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The Influence of Changing Heat Transfer Coefficient, Type of Fluid, and Pipe Material on the Efficiency of the Distillation Exchanger
Abstract
The fundamental purpose of the petroleum refining industry is to convert crude oil into refined products comprising more than 2,500 substances. Among the refined products are liquefied petroleum gasoline, aviation fuel, kerosene, fuel oils, diesel fuel, lubricating oils, and feedstocks, which have a variety of uses in the petrochemical and other industries. The petroleum refinery process begins with crude oil storage and continues with handling and refining operations before concluding with the separation process and shipping the refined compounds to their final destinations. A variety of methods are used in the petroleum refinery. The analysis of key components of the oil refinery will have a significant impact on the quality of the distilled products. Several scenarios, such as transfer coefficient, fluid type, and pipe materials, have been simulated to determine the most powerful example for the updated oil refineries, and their consequences are described.
Crude oil and condensate refineries generate a large amount of wastewater that has both process and non-process origins. Depending on the type of crude oil, composition of condensate and treatment processes, the characteristics of refinery wastewater vary according to a complex pattern. The design and operation of modern refinery wastewater treatment plants are challenging and are essentially technology driven. In this investigation, the sources of wastewater pollutants have been traced to specific sources and operations, and suitable treatment technologies identified. Modern powerful tools such image analysis have been employed to characterize oil droplet sizes in oily wastewater and immobilized cell technology considered in biological reactor design for wide spectrum chemical pollutant degradation. A biomass extraction method was developed to harvest Pseudomonas P. and Baccili S. cells from a commercial biological product and acclimate them to a source of carbon rich in phenol, prior to immobilizing them in a suitable gel.
This work highlights contemporary approaches to resource utilization and provides comprehensive coverage of technological advances in residuum conversion. It illustrates state-of-the-art engineering methods for the refinement of heavy oils, bitumen, and other high-sulphur feedstocks.
In this paper, the effects of number of inlets, tube length and diameter of cold outlet on temperature, flow rates passing through the vortex tube are investigated. The results including temperature of cold outlet and flow rates passing through the vortex tube are discussed. The effect of length, number of inlets, ranging from 1 to 5 inlets and the effect of cold outlet on the results are investigated. According to obtained results, we conclude that the passing flow rate from a cold outlet is increased as its diameter increase and by increasing the length of the vortex tube, the passing mass flow rates from the cold and hot cross-sections slightly increased and slightly increased, respectively. Also, the temperatures at both outlets decreased as the number of inlets increased, while increases were observed as the radius of cold outlet increased and the temperature of exiting gas is considerably higher than hot and cold outlets compared to the case where more number of inlets with reduced diameters is used. As shown, for L/D = 15 and as the radius of cold outlet is increased, the fraction of mass flow rate is decreased from 0.8 to 0.7 and then 0.6, from 0.65 to 0.58 and then 0.52, and from 0.42 to 0.32 and then 0.24 for n = 1, 3 and 5.
This paper presents a brief account of different technologies used for the treatment of petroleum refinery effluents (PRE). Broadly, PRE treatment is accomplished in two stages, namely, a series of pre-treatment steps, in which suspended matter, oil and grease are reduced, and an advanced stage, in which wastewater contaminants are decreased to certain acceptable discharge limits. Photocatalytic degradation techniques have been widely used in water and wastewater treatment. However, the literature regarding PRE treatment is scarce, and the technique is still not being utilised on an industrial scale in refineries. This is largely due to limited research findings discussing PRE treatments. Most researches are focused on treating singular contaminants found in PRE, e.g., phenols, sulphides, oil, grease and other organic components. This review focused on works that investigated PRE treatment by monitoring general refinery wastewater parameters, namely, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), oil and grease (O&G), sulphate and phenols at the advanced treatment steps. This paper presents an overview of photocatalytic degradation and discusses published works with the goal of presenting the technique as an attractive and viable process unit. If optimised, this process has great potential for replacing other separation and degradation treatment approaches employed at the advanced treatment stage for PRE.
An accurate description of the fluid flow and heat transfer within a fixed-bed reactor is desirable. The prevailing models of fluid flow invoke either a constant velocity (plug-flow) profile, or make use of a single axial velocity component with radial variation across the tube diameter. However, difficulties in predicting reactor performance and the wide disagreement between effective heat transfer coefficients suggest that these are oversimplified pictures of the real-flow situation. Computational fluid dynamics is a means that could improve our understanding of fixed-bed fluid flow and heat transfer, by solving the 3D Navier–Stokes equations. Simulations are presented for an improved geometry, compared to previous studies, of 10 solid spheres in a tube with a tube-to-particle ratio of 2.43, that includes both particle to particle and also wall to particle contacts. Simulations are also reported with heat generation from the spheres. The simulation results show strong flow components towards the wall and away from the wall, thereby transporting heat. The flow around the contact points themselves shows stagnant regions, due to the high shear of the solid surfaces. A high velocity gradient in the radial direction is observed between two layers of spheres, which clearly shows how the heat transfer is increased within the bed. Regions of back-flow are also observed, in qualitative agreement with literature experimental studies.
Separation processes: Courier Corporation
- C J King
C. J. King. Separation processes: Courier Corporation, 2013.
CFD Modeling of Real Scale Slab Reheating Furnace
- H Md Lokman
- R Fdhila
- U Sand
- J Engdahl
- E Dahlquist
- H Li
H. Md Lokman, R. Bel Fdhila, U. Sand, J. Engdahl, E. Dahlquist, H. Li. CFD Modeling of Real Scale Slab Reheating Furnace. 12th
International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Costa del Sol, Spain, 11-13 July, 20162016.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i3.1807