The study also highlights case studies showcasing successful implementations of
smart technologies in diverse agricultural contexts, demonstrating their potential to
address pressing challenges such as climate change, food security, and land degradation.
Furthermore, we discuss the barriers to adoption and the need for collaborative
efforts among stakeholders to promote knowledge sharing and investment in
technology infrastructure. Ultimately, this research emphasizes that leveraging
smart technologies not only boosts agronomic efficiency but also contributes to the
sustainable development of agricultural ecosystems.
Protected cultivation is an innovative way of raising seasonal and off-seasonal crops under a controlled environment. Vegetables and flower crops have tremendous potential to augment productivity, generate employment, utilize land efficiently and enhance export. This study was undertaken to assess the economic feasibility of protected cultivation in the high export potential zones of the Pune and Nasik districts of Maharashtra, India, by employing project analytical tools
and the regression model. The results revealed that the cultivation of flowers and vegetables under protected cultivation was highly lucrative with high investment. The protected cultivation of rose and capsicum had higher cultivation cost (300%), gross return (250%) and net return (190%) as compared to open cultivation. Moreover, most of the crops grown in polyhouses are highly profitable at different discount rates (7%, 10% and 12%), whereas a few crops were rewarding under shade net condition with subsidies. Factors such as literacy (p < 0.05), income (p < 0.05), access to subsidy (p < 0.05) and the risk orientation index (p < 0.01) were found statistically significant in technology adoption. In the context of a changing climate and shrinking land resources, water scarcity, incidence of pests and diseases, an ever-increasing population, low productivity under open conditions and changes in consumer’s preference are the drivers for switching over to protected cultivation. In the recent past, protected cultivation has been gaining importance in different parts of the country, including Maharashtra. The policy implications are creating modern infrastructure, enhanced application of ICTs, maximum crop production with minimum utilization of land and institutional support to promote technology on a commercial scale.
Insect pests are the prime threats to production and productivity of greenhouse crops worldwide. Presence of warm, humid conditions and abundant food under protected structures provide a stable environment and habitat for pest development. Often, the natural enemies that keep pests under control outside are lacking under protected environment. For these reasons, pest situations often become alarming in the indoor environment than outdoors. The damage inflicted by arthropod pests on greenhouse crops varies from pest to pest and season to season. The level of damage that can be tolerated is greatly dependent on the type of crop as well. Integrated pest management (IPM) is a systematic approach to manage insect-pests that combines a range of techniques and strategies to either reduce pest populations or decrease their economic impact. It is a site-specific strategy for managing pests that relies on correct pest identification and understanding the pest biology. With a long-term perspective it is easier to visualize that an investment in IPM can surely pay for itself in a higher-quality crop and a cleaner environment in greenhouse crop production.
Vegetables are recognized as health food globally and play important role in overcoming micronutrient deficiencies and providing opportunities of higher farm income. The worldwide production of vegetables has tremendously gone up during the last two decades and the value of global trade in vegetables now exceeds that of cereals. The worldwide production of vegetables has doubled over the past quarter century and the value of global trade in vegetables now exceeds that of cereals. Vegetables are generally sensitive to environmental extremes, and thus high temperatures and limited soil moisture are the major causes of low yields and will be further magnified by climate change. India produces 133.5 millions tones of vegetables from an area of 7.9 million hectares (NHB, 2010). According to statistics release by Ministry of Agriculture, there has been 13.5% increase in area and 13.4% increase in vegetable output during the period 1996 to 2010. India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world, next to China. India's share of the world vegetable market is around 14%. In spite of all these achievements, per capita consumption of vegetables in India is very low against WHO standards (180 g/day/capita against 300 g/day capita recommended by FAO). In natural season local vegetables flood the markets substantially bringing down the prices. In the absence of storage infrastructure and vegetable processing industry in the country, off-season vegetables farming is the only viable option that can add value to the farmer produce. Vegetables can be cultivated in off-season, with the induction of an artificial technique like greenhouse technology, in which temperature and moisture is controlled for specific growth of vegetables.
Protected cultivation of high value vegetables and cut-flowers has shown tremendous potential during the last decade or so. With the progress of liberalized economy and the advent of newer technologies in agriculture, protected cultivation opens up avenues in agriculture hitherto not seen. These technologies are not only creating avenues at higher level but also to the growers with the smaller landholdings as the higher productivity levels retain economic relevance to agriculture. Protected cultivation is in a way precise, progressive and parallel agriculture encompassing virtually all facets of agriculture and rather under additional scrutiny of technical relevance to situations and grower and market economics. Since protected
cultivation is a vast assembly of diverse aspects of agriculture, this review is an effort to bring its current status in global arena covering various components of this important and emerging field of horticulture. Apart from the status, technological components and methodologies, review also discusses principal vegetables like tomato, cucumber, capsicum and lettuce in brief, besides a good amount of treatise on key pests and plant protection strategies in greenhouses.
The production of crops under protected conditions is increasing worldwide. Owing to growing consumer demands for healthy and green produce, and intensifying pesticide resistance, non-chemical solutions--foremost among which is biological control--are being sought. The authors review recent advances related to the application of predatory mites for the control of greenhouse pests, and discuss interactions among acarine biocontrol agents (ABAs) and the effects of crop plants and new technologies on ABAs, such as artificial lighting, elevated carbon dioxide levels and genetically modified organisms. This is followed by a discussion of the problems associated with the search for and use of new ABAs, including management, the benefits of modelling and avenues of future research.
High tunnels have been used for many years worldwide, but in the United States, the utilization of high tunnel technology for the production of horticultural crops is a relatively recent phenomenon. Single and multibay high tunnels are used throughout the world to extend the production season. One big advantage of high tunnels in the temperate and tropical regions of the world is the exclusion of rain, thus reducing the amount of disease pressure and crop loss while improving crop quality and shelf life. In temperate regions of the world, high tunnels are used to increase temperatures for crop production in spring, fall, and sometimes winter seasons. The use of high tunnels in their many forms continues to increase worldwide, and many different kinds of vegetables, small fruit, tree fruit, and flowers are being cultivated. One impediment in determining high tunnel usage worldwide is the failure of many authors and agricultural census takers to distinguish between high tunnels and plastic-covered greenhouses. In many instances, they are presented together under the heading “protected cultivation.”
India has a wide range of diverse agro-climatic conditions, but vegetable cultivation has generally been restricted to regional and seasonal needs. Although the production has increased to a level of 113.5 million tonnes from an area of 7.2 million hectares, still the technology used and practices followed are predominantly traditional, resulting in low productivity and inconsistent quality and quantity of produce. In the upper reaches of Himalayas, cold desert conditions prevail where the temperature is extremely low (-5 to-30 0 C) during winter season and most of the regions remain cut off from the rest of the country from November to March due to heavy snowfall. Due to this reason, people in these areas experience acute shortage of vegetables in winters. Sometimes in winter, vegetables are transported by air in Srinagar and Ladakh and the cost of these vegetables is beyond the reach of common man. Therefore self-sustenance is a need for these regions. To overcome these problems, Protected Cultivation offers a great potential. Protected cultivation enables us to grow vegetables in the off-season and also to extend the vegetable growing seasons for a much longer period than is possible under open field conditions. Vegetables are available earlier than usual and some can be grown well even during frosts. Though certain breakthroughs in vegetable cultivation in adverse climates using protected devices have been registered, more extensive research and generation of awareness are required to tap potential of Protected Cultivation of vegetable crops and also increase the area under protected devices.
Fertilizer and Mineral Nutrition
- B C Biswas
- L Kumar
Biswas BC, Kumar L. Fertilizer and Mineral Nutrition.
2010;41(6):3-14.