Content uploaded by Manojit Chowdhury
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Manojit Chowdhury on Sep 20, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
++ Assistant Professor;
# Senior Agronomist and Head;
† Research scholar;
‡ Guest Faculty;
^ Ph.D. Student;
*Corresponding author: E-mail: ashokapuas@gmail.com
Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023
International Journal of Environment and Climate Change
Volume 13, Issue 10, Page 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
ISSN: 2581-8627
(Past name: British Journal of Environment & Climate Change, Past ISSN: 2231–4784)
Zero Tillage Lead to Enhanced
Productivity and Soil Health
Alisha Kumari a++, Ashoka P b#*, Purvi Tiwari c†,
Prashun Sachan d†, Aditya Kumar Malla e‡,
Abhisek Tripathy f++ and Manojit Chowdhury g^
a Department of Agriculture, Usha Martin University, Narayansoso, Ranchi, Jharkhand-835103, India.
b Agricultural Research Station, (University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad) Hanumanmatti (p)
Ranebennur (tq), Haveri (District)– 581115, Karanataka State, India.
c Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
d Department of Agronomy, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur
(UP), India.
e Department of Extension Education, College of Agriculture, Chiplima, India.
f Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,
SOADU, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
g Division of Agricultural Engineering, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/IJECC/2023/v13i103042
Open Peer Review History:
This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/105297
Received: 05/07/2023
Accepted: 07/09/2023
Published: 20/09/2023
Review Article
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3708
ABSTRACT
Zero Tillage (ZT) is a critical agricultural practice that emphasizes minimal soil disturbance. This
study explores the future prospects of ZT, focusing on three essential dimensions: technological
advancements, climate change considerations, and potential growth in adoption rates. The
technological innovations in precision agriculture, robotics, artificial intelligence, and biotechnology
are found to play a pivotal role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of ZT. These advances
allow for more intelligent and targeted approaches, reducing waste and aligning farming practices
with broader sustainability goals. Climate change also plays a significant role in shaping ZT's future.
ZT's inherent properties of soil moisture conservation, reduced erosion, and carbon sequestration
make it a valuable strategy for climate mitigation and adaptation. The study reveals that the global
urgency to address climate change might act as a catalyst for ZT's growth, aligning it with key
strategies in future agriculture. The potential growth in ZT adoption rates is examined in light of
these technological and environmental factors. The findings suggest that technology's role in
lowering barriers and enhancing effectiveness, combined with governmental and organizational
support, could drive broader adoption of ZT, particularly in developing countries. Collaborative
efforts among various stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, farmers, and industry, are
highlighted as essential to optimize ZT for diverse contexts and needs. The future prospects of Zero
Tillage are rich and multifaceted, marked by technological innovation, alignment with climate goals,
and a clear path toward broader adoption. The integration of these factors creates a promising
landscape for ZT, positioning it as a pivotal practice in shaping sustainable agriculture for the future.
This study contributes to the understanding of ZT's future trajectory and offers insights that can
guide its continued evolution and impact in the agricultural sector.
Keywords: Agriculture; sustainability; technology; climate; tillage.
1. INTRODUCTION
Zero Tillage (ZT), also known as No-Till farming,
is a method of soil cultivation that refrains from
turning the soil over, preserving moisture and
organic matter. By promoting the planting of
crops without disrupting the soil through
conventional tillage practices, it aims to minimize
soil erosion and degradation, enhance water
retention, and reduce labor costs [1]. The roots of
Zero Tillage date back to the mid-20th century,
with some historians pointing to less intensive
tillage practices being used for centuries. Modern
ZT farming gained momentum in the 1960s in the
United States, a reaction to the Dust Bowl era's
severe soil erosion that led to significant
agricultural failure. The recognition of traditional
tillage's ecological ramifications fueled the
movement toward ZT. Since then, this method
has evolved and been adopted across various
countries, adapting to different soil types,
climates, and crop systems [2].
In modern agriculture, the significance of Zero
Tillage cannot be understated. By supporting
sustainable agricultural systems through
reducing soil erosion, improving water efficiency,
and enhancing soil health, ZT plays an essential
role. It maintains soil structure, promotes
increased microbial life, fosters a resilient
ecosystem, and aids in carbon sequestration,
acting as a climate change mitigation strategy
[3]. The importance of ZT also extends to
economic benefits for farmers through reduced
labor and equipment costs, having particular
significance in developing regions [4]. This
review paper's objective is to offer an all-
encompassing overview of Zero Tillage, focusing
on its impact on productivity and soil health. By
delving into scientific research, practical
applications, economic considerations, and
environmental benefits associated with ZT, it
aims to highlight its potential to revolutionize
sustainable farming practices worldwide. This
paper will explore criticisms, challenges, and the
future prospects of Zero Tillage, emphasizing its
relevance in global sustainable development
goals. Through this exploration of Zero Tillage,
the paper seeks to provide a comprehensive
perspective, bridging historical understanding
with contemporary practice. By shedding light on
the dynamic interplay between soil conservation,
productivity enhancement, and environmental
stewardship, it aims to provide a well-rounded
view of the significance and challenges of Zero
Tillage in modern agriculture.
2. METHODS OF ZERO TILLAGE
Zero Tillage (ZT) is a revolutionary farming
practice that has transformed agriculture over the
last few decades. Understanding the methods of
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3709
ZT is essential to recognizing its impact on
productivity and soil health. The adoption of ZT
involves the utilization of specific tools and
equipment designed to plant seeds and add
fertilizer without the need to plow or turn the soil.
Unlike conventional tillage, which often employs
heavy machinery to disrupt the soil surface, ZT
tools are engineered to minimize soil
disturbance. Planters and drills are specialized to
penetrate residue and soil, placing seeds at the
appropriate depth without tilling the ground [5].
Other equipment includes specialized coulters to
cut through residues, subsoilers to break up
hardpan without turning the soil, and sprayers to
apply herbicides for weed control. The variety
and availability of these tools depend on the
specific agricultural context, region, and crop
type. Processes and techniques of ZT vary, as
well. At the core of ZT farming is the practice of
leaving previous crop residues on the field's
surface. This residue acts as a natural mulch,
reducing water evaporation and protecting the
soil from erosion. The planting process involves
drilling seeds directly into the soil without prior
plowing or harrowing. Fertilizers and other soil
amendments can be added through similar
processes, using specially designed tools that
minimize soil disturbance. Crop rotation is often
an essential aspect of ZT, helping to prevent
diseases and improve soil health. This rotation
can be particularly complex in ZT systems, as
the crop residues from the previous year remain
on the field's surface. Managing these residues
without turning them into the soil requires careful
planning and execution. The comparison
between ZT and conventional tillage offers an
insightful perspective on the merits and
limitations of both approaches. Conventional
tillage involves plowing, disking, and harrowing
the soil, preparing it for planting. This disrupts the
soil structure, breaking up hardpans and mixing
organic matter throughout the soil. While this can
have short-term benefits for certain soil types, it
often leads to increased erosion, reduced
organic matter, and loss of soil moisture [6]. ZT,
on the other hand, maintains soil structure and
increases organic matter at the surface. This
leads to improved water retention, reduced
erosion, and potentially enhanced microbial
activity. However, ZT can be more complex to
manage, particularly in terms of weed and pest
control, and may require more specialized
equipment. Adoption of ZT has varied
significantly across different regions and
agricultural systems. In developed countries, ZT
has been adopted widely for certain crops,
supported by advanced machinery, educational
efforts, and government incentives. In developing
regions, adoption may be slower due to
challenges in access to suitable equipment,
knowledge, and support services. Cultural
preferences, traditional farming practices, and
specific soil and climate conditions also play a
role in the adoption of ZT [7,8]. In areas with
heavy rainfall and clayey soil, conventional tillage
may be preferred to break up hardpans and
improve drainage. Conversely, in arid regions,
ZT may offer significant advantages in water
conservation. Challenges in adopting ZT can
also stem from economic considerations. Initial
investment in specialized equipment and training
may be barriers for small-scale farmers.
However, the long-term benefits in terms of
reduced labor, fuel, and machinery costs may
outweigh these initial challenges. Government
policies, extension services, and farmer
cooperatives can play vital roles in promoting ZT
adoption, addressing challenges, and leveraging
its benefits for diverse agricultural systems.
3. IMPACT ON PRODUCTIVITY
The impact of Zero Tillage (ZT) on productivity is
multi-dimensional, with substantial influence on
several aspects ranging from crop yields and
water conservation to time and labor efficiency,
as well as the economic sphere. An analysis of
these effects is essential to appreciate the
breadth and depth of ZT's influence on modern
agriculture. Increased crop yields represent one
of the most significant benefits associated with
ZT. Several case studies across different regions
of the world confirm this impact. In North
America, a substantial increase in corn and
soybean yields was observed when farmers
switched to ZT. The preservation of soil moisture
and organic matter facilitated nutrient absorption
and protected the crops from the stress of
drought [9]. Another case study in South Asia
involving wheat and rice demonstrated similar
results, with ZT practices leading to higher yields
by fostering better soil structure, improving water
retention, and reducing erosion. Comparative
analyses illustrate this effect. A review of
numerous research studies conducted in Europe
found consistent positive correlations between
ZT and crop yields for various cereals, grains,
and legumes. Water conservation is an equally
critical aspect of ZT's productivity impact. By
leaving crop residues on the field's surface and
avoiding the disruption of soil structure, ZT
reduces water evaporation from the soil. This
allows for greater water retention, creating more
consistent soil moisture levels and reducing the
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3710
Image 1. Tilled and zero tilled soil structure comparison
(Source- https://agrotexglobal.com/)
Table 1. Soil organic carbon stocks affected by soil management
Soil Depth (cm)
Soil Management
At Beginning
(Mg ha−1)
After 19 Years
(Mg ha−1)
Difference
(Mg ha−1)
0–10
No-tillage
23.33
40.76
17.43
Conventional
23.53
34.12
10.59
10–20
No-tillage
21.96
28.07
6.11
Conventional
23.54
31.09
7.55
20–40
No-tillage
35.17
41.51
6.34
Conventional
37.01
42.00
4.99
0–20
No-tillage
45.29
68.82
23.53
Conventional
47.06
65.21
18.15
0–40
No-tillage
80.46
110.34
29.88
Conventional
84.08
107.21
23.13
(Data Source [17])
need for irrigation. In regions with limited water
resources or frequent droughts, this can be
particularly vital. Research has shown that ZT
can reduce irrigation needs by up to 30% in
certain contexts, contributing to both
environmental sustainability and increased crop
resilience [10]. Time and labor efficiency are core
benefits of ZT. By eliminating the need for
plowing, disking, and other soil preparation
activities, ZT substantially reduces the time and
effort required to manage fields. This can
translate to less wear and tear on machinery,
lower fuel consumption, and more time available
for other essential farming tasks. Studies have
indicated that labor costs can be reduced by up
to 50% with the adoption of ZT, enhancing its
appeal to farmers at various scales and in
diverse regions [11]. The economic aspects of
ZT's impact on productivity cannot be
overlooked. Cost reduction is a direct
consequence of the efficiency gains described
above. Lower labor costs, reduced fuel and
machinery expenses, and decreased irrigation
needs can translate to significant savings for
farmers. Additionally, ZT can lead to reduced
expenditures on soil erosion control and land
remediation, given its protective effects on soil
health. These cost savings are complemented by
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3711
the potential for increased profit margins. Higher
crop yields, coupled with cost reductions, can
significantly enhance the economic viability of
farms. The synergy of these effects positions ZT
as a compelling economic strategy for farmers
interested in both sustainability and profitability.
It's essential to recognize that the success of ZT
in enhancing productivity is not uniform across all
contexts. The nature of the soil, climate, crop
type, and farmer experience and resources can
all influence the outcomes of ZT adoption.
Challenges in managing weeds and pests
without conventional tillage, initial investments in
specialized equipment, and the need for new
skills and knowledge can pose barriers. These
complexities underline the importance of context-
specific approaches, ongoing research, and
support services to optimize ZT's potential [12].
4. INFLUENCE ON SOIL HEALTH
Zero Tillage (ZT), a method of farming that
emphasizes minimizing soil disturbance, has
profound implications for soil health. The varied
influences on soil structure, composition, nutrient
cycling, microbial activity, and pest and weed
management can be understood by examining
the practices and outcomes of ZT. Soil structure
and composition are fundamentally altered by ZT
practices. Traditional tillage often disrupts the
soil, breaking apart natural aggregates, and
exposing the soil to erosion and loss of organic
matter. In contrast, ZT maintains the soil's
natural structure by avoiding plowing or turning
the soil. This approach preserves organic matter
at the soil's surface, creating a natural mulch
from previous crop residues. This residue offers
protection against water and wind erosion,
retains moisture, and gradually contributes to the
organic matter as it decomposes [13]. Organic
matter is essential for soil health as it improves
water retention, provides a source of slow-
release nutrients, and contributes to soil structure
by binding particles together. Erosion control is
one of the most immediate benefits of ZT.
Conventional tillage practices that disturb the soil
can lead to substantial soil loss through erosion.
ZT, on the other hand, leaves the soil surface
intact and covered with crop residues, reducing
both wind and water erosion. This helps maintain
topsoil, which is rich in nutrients and organic
matter, and prevents degradation of the land.
Over time, this can contribute to improved soil
fertility and sustainability of the agricultural
system [14]. Nutrient cycling is another area
where ZT has a significant influence. Traditional
tillage can cause the loss of essential nutrients
like nitrogen and phosphorus, either through
erosion or volatilization. ZT practices maintain
these nutrients within the soil profile, allowing for
more efficient use by crops. The presence of
organic matter and the activity of soil organisms
facilitate the slow release of nutrients,
synchronizing with crop demands. This can lead
to reduced need for synthetic fertilizers, lowering
costs, and environmental impacts. Microbial
activity is a vital aspect of soil health, and ZT
promotes a more vibrant and diverse soil
microbial community. The maintenance of soil
structure and organic matter creates a more
stable and hospitable environment for various
microorganisms. These microbes play a crucial
role in breaking down organic material,
contributing to nutrient cycling, and even
enhancing plant resistance to diseases.
Research has demonstrated that ZT can lead to
increased microbial biomass and diversity,
contributing to more resilient and productive soil
ecosystems [15]. Pest and weed management
under ZT can be both a benefit and a challenge.
On the one hand, the undisturbed soil and crop
residues may provide habitats for beneficial
insects and organisms that can help control
pests. On the other hand, the lack of soil
disturbance may also create opportunities for
certain weeds and pests to thrive. Managing
these challenges requires careful planning and
may include the use of cover crops, crop rotation,
and targeted applications of herbicides or other
pest control methods. Integrating these
strategies within ZT can help maintain the
benefits of soil protection while effectively
managing weeds and pests [16].
5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS
Zero Tillage (ZT) farming has arisen as an
innovative agricultural practice with wide-ranging
environmental implications. Understanding these
implications is essential in the current global
context, where agriculture must balance
productivity with sustainability. One of the most
prominent aspects of ZT is its impact on
ecosystems. By avoiding the physical
disturbance of soil, ZT preserves the natural
structure and integrity of the soil ecosystem. This
translates into multiple benefits, such as reduced
erosion, improved water retention, and enhanced
soil biodiversity. Soil organisms, from microbes
to earthworms, thrive in undisturbed
environments where organic matter is preserved.
This increased biodiversity supports a more
resilient and dynamic soil ecosystem that can
better withstand environmental stresses such as
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3712
drought or disease. In addition, ZT's ability to
minimize soil erosion helps in maintaining water
quality by reducing sediment and nutrient runoff
into nearby water bodies. The collective impact
on soil health, water conservation, and habitat
preservation makes ZT a powerful ally in
ecosystem protection and enhancement [18].
Greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture are a
major concern, contributing to global warming
and climate change. ZT has a direct bearing on
these emissions, primarily through its effects on
soil carbon dynamics and energy consumption.
Traditional tillage practices often lead to the
oxidation of soil organic matter, releasing carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere. ZT, by avoiding soil
disturbance and protecting organic matter, can
reduce this carbon release. Moreover, the
enhanced carbon sequestration in ZT systems
can turn agricultural soils into valuable carbon
sinks, capturing and storing atmospheric carbon
dioxide. The reduced need for plowing and other
energy-intensive operations also translates into
lower fuel consumption, reducing greenhouse
gas emissions. Overall, ZT can play a significant
role in mitigating agriculture's carbon footprint,
aligning farming practices with global efforts to
combat climate change [19]. The concept of
sustainability in agriculture is multifaceted,
encompassing economic, social, and
environmental dimensions. ZT's environmental
implications contribute directly to its sustainability
credentials. The soil conservation and improved
water efficiency under ZT not only enhance
agricultural productivity but also contribute to
long-term environmental stewardship. By
reducing erosion, maintaining soil health, and
conserving water, ZT promotes the sustainable
use of critical natural resources. The economic
benefits, such as cost savings on fuel,
machinery, and irrigation, align with economic
sustainability by supporting farm profitability. The
potential of ZT to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions and its adaptability to various climatic
and soil conditions makes it a valuable tool in the
context of climate change adaptation and
mitigation. The synergy of these factors situates
ZT as a prominent strategy in sustainable
agriculture, balancing immediate productivity
needs with long-term environmental and social
goals [20]. It's essential to recognize that ZT is
not a one-size-fits-all solution. The specific
environmental benefits and challenges may vary
depending on factors such as soil type, crop
selection, and regional climate. Effective
implementation of ZT requires careful
consideration of these variables and may involve
integrating other complementary practices, such
as crop rotation, cover cropping, or targeted pest
management. The contextual nature of ZT
underscores the need for ongoing research,
farmer education, and policy support to optimize
its potential in diverse agricultural systems [21].
6. CRITICISMS AND CONTROVERSIES
Zero Tillage (ZT) farming is not without its
criticisms and controversies. As with any
approach to agriculture, it has its proponents and
opponents, each armed with varying
perspectives, data, and experiences. This
complex scenario requires a thoughtful
examination to discern the nuances of the
criticisms and to understand the broader context
of ZT. Among the opponents of ZT, concerns
often arise from perceived limitations or
unintended consequences. Some agronomists
argue that the lack of soil disturbance in ZT may
lead to the compaction of soil, affecting root
penetration, water infiltration, and ultimately, crop
yield. Others point out that leaving crop residues
on the soil surface may create a conducive
environment for certain pests and diseases,
potentially requiring increased use of pesticides
or other interventions [22]. Environmentalists
may also raise concerns, particularly regarding
the use of herbicides in ZT to manage weeds.
Since ZT does not rely on mechanical tillage to
control weeds, herbicides often become the
primary method of weed control. This reliance on
chemical solutions may lead to potential
environmental risks, including water
contamination and the development of herbicide-
resistant weeds. The contrasting views on ZT
reflect the inherent complexities of agricultural
systems. Different soil types, climates, crops,
and management practices can lead to varying
outcomes, and what works in one context may
not work in another. This diversity of experiences
fuels the ongoing debate surrounding ZT [23,24].
ZT's limitations extend beyond the opposing
views and delve into practical challenges.
Implementing ZT requires specific equipment,
knowledge, and adaptations to existing farming
practices. Not all farmers may have access to
these resources or the support needed to make
the transition successfully. Additionally, ZT may
not be suitable for all crops or soil types. For
example, heavy clay soils may become too
compacted under ZT, while some crops may
require specific soil conditions that ZT does not
provide. The economic considerations are also
significant. The initial investment in specialized
equipment and potential changes in pest
management strategies may present financial
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3713
barriers to some farmers. The benefits of ZT,
such as improved soil health and reduced
erosion, may take several years to manifest,
requiring a long-term commitment that some
farmers may be reluctant to make [25].
Proponents of ZT recognize these criticisms and
limitations but often point to the broader benefits
and potentials of the practice. They argue that
the challenges of soil compaction or pest
management can be addressed through
integrated approaches that combine ZT with
other complementary practices such as crop
rotation, cover cropping, and precision
agriculture. The concern about herbicide use is
acknowledged, but proponents emphasize that
ZT's overall environmental benefits, such as
carbon sequestration, reduced erosion, and
energy savings, often outweigh these concerns.
Moreover, ongoing research and innovation are
aimed at developing alternative weed control
strategies that minimize or eliminate the need for
herbicides. The economic and practical
challenges of transitioning to ZT are also
recognized. However, proponents argue that the
long-term benefits, both economic and
environmental, justify the initial investment and
learning curve. They advocate for increased
support from governments, research institutions,
and industry to facilitate the transition and
optimize the potential of ZT [26].
7. FUTURE PROSPECTS
The practice of Zero Tillage (ZT) is positioned at
the crossroads of agriculture's present
challenges and future opportunities. As the world
grapples with the twin imperatives of feeding a
growing population and preserving the
environment, the future of ZT seems laden with
potential and significance. This exploration
delves into the technological advancements that
are shaping ZT, the critical considerations of
climate change, and the prospects for growth in
its adoption. In the realm of agriculture,
technology often serves as a bridge between
tradition and innovation. ZT stands to benefit
significantly from emerging technologies, such as
precision agriculture, robotics, artificial
intelligence, and biotechnology. The integration
of GPS-guided machinery, sensors, and data
analytics enables farmers to implement ZT with a
high degree of precision, optimizing seed
placement, irrigation, and nutrient management.
This technology-driven approach enhances
efficiency, reduces waste, and allows for more
responsive and adaptive farming practices
[27,28].
Robotics and automation offer potential to
streamline ZT operations, minimizing labor costs,
and ensuring consistent implementation. Drones
equipped with multispectral imaging can monitor
fields, providing real-time insights into soil health,
moisture levels, and pest pressures. These
technological advances collectively enable a
more intelligent and targeted approach to ZT,
aligning farming practices with broader
sustainability goals. Biotechnology also holds
promise for ZT, especially in the area of weed
control. The development of crops with enhanced
weed resistance or tailored traits for ZT
environments could reduce reliance on
herbicides, addressing one of the major
criticisms of the practice. The confluence of
these technologies creates a fertile ground for
the evolution and enhancement of ZT, making it
more accessible, effective, and aligned with the
diverse needs of modern agriculture [29]. Climate
change looms large over the future of agriculture,
posing both challenges and opportunities. The
resilience and adaptability of ZT make it a
particularly relevant strategy in the face of
climate variability and extremes. ZT's ability to
conserve soil moisture, reduce erosion, and
enhance soil carbon sequestration aligns it with
climate mitigation and adaptation goals. The
increased frequency of droughts, floods, and
erratic weather patterns necessitates farming
practices that can withstand these stresses. ZT's
focus on soil health and conservation positions it
as a valuable tool in building resilience against
these climatic challenges. Moreover, as the world
seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, ZT's
potential for carbon sequestration and reduced
energy consumption places it within the broader
context of climate solutions. The alignment of ZT
with climate change considerations is likely to
shape its future trajectory, attracting interest,
investment, and support from governments,
research institutions, and industry. The global
urgency to address climate change may serve as
a catalyst for the growth and refinement of ZT,
positioning it as a key strategy in the agriculture
of the future [30]. The confluence of
technological advancements and climate change
considerations creates a promising landscape for
the growth in adoption rates of ZT. As technology
lowers barriers to entry and enhances the
effectiveness of ZT, more farmers are likely to
explore and adopt this practice. The support from
governments and organizations in the form of
subsidies, education, and extension services
could accelerate this trend. Developing countries,
where the pressure to increase productivity while
preserving resources is particularly acute, may
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3714
see significant growth in ZT adoption. The appeal
of ZT's economic benefits, coupled with its
alignment with global sustainability goals, could
drive a broader and more diverse adoption of the
practice. Collaborative efforts among
researchers, policymakers, farmers, and industry
will be essential to navigate the complex terrain
of agriculture, ensuring that ZT is adapted and
optimized for various contexts and needs [31].
8. CONCLUSION
The future of Zero Tillage (ZT) is marked by
promising potentials in technological
advancements, climate change considerations,
and potential growth in adoption rates.
Technology is poised to enhance ZT's efficiency
and effectiveness, while its alignment with
climate mitigation strategies underscores its
relevance in today's environmental context. As
barriers to adoption are overcome and the
benefits of ZT become more widely recognized, it
is positioned to play a vital role in shaping
sustainable agriculture for the future.
Collaborative efforts across sectors will be
essential to realizing the full promise of ZT,
merging innovation with sustainability.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
REFERENCES
1. Stagnari F, Ramazzotti S, Pisante M.
Conservation agriculture: A different
approach for crop production through
sustainable soil and water management: A
review. Organic Farming, Pest Control and
Remediation of Soil Pollutants: Organic
farming, pest control and remediation of
soil pollutants. 2010:55-83.
2. Jat ML, Dagar JC, Sapkota TB, Govaerts
B, Ridaura SL, Saharawat YS, Stirling C.
Climate change and agriculture: adaptation
strategies and mitigation opportunities for
food security in South Asia and Latin
America. Advances in Agronomy. 2016;
137:127-235.
3. Somasundaram J, Sinha NK, Dalal RC, Lal
R, Mohanty M, Naorem AK, Chaudhari
SK. No-till farming and conservation
agriculture in South Asia–issues,
challenges, prospects and benefits. Critical
Reviews in Plant Sciences. 2020;39(3):
236-279.
4. Keil A, D’souza A, McDonald A. Zero-
tillage as a pathway for sustainable wheat
intensification in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic
Plains: does it work in farmers’
fields? Food Security. 2015;7(5):983-1001.
5. Grisso RD, Holshouser DL, Pitman, RM.
Planter/drill considerations for conservation
tillage systems; 2014.
6. Verma S, Jayakumar S. Impact of forest
fire on physical, chemical and biological
properties of soil: A review. proceedings of
the International Academy of Ecology and
Environmental Sciences. 2012;2(3):168.
7. Jat ML, Jat HS, Agarwal T, Bijarniya D,
Kakraliya SK, Choudhary KM, López
Ridaura S. A compendium of key climate
smart agriculture practices in intensive
cereal based systems of South Asia; 2020.
8. Bhan S, Behera UK. Conservation
agriculture in India–Problems, prospects
and policy issues. International Soil and
Water Conservation Research. 2014;2(4):
1-12.
9. Bhatt R, Singh P, Hossain A, Timsina,J.
Rice–wheat system in the northwest Indo-
Gangetic plains of South Asia: Issues and
technological interventions for increasing
productivity and sustainability. Paddy and
Water Environment. 2021;19(3):345-
365.
10. Aryal JP, Rahut DB, Sapkota TB, Khurana
R, Khatri-Chhetri A. Climate change
mitigation options among farmers in South
Asia. Environment, Development and
Sustainability. 2020;22(4):3267-3289.
11. Gouezo M, Fabricius K, Harrison P,
Golbuu Y, Doropoulos C. Optimizing coral
reef recovery with context-specific
management actions at prioritized reefs.
Journal of Environmental Management.
2021;295:113209.
12. Ranjan P, Patle GT, Prem M, Solanke KR.
Organic Mulching-A Water Saving
Technique to Increase the Production of
Fruits and Vegetables. Current Agriculture
research journal. 2017;5(3).
13. Abbott LK, Murphy DV. What is soil
biological fertility? In Soil biological
fertility: A key to sustainable land use
in agriculture. Dordrecht: Springer
Netherlands. 2007;1-15.
14. Yao R, Yang J, Zhu W, Li H, Yin C, Jing Y,
Zhang X. Impact of crop cultivation,
nitrogen and fulvic acid on soil fungal
community structure in salt-affected alluvial
fluvo-aquic soil. Plant and Soil. 2021;
464(1-2):539-558.
Kumari et al.; Int. J. Environ. Clim. Change, vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3707-3715, 2023; Article no.IJECC.105297
3715
15. Owen MD, Beckie HJ, Leeson JY,
Norsworthy JK, Steckel LE. Integrated
pest management and weed management
in the United States and Canada. Pest
Management Science. 2015;71(3):357-
376.
16. Calegari WL A. Hargrove DDS.
Rheinheimer et al. Impact of long-term No-
tillage and cropping system management
on soil organic carbon in an oxisol: a
model for sustainability, Agronomy Journal.
2008;100(4):1013–1019.
17. Landers JN, de Freitas PL, de Oliveira MC,
da Silva Neto SP, Ralisch R, Kueneman
EA. Next steps for conservation
agriculture. Agronomy. 2021;11(12):2496.
18. Aryal JP, Sapkota TB, Rahut DB, Jat ML.
Agricultural sustainability under emerging
climatic variability: The role of climate-
smart agriculture and relevant policies in
India. International Journal of Innovation
and Sustainable Development. 2020;14(2):
219-245.
19. Stevenson JR, Serraj R, Cassman KG.
Evaluating conservation agriculture for
small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
and South Asia. Agriculture, Ecosystems &
Environment. 2014;187:1-10.
20. Lee N, Thierfelder C. Weed control under
conservation agriculture in dryland
smallholder farming systems of southern
Africa. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable
Development. 2017;37(5):48.
21. Thierfelder C, Baudron F, Setimela P,
Nyagumbo I, Mupangwa W, Mhlanga B,
Gérard B. Complementary practices
supporting conservation agriculture in
southern Africa. A review. Agronomy for
Sustainable Development. 2018;38:1-22.
22. Zhao X, Ramzan M, Sengupta T, Sharma
GD, Shahzad U, Cui L. Impacts of bilateral
trade on energy affordability and
accessibility across Europe: Does
economic globalization reduce energy
poverty?. Energy and Buildings. 2022;
262:112023.
23. Awada L, Lindwall CW, Sonntag B. The
development and adoption of conservation
tillage systems on the Canadian
Prairies. International Soil and Water
Conservation Research. 2014;2(1):47-65.
24. Salom J, Tamm M, Andresen I, Cali D,
Magyari Á, Bukovszki V, Gaitani N. An
evaluation framework for sustainable plus
energy neighbourhoods: Moving beyond
the traditional building energy
assessment. Energies. 2021;14(14):4314.
25. Javaid M, Haleem A, Singh RP, Suman
R. Enhancing smart farming through
the applications of Agriculture 4.0
technologies. International Journal of
Intelligent Networks. 2022;3:150-164.
26. Sánchez-Corcuera R, Nuñez-Marcos A,
Sesma-Solance J, Bilbao-Jayo A,
Mulero R, Zulaika U. Almeida A. Smart
cities survey: Technologies, application
domains and challenges for the cities of
the future. International Journal of
Distributed Sensor Networks. 2019;15(6):
1550147719853984
27. McLennon E, Dari B, Jha G, Sihi D,
Kankarla V. Regenerative agriculture and
integrative permaculture for sustainable
and technology driven global food
production and security. Agronomy
Journal. 2021;113(6):4541-4559.
28. Reddy PP, Reddy PP. Climate change
adaptation. Climate Resilient Agriculture
for Ensuring Food Security. 2015;223-272.
29. Awada L, Lindwall CW, Sonntag B. The
development and adoption of conservation
tillage systems on the Canadian
Prairies. International Soil and Water
Conservation Research. 2014;2(1):47-
65.
30. Shah A, Smith DL. Flavonoids in
agriculture: Chemistry and Roles in, Biotic
and Abiotic Stress Responses, and
Microbial Associations. Agronomy. 2020;
10(8):1209.
31. Gunes A, Inal A, Adak MS, Alpaslan M,
Bagci EG, Erol T, Pilbeam DJ. Mineral
nutrition of wheat, chickpea and lentil as
affected by mixed cropping and soil
moisture. Nutrient Cycling in Agro-
ecosystems. 2007;78:83-96.
© 2023 Kumari et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
Peer-review history:
The peer review history for this paper can be accessed here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/105297
