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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities
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https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.5.7
A Study on Stress Level, Happiness, Challenges, and Emotional Bonds
of Parents having Children with Disabilities Availing Services at
NIEPMD, Chennai
Shanthini Kalpurniya1, Dr. Rajesh Ramachandran2 and Dr. Neeradha Chandramohan3
1Social Worker (S &P), NIEPMD, Chennai, INDIA.
2Rehabilitation Officer (S & P), NIEPMD, Chennai, INDIA.
3Former Director, NIEPMD, Chennai & HOD, Department of Clinical Psychology, SRMC, Chennai, INDIA.
1Corresponding Author: Shanthini Kalpurniya
www.ijrah.com || Vol. 3 No. 5 (2023): September Issue
Date of Submission: 15-08-2023
Date of Acceptance: 01-09-2023
Date of Publication: 11-09-2023
ABSTRACT
Being a parent is normally a joyous occasion and creating emotional bond between parents and their children is special,
but in certain situations, lives of parents' are plagued with challenges and are concerned about their ability to maintain their
child's physical, emotional, or economic well-being. It is very important to understand as how it is like to be a parent, because this
helps to enhance the wellbeing of both parents and their children, especially if the child born is having disabilities. The study here
consisting of equal distribution of male and female (N =100, Male = 50 and female = 50) coming to NIEPMD for rehabilitation
services were taken as samples to find out stress level of parents of children having disabilities based on gender, based on age of
the parent, based on the educational qualification of the parent, based the diagnosis of the children having disabilities. The Parental
Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire developed by Berry & Jones (1995) is a standardized scale and was used to assess parental stress.
The researchers obtained due permission to use the scale from the author. The findings of the study revealed that 63% of the
parents are having high level of stress in particular female parent are experiencing high level of stress (33%). Findings based on
age shows that 35% of parents aged between 31-40 are having high level of stress, based on educational qualification of the parent
27% of the parents who completed under graduation are having high level of stress and based on the diagnosis of the children
25% of the parents having children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder are having high level of stress. The result implicated
that parents having children with Autism Spectrum Disorder are having high level of stress. Understanding these fundamental
results and trends allows practitioners and researchers to develop customized interventions and support methods to promote
positive parenting experiences and improve the well-being of parents and children.
Keywords- Parent, stress and children with disabilities.
I. INTRODUCTION
Individuals have identified that becoming a
parent brings happiness and fulfilment of parenthood, this
is being highlighted by various researches conducted in
the past that raising children is bound to provide a sense
of purpose and positive emotions to parents. On the
contrary parenting also presents various challenges that
can affect the well-being and satisfaction of the parents, if
they have a child with disability. Multiple responsibilities,
financial burden and time constraints are some of the
challenges parents of children with disabilities face.
Becoming a parent requires lot of commitments
and that too being a parent of an individual with
disabilities is not an easy task; there are many stresses and
stress reactions connected to the child’s disability.
Parents are known to experience several
negative effects, including sadness, depression, and other
emotional reactions because to having child with a
disability (Peshawaria, et.al., 1995). (Seltzer, et.al.,
2001) in their study reported that educational,
occupational, and marital patterns of parents with children
who had major mental health issues were typical, but they
also experienced higher levels of physical symptoms,
73
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https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.5.7
depression, and alcoholism symptoms in their middle
years. Rajesh Ramachandran (2017), undertook an
exploratory study on the type of information regarding
needs of parents having children with Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) reported that parents of the children in
various age groups coming to a national institute have
needs related to services as they are concerned about the
type of services for their child.
The overall well-being and family dynamics
greatly rely on an essential emotional bond between
parents and children. Nurturing and spending time with
their children enables parents to establish a strong
emotional connection, fostering feelings of love,
closeness, and joy. Thus, children thrive and develop
optimally.
The present study will employ survey data to
provide light on the level of stress experiencing by the
families having children with disabilities. The survey
responses from a sample of parents of children having
disabilities (N = 100) attending rehabilitation services at
NIEPMD will provide valuable insights into the stress
level of parents based on age, gender and educational
qualification of the parent, and also based the diagnosis of
the children . By examining these dimensions, the
researchers aim to contribute to the existing knowledge
on parenthood, inform policy and support initiatives, and
ultimately enhance the overall well-being of families
having children with disabilities. With these, the study
proposes to identify the areas of intervention and plan
strategies to support parents which eventually will have a
better healthy family relationships and promote positive
outcomes for both parents as well as their children with
disabilities.
1.1 Purpose of the study
The purpose of this study is to find the stress
level of parents having children with disabilities.
1.2 Objective of the study
The objective of the study is to
1. To find out the stress level of the parent based on
parents gender.
2. To find out the stress level of the parent based on the
parents age.
3. To find out the stress level of the parent based on the
parents educational qualification.
4. To find out the stress level of the parent based on the
diagnosis of the children having disabilities.
1.3 Aim of the study
The research aims to:
• To evince the difficulties and potential stressors that
parents encounter during parenthood.
• To develop target based interventions and
programmes to reduce the stress level of parents and to
create strong level of parent-child relationship.
• To enhance family well-being.
Based on the objectives, the study propose to delve into
the current understanding of stress among parents having
children with disabilities by offering understanding to
various stakeholders and furnish a strong base for future
research.
1.4 Research Questions
The following research questions are framed for
the study
1. Is there a significant difference in the stress level
among male and female parents of children having
disabilities?
2. Do older parents tend to have more level of stress
than the younger parents?
3. Does parents having higher education qualification
experience lower level of stress than parents having lower
educational qualification?
4. Which disability is associated with higher or lower
level of stress among parents?
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1 Review of existing research on parental experiences
and stress
Becoming a parenting is tricky and complicated
journey. Parenting includes a wide range of emotions and
experiences. In order to promote well-being of both parent
and child, it is necessary to recognize parental experiences
and the effect of stress. The review of the literature
presented here on parental experiences and stress gives an
overview of the major findings and trends in the field.
Anpalagan et.al., (2021) in their study analyzed
the parental stress level among parents having children
with learning difficulties and also the differences in
parents and stress level based on the gender of children.
Study resulted that both parents are facing almost equal
amount of stress and gender of the children does not differ
in parental stress.
Auriemma et.al., (2021) in their study among the
parents of children with learning disabilities and
investigated the relationship between parental cognitions,
coping styles, and stress of parents. Result revealed that
significant predictors of parenting stress level are parents’
perceptions of the severity of their child's learning
disability and their emotion-focused coping strategies.
Crnic et al. (1983) found that parents often
experience stress related to managing multiple roles and
responsibilities. Moreover, the transition to parenthood
and the demands of parenting can result in heightened
stress levels (Leerkes et al., 2017).
Cuzzocrea et al., (2016) as cited in Bujnowska
et.al., (2021) reported that a difficult psychosocial
situation is faced by parents of children with
developmental disabilities. Parents experience more
caregiving responsibilities and report has founded in
previous research.
Desmarais et.al., (2018) in their study analyzed
that parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
report higher levels of stress and psychological pain than
parents of typically developing children and children with
other disorders. Stressors are prevalent throughout a
child's life and are intensified at periods of transition.
However, support services may be beneficial in relieving
parental stress.
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Feizi et.al., (2014) conducted a study on
considering the demographic details and compared the
stress level of mothers of children with different
disabilities to each other and the study result shows that
mothers of children with sensory-motor mental and
chronic physical problems are experiencing more level of
stress than mothers of children with psychological
disorders.
Hsiao, (2017) conducted a study on the Parental
Stress in Families of Children with Disabilities. In this
study, compared parents of children with disabilities with
parents of children without disability and found that
parents of children with disabilities are reported having
higher level of stress than the parents of children without
disabilities.
Jones et.al. (2013) in their study used multilevel
linear modelling to find out the gender differences within
the families having children with autism spectrum
disorder (ASD). The study reported higher level of
distress among mothers of children having ASD as
compared to fathers.
2.2 Parental Satisfaction and Well-being:
Numerous researches are there to explore
parental satisfaction and well-being. The research
findings Nelson et al. (2014) shows that parents reported
higher life satisfaction and happiness than the non-
parents. Additionally, some studies shows that positive
parent-child interactions and a strong emotional bond
between the parent and the child is contributing parental
satisfaction and overall well-being. (Lamborn et al., 2011;
Volling et al., 2002).
2.3 Parental Stress and Sources of Stress:
Parenting can be accompanied by significant
stressors. Various sources of parental stress, including
time constraints, financial pressures, and concerns about
meeting children's needs has identified through research.
A study by Crnic et al. (1983) found that parents often
experience stress related to managing multiple roles and
responsibilities. Moreover, the transition to parenthood
and the demands of parenting can result in heightened
stress levels (Leerkes et al., 2017).
2.4 Parental Coping Strategies:
To manage stress, parents employ various
coping strategies. To promote parental well-being,
importance of effective coping mechanisms have been
highlighted by studies. For instance, problem-focused
copings such as seeking social support and utilizing
problem-solving skills has been found to be beneficial in
reducing parental stress (Crnic et al., 2005). Emotion-
focused coping, such as relaxation techniques and self-
care, can also contribute to parental well-being (Deater-
Deckard et al., 2011).
2.5 The Role of Social Support:
Parents of children with autism spectrum
disorder report higher levels of stress and psychological
pain than parents of typically developing children and
children with other disorders. Stressors are prevalent
throughout a child's life and are intensified at periods of
transition. However, support services may be beneficial in
relieving parental stress (Desmarais et.al., 2018)
2.6 Gender Differences in Parental Experiences:
Studies have also examined gender differences
in parental experiences and stress. Research by
Nomaguchi and Milkie (2003) found that mothers often
experience higher levels of stress compared to fathers.
Differences in societal expectations and gender roles
could be attributed (Cabrera et al., 2000). Additionally,
studies have explored that maternal stress and enhancing
overall family well-being was reduced by the impact of
involved fatherhood; (McBride et al., 2005). When
comparing with mothers of children who have mental
health disorders with the mothers of children who have
sensory-motor, mental, or persistent physical issues it is
found that mothers of children who have sensory-motor,
mental, or persistent physical issues are more stressed
(Feizi et al., 2014).
Valuable insights on parental experiences and
the impact of stress were provided by the reviewed
literature. Emerging significant factors influencing
parental well-being are parental satisfaction, sources of
stress, coping strategies, social support, and gender
differences. Understanding these dynamics is to promote
positive parental experiences and overall family well-
being having children with disabilities but it is crucial for
developing interventions and support programs.
Considering diverse populations and cultural contexts, to
enhance understanding and support for parents having
children with disabilities further research is needed to
delve deeper into the complexities of parental
experiences.
A. Previous studies on parental satisfaction,
happiness, and stress levels
Understanding parental satisfaction, happiness,
and stress levels is crucial for promoting parents and their
children well-being. An overview of previous studies that
have examined parental satisfaction, happiness, and stress
levels were provided by this literature review and shed
light on the factors influencing these aspects of parenting.
A.1 Parental Satisfaction:
Several studies have investigated parental
satisfaction and its determinants. Nelson et al. (2014) in
his research he compared the parents and non-parents and
found that parents reported higher life satisfaction and
happiness than non-parents. In the research of Vilaseca
et.al (2019) found that parents with positive perceptions
of their child with disability and expressed more feelings
of happiness, family togetherness, and personal growth
than those with negative perceptions. It has found by
reviewing several studies which examined mothers and
fathers of children with disabilities in various contexts.
Increased parental understanding regarding disability, as
well as the development of better coping skills and
positive perspectives, resulted in an improvement in
family well-being, which aided in the development of
their children (Vilaseca et.al. 2019)
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The sense of purpose, fulfilment from raising
children, positive parent-child relationships, and social
support networks are the various factors contributing to
parental satisfaction (Bonnet et al., 2013; Volling et al.,
2019). In addition to that, research has shown that
parenting self-efficacy, marital quality, and
socioeconomic status were influencing parental
satisfaction (Hoffman & Moon, 2018; Junttila et al.,
2017). In the research of Hasnat and Graves (2000) it is
found that parents were more likely to satisfy if they
received a substantial amount of information. Parental
satisfaction was shown to be better when the revealing
professional interacts well with the parents, understands
parental concerns, and is direct in his or her approach.
A.2 Impact of Support Services:
The availability and utilization of support
services play a crucial role in parental satisfaction. Access
to specialized healthcare, early intervention programs,
educational support, and community resources can
significantly impact parents' satisfaction levels. Research
has shown that parents who receive appropriate support
services and have positive interactions with professionals
report higher levels of satisfaction and lower stress levels
(Cuzzocrea & Dominelli, 2016; Raina et al., 2009).
Adequate support systems also enhance parents' ability to
cope with challenges and enhance their overall well-
being.
A.3 Parent-Professional Relationships:
The quality of the relationship between parents
and professionals, such as healthcare providers,
educators, and therapists, can greatly influence parental
satisfaction. Open and collaborative communication,
respectful interactions, and the provision of accurate and
comprehensive information contribute to positive parent-
professional relationships. Studies have indicated higher
levels of satisfaction among the parents who has perceive
professionals as supportive and empathy (Hastings, 2003;
Quintero & McIntyre, 2010). On the other hand, decrease
parental satisfaction can be because of negative
experiences with professionals and a lack of involvement
in decision-making processes.
A.4 Peer Support and Social Networks:
The availability of peer support and social
networks has been found to be beneficial for parental
satisfaction. Connecting with other parents who share
similar experiences provides validation, understanding,
and a sense of belonging. Peer support groups, online
communities, and parent advocacy organizations offer
opportunities for parents to share information, exchange
experiences, and receive emotional support (Cadman et
al., 2016; Kazak et al., 2015). These networks contribute
to increased parental satisfaction by reducing feelings of
isolation, providing practical advice, and fostering a sense
of empowerment.
B. Review of relevant studies on the emotional bond
between parents and children
Heiman, (2021) conducted a study on Parents’
Voice: Parents’ Emotional and Practical Coping with a
Child with Special Needs found that some of the parents
emotional bond are unstable with their children and
involving conflicts and disagreements, some of them
adopted a more positive mind-set and with the challenges
they were facing.
Thompson et.al, (2018) in their study the
expressed emotion of parents of children with
developmental disabilities: A meta-analysis examined that
parents of children with developmental disabilities are
facing particular challenges interacting with their children
and have been shown to have higher levels of stress than
parents of children without disabilities. And the meta-
analysis examined the proportion of parents of children
with developmental disabilities exhibiting high expressed
emotions.
III. KEY THEORIES OR
FRAMEWORKS RELATED TO
PARENTING AND ITS IMPACT
Understanding the key theories and theoretical
frameworks related to parenting are crucial for
comprehending the impact of parenting on children's
development and well-being. An overview of key theories
and frameworks have provided by these literature that
have shaped the study of parenting and its influence on
child outcomes.
3.1 Attachment Theory:
John Bowlby developed Attachment theory
which emphasizes the importance of the parent-child
bond in shaping children's emotional and social
development. According to this theory, foundation for
healthy relationships and psychological well-being
provided by the secure attachment between children and
their caregivers. Insecure attachment styles, such as
anxious or avoidant attachment, can contribute to
developmental difficulties and emotional challenges
(Ainsworth et al., 1978; Bowlby, 1969).
3.2 Social Learning Theory:
Social learning theory, proposed by Albert
Bandura, highlights the role of observational learning and
modelling in shaping children's behaviour. According to
this theory, children acquire and imitate behaviours
through observation of their parents or other significant
individuals. Parental modelling of prosocial behaviours
and effective problem-solving strategies can positively
influence children's behaviour and promote their social
competence (Bandura, 1977).
3.3 Ecological Systems Theory:
Ecological systems theory, developed by Urie
Bronfenbrenner, considers the influence of multiple
environmental systems on children's development. The
theory emphasizes the interactions between the child and
various systems, including the microsystem (family and
immediate surroundings), mesosystem (interactions
between microsystems), ecosystems (community and
societal factors), and macrosystem (cultural and societal
norms). Parenting practices and the quality of the parent-
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child relationship are seen as important components
within these systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1979).
3.4 Parenting Styles:
Parenting styles, popularized by Diana
Baumrind, categorize parental behavior into different
styles based on dimensions of warmth, control, and
discipline. Authoritative (high warmth, high control),
authoritarian (low warmth, high control), permissive
(high warmth, low control), and neglectful (low warmth,
low control) are the four main parenting styles are.
Research has shown that warmth, responsiveness, and
clear boundaries, is associated with positive child
outcomes are the characteristics of authoritative
parenting, whereas other styles may have varying impacts
on children's development (Baumrind, 1966).
3.5 Transactional Model of Parenting:
The transactional model of parenting suggests
that parenting is an ongoing, bidirectional process
involving interactions between parents and children. It
recognizes that child characteristics and behaviours can
influence parental behaviour, and vice versa. This
dynamic process highlights the reciprocal nature of
parent-child relationships and the importance of
considering both parent and child factors in understanding
child outcomes (Sameroff, 2009).
The theories and frameworks reviewed in this
literature review provide valuable perspectives on
parenting and its impact on child development.
Attachment theory underscores the significance of the
parent-child bond, social learning theory highlights the
role of modelling and observational learning, and
ecological systems theory emphasizes the influence of
multiple environmental systems. Parenting styles offer
insights into different parenting approaches, while the
transactional model emphasizes the bidirectional nature
of parent-child interactions. Foundation for examining the
complex dynamics of parenting and their implications for
child outcomes were provided by understanding these
theories and frameworks. To gain a comprehensive
understanding of the intricate processes and effects of
parenting on children's development and well-being
further research should continue to integrate these
theories and frameworks.
IV. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Description of the sample and data collection
methods The study included a sample of 100 parents who
participated in the research.
Table 1
Age (years)
No of Respondents
22
1
24
2
25
2
26
2
27
2
28
5
29
5
30
4
31
3
32
9
33
5
34
4
35
7
36
3
37
2
38
13
39
6
40
3
41
3
42
8
44
2
45
3
46
2
47
1
49
1
51
1
52
1
Total
100
4.2 Sample Description:
The study consisted of a sample of 100 parents.
The age distribution of the respondents varied, with
parents ranging from 22 to 52 years old. The largest
number of respondents (13) fell into the age group of 38
years, followed by 9 respondents in the age group of 32
years. There were multiple respondents in each age group,
except for ages 22, 47, 49, 51, and 52, which had only one
respondent each.
Table 2
Male
Female
50
50
4.3 Data Collection Methods:
The data collection for this study involved the
administration of the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) Berry &
Jones (1995) questionnaire to the participating parents.
The PSS consists of 18 items questionnaire which asses
the feelings of parents with regard to their role. Positive
aspects and negative aspects of parenting are also
explored through PSS. The questionnaire PSS was
employed to parents and they were asked to respond to
these questions based on their own experiences and
perceptions. The second author took permission from the
author of Parental Stress Scale (PSS) Judy O. Berry for
using the scale.
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4.4 Explanation of the survey instrument used to gather
responses
The survey instrument used to gather responses
in this study was the Parental Stress Scale (PSS) Berry &
Jones (1995). The PSS is a widely recognized and
validated questionnaire designed to assess parental stress
levels and related factors. In this regard the second author
took permission from the author of Parental Stress Scale
(PSS) Judy O. Berry for using the scale. It consists of a
series of 18 statements or items that participants are asked
to respond based on their own experiences and
perceptions of parenting.
The PSS typically includes items that cover
various domains related to parental stress, such as parental
role restriction, demands of parenting, and feelings of
being overwhelmed. The PSS questionnaire is based on
Likert scale, where the parents participating in the study
have to respond to the statements by indicating either
strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, or strongly
agree. Here the researchers first explained about the usage
of PSS to 2nd year Master of Social Work students and a
demo was carried out to make them understand on how to
use the PSS with parents who are the participants of the
study. The students then employed the PSS to the
participants selected for the study were asked to respond
to each item according to their own experiences and
feelings as parents. The responses were then collected and
analyzed to gain insights into the levels of parental stress
within the sample.
The PSS questionnaire is an important tool
which can be completed within 10 minutes, here the
parents respond to the statements about their relationship
with the child. The PSS can be used to assess the parental
stress of both mother and father of children having no
clinical issue also.
4.5 Ethical Considerations
The parents of children with disabilities who are
the participants of this study where provided with the
information about the study undertaken and were
explained about the potential risks, benefits and their
rights as participants. The parents were informed about
the privacy of the data, the parents were informed that to
maintain participant privacy, all identifying information
has been kept separate from the acquired data, and data
has been anonymised or pseudonymized. The parents
were also given choice of whether to participate in the
study without having any negative consequence.
The study obtained approval from the institute’s
research committee, the researchers while training the
students have complied with usage of appropriate and
sensitive language while employing the statements of the
PSS
4.6 Data Analysis Procedures:
The data analysis procedure comprised of
cleaning and preparation of the obtained data included
checking for mistakes, deleting incomplete or duplicate
responses, and organizing the data for analysis. To
summarize the data and provide an overview of the
responses, descriptive statistics such as frequencies and
percentages have been employed. The data analysis
results were interpreted based on research questions and
objectives and the findings have highlighted the
implications, limits, and suggestions.
V. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Parental Stress Scale – Analysis
Stress Level of the Parent of children with disabilities
based on the gender of the parent.
Gender of the parent * Stress level of parent Cross
tabulation
Stress level of
parent
Total
Low
High
Gender of the
parent
Male
20
30
50
Female
17
33
50
Total
37
63
100
The majority of the responses shows that 63% of
the parents are having high level of stress in that female is
having high level of stress (33%) when comparing with
male parent (30%). Whereas 37% of the parents facing
low level of stress in that 20% are male and 17% are
female.
78
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i. Stress Level of the Parent of children with
disabilities based on the age of the parent.
Age of the parent * Stress level of parent Cross
tabulation
Stress level of
parent
Total
Low
High
Age of the
parent
21-30
3
11
14
31-40
23
35
58
41-50
8
13
21
51-60
3
4
7
Total
37
63
100
The majority of the responses shows that 35% of
parents aged between 31-40, 13% of parents aged
between 41-50, 11% of the parent aged between 21-30
and 4% of the parent aged between 51-60 are having high
level of stress. Whereas, 23% of parents aged between 31-
40, 8% of parents aged between 41-50, 3% of parents aged
between 21-30 and 3% of parents aged between 51 to 60
are having low level of stress.
ii. Stress Level of the Parent of children with
disabilities based on the age of the parent.
Educational Qualification * Stress level of parent
Cross tabulation
Stress level of
parent
Total
Low
High
Educational
Qualification of
the parent
Middle
School
3
7
10
High School
6
8
14
Higher
Secondary
1
4
5
Diploma
3
4
7
Under
Graduate
17
27
44
Post
Graduate
5
12
17
Doctorate
2
1
3
Total
37
63
100
The majority of the respondents shows that 27%
of the parents completed Under Graduation, 12% of the
parents completed Post Graduation, 8% of the parents
completed High School, 7% of the parents completed
Middle School, 4% of the parents completed High School
and another 4% of the parents completed Diploma and 1%
of the parents completed Doctorate are having high level
of stress. Whereas 17% of the parents completed Under
Graduation, 6% of the parents completed High School,
5% of the parents completed Post Graduation, 3% of the
parents completed Middle School, another 3% of the
parents completed Diploma and 2% of the parents
completed Doctorate are having low level of stress.
iii. Stress Level of the Parent of children with
disabilities based on the diagnosis of the children.
Diagnosis * Stress level of parent Cross tabulation
Stress level of
parent
Total
Low
High
Diagnosis
Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD)
11
25
36
Intellectual
Disability (ID)
7
11
18
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
4
4
8
ASD+ID
8
12
20
CP+ID
2
7
9
Speech &
Language
Disability
1
2
3
Chronic
Neurological
Condition
1
1
2
Muscular
Dystrophy
0
1
1
ID+LD
1
0
1
Locomotor
Disability (LD)
1
0
1
Specific Learning
Disability (SLD)
1
0
1
Total
37
63
100
The majority of the responses shows that 25% of
the parents having children diagnosed with ASD, 12% of
the parents having children diagnosed with ASD+ID,
11% of the parents having children diagnosed with ID,7%
of the parents having children diagnosed with CP+ID, 4%
of the parents having children diagnosed with CP, 2% of
the parents having children diagnosed with Speech &
Language Disability, 1% of the parents having children
diagnosed with Chronic Neurological Condition and
another 1% of the parents having children diagnosed with
Muscular Dystrophy are having High level of Stress.
Whereas, 11% of the parents having children diagnosed
with ASD, 8% of the parents having children diagnosed
with ASD+ID, 7% of the parents having children
diagnosed with ID, 4% of the parents having children
diagnosed with CP, 2% of the parents having children
diagnosed with CP+ID, 1% of the parents having children
diagnosed with Speech & Language Disability, 1% of the
parents having children diagnosed with Chronic
Neurological Condition, 1% of the parents having
children diagnosed with ID+LD, 1% of the parents having
children diagnosed with LD and 1% of the parents having
children diagnosed with SLD are having Low level of
stress.
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https://doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.3.5.7
VI. FINDINGS BASED ON RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Is there a significant difference in the stress level
among male and female parents of children having
disabilities?
0.206 is the calculated chi-square test is less than
the critical value of 3.841 is. Hence, we can say that there
is no significant difference between the gender of the
parents and the stress level among the parents of children
with disabilities. So here we can reject the research
question which states that there a significant difference in
the stress level among male and female parents of children
having disabilities.
Do older parents tend to have more level of stress than
the younger parents?
Based on the analysis the younger parents are
tend to have higher level of stress than the older parents.
So here we can reject the research question which states
that older parents tend to have more level of stress than
the younger parents.
Does parents having higher education qualification
experience lower level of stress than parents having lower
educational qualification?
As per the analysis it states that parents having
higher level of education are experiencing higher level of
stress and parents having lower level of education are
having low level of stress. So here we can reject the
research question which states that parents having higher
education qualification experience lower level of stress
than parents having lower educational qualification.
Which disability is associated with higher or lower level
of stress among parents?
The analysis here shows that parents having
children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is
associated with higher level of stress.
a. Presentation and analysis of the responses to each
statement/question
Q1. I am happy in my role as a parent
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
4
4.0
Disagree
21
21.0
Undecided
4
4.0
Agree
22
22.0
strongly agree
49
49.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 4% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 21% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 4% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 22% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 49% of respondents chose this option.
Overall, the majority of respondents (71%)
expressed positive sentiments about their role as a parent,
with 22% strongly agreeing and 49% agreeing. However,
there is a considerable portion of respondents (25%) who
either disagreed or were undecided about their happiness
in their parental role.
Q2. There is little or nothing I wouldn't do for my
child(ren) if it was necessary
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
15
15.0
Disagree
63
63.0
Undecided
2
2.0
Agree
19
19.0
strongly agree
1
1.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 15% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 63% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 2% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 19% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 1% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (78%) either
disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement,
indicating that they would not go to great lengths for their
child if it was necessary. Only 20% of respondents
expressed agreement or strong agreement with the
statement.
Q3. Caring for my child(ren) sometimes takes more time
and energy than I have to give.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
3
3.0
Disagree
25
25.0
Agree
46
46.0
strongly agree
26
26.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 3% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 25% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 46% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 26% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (72%) either agreed
or strongly agreed with the statement, indicating that they
feel that caring for their child(ren) sometimes requires
more time and energy than they have to give. On the other
hand, 28% of respondents disagreed or strongly disagreed
with the statement.
Q4. I sometimes worry whether I am doing enough for my
child(ren).
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
1
1.0
Disagree
17
17.0
undecided
3
3.0
Agree
57
57.0
strongly agree
22
22.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 1% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 17% of respondents chose this option.
80
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Undecided: 3% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 57% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 22% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a majority of respondents
(79%) either agreed or strongly agreed with the statement,
indicating that they sometimes worry whether they are
doing enough for their child(ren). On the other hand, only
a small percentage of respondents (18%) disagreed or
strongly disagreed with the statement.
Q5. I feel close to my child(ren).
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
2
2.0
Disagree
3
3.0
Agree
23
23.0
strongly agree
72
72.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 2% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 3% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 23% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 72% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (72%) strongly
agreed that they feel close to their child(ren), indicating a
strong emotional connection. Additionally, 23% of
respondents agreed with the statement. Only a small
percentage of respondents (5%) either disagreed or
strongly disagreed with feeling close to their child(ren).
Q6. I enjoy spending time with my child(ren).
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
4
4.0
Disagree
9
9.0
Agree
38
38.0
strongly agree
49
49.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 4% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 9% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 38% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 49% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (49%) strongly
agreed that they enjoy spending time with their child(ren),
indicating a high level of enjoyment in their interactions.
Additionally, 38% of respondents agreed with the
statement. Only a small percentage of respondents (13%)
either disagreed or strongly disagreed with enjoying
spending time with their child(ren).
Q7. My child(ren) is an important source of affection for
me.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
3
3.0
Disagree
8
8.0
undecided
1
1.0
Agree
45
45.0
strongly agree
43
43.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 3% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 8% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 1% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 45% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 43% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a significant portion of
respondents (88%) either agreed or strongly agreed with
the statement, indicating that their child(ren) is an
important source of affection for them. On the other hand,
only a small percentage of respondents (11%) disagreed
or strongly disagreed with the statement and 1% remained
undecided.
Q8.Having child(ren) gives me a more certain and
optimistic view for the future.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
6
6.0
Disagree
34
34.0
undecided
12
12.0
Agree
35
35.0
strongly agree
13
13.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 6% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 34% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 12% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 35% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 13% of respondents chose this option.
The data indicates that a significant portion of
respondents (48%) either disagreed or strongly disagreed
with the statement, suggesting that having child(ren) does
not give them a more certain and optimistic view for the
future. On the other hand, 48% of respondents either
agreed or strongly agreed with the statement, indicating
that having child(ren) does provide them with a more
certain and optimistic view for the future. A small portion
of respondents (12%) remained undecided.
Q9. The major source of stress in my life is my child(ren).
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
10
10.0
Disagree
23
23.0
Agree
35
35.0
strongly agree
32
32.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 10% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 23% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 35% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 32% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a significant portion of
respondents (67%) either agreed or strongly agreed that
their child(ren) is a major source of stress in their life. On
the other hand, 33% of respondents either disagreed or
strongly disagreed with the statement. It's also worth
considering that while children can bring joy and
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fulfilment, they can also introduce various challenges and
stressors into parents' lives.
Q10. Having child(ren) leaves little time and flexibility in
my life.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
5
5.0
Disagree
26
26.0
Undecided
4
4.0
Agree
53
53.0
strongly agree
12
12.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 5% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 26% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 4% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 53% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 12% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (65%) either agreed
or strongly agreed that having child(ren) leaves little time
and flexibility in their life. On the other hand, 31% of
respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed with
the statement. A small percentage of respondents (4%)
remained undecided. Having children can indeed require
significant time and flexibility adjustments, and
individual experiences may vary.
Q11. Having child(ren) has been a financial burden.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
12
12.0
disagree
30
30.0
Agree
28
28.0
strongly agree
30
30.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 12% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 30% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 28% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 30% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a significant portion of
respondents (58%) either agreed or strongly agreed that
having child(ren) has been a financial burden. On the
other hand, 42% of respondents either disagreed or
strongly disagreed with the statement. Having children
can indeed bring additional financial responsibilities and
challenges, but individual financial situations and
perspectives may vary.
Q12. It is difficult to balance different responsibilities
because of my child(ren).
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
10
10.0
Disagree
25
25.0
undecided
1
1.0
Agree
40
40.0
strongly agree
24
24.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 10% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 25% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 1% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 40% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 24% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a significant portion of
respondents (64%) either agreed or strongly agreed that it
is difficult to balance different responsibilities because of
their child(ren). On the other hand, 35% of respondents
either disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement.
Only a small percentage of respondents (1%) remained
undecided. Balancing responsibilities can indeed be
challenging for parents, especially when considering the
needs and demands of their child(ren) alongside other
obligations.
Q13. The behaviour of my child(ren) is often
embarrassing or stressful to me.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
15
15.0
disagree
55
55.0
undecided
2
2.0
Agree
26
26.0
strongly agree
2
2.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 15% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 55% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 2% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 26% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 2% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (70%) either
disagreed or strongly disagreed that the behavior of their
child(ren) is often embarrassing or stressful to them. On
the other hand, 28% of respondents either agreed or
strongly agreed with the statement. A small percentage of
respondents (2%) remained undecided. Parenting
experiences can vary greatly, and while some parents may
find their child's behavior embarrassing or stressful at
times, others may not share the same sentiment.
Q14. If I had it to do over again, I might decide not to have
child(ren).
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
13
13.0
Disagree
54
54.0
undecided
4
4.0
Agree
26
26.0
strongly agree
3
3.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 13% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 54% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 4% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 26% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 3% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a majority of respondents
(67%) either disagreed or strongly disagreed that they
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might decide not to have child(ren) if they had it to do
over again. On the other hand, 29% of respondents either
agreed or strongly agreed with the statement. A small
percentage of respondents (4%) remained undecided.
People's feelings about parenthood can vary, and
individual experiences and perspectives can greatly
influence their responses to this statement.
Q15. I feel overwhelmed by the responsibility of being a
parent.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
17
17.0
Disagree
69
69.0
Undecided
6
6.0
Agree
8
8.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 17% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 69% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 6% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 8% of respondents chose this option.
The majority of respondents (86%) either
disagreed or strongly disagreed that they feel
overwhelmed by the responsibility of being a parent. Only
a small percentage of respondents (8%) agreed with the
statement, indicating that they do feel overwhelmed.
Additionally, 6% of respondents remained undecided.
Parenting experiences can vary greatly, and while some
individuals may feel overwhelmed, others may not share
the same sentiment.
Q16. Having child(ren) has meant having too few choices
and too little control over my life.
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
2
2.0
Disagree
21
21.0
Undecided
8
8.0
Agree
51
51.0
strongly agree
18
18.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 2% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 21% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 8% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 51% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 18% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a majority of respondents
(69%) either agreed or strongly agreed that having
child(ren) has meant having too few choices and too little
control over their life. On the other hand, 23% of
respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed with
the statement. A small percentage of respondents (8%)
remained undecided. Parenting can indeed bring changes
to one's choices and level of control, and individual
experiences and perspectives can greatly influence their
responses to this statement.
Q17. I am satisfied as a parent
Frequency
Percent
strongly disagree
6
6.0
Disagree
15
15.0
undecided
5
5.0
Agree
22
22.0
strongly agree
52
52.0
Total
100
100.0
Strongly disagree: 6% of respondents chose this option.
Disagree: 15% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 5% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 22% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 52% of respondents chose this option.
The data suggests that a majority of respondents
(74%) either agreed or strongly agreed that they are
satisfied as a parent. On the other hand, 21% of
respondents either disagreed or strongly disagreed with
the statement. A small percentage of respondents (5%)
remained undecided. Parenting experiences can vary
greatly, and individual satisfaction as a parent can be
influenced by various factors.
Q18. I find my child(ren) enjoyable
Frequency
Percent
Disagree
7
7.0
undecided
4
4.0
Agree
56
56.0
strongly agree
33
33.0
Total
100
100.0
Disagree: 7% of respondents chose this option.
Undecided: 4% of respondents chose this option.
Agree: 56% of respondents chose this option.
Strongly agree: 33% of respondents chose this option.
The data indicates that a majority of respondents
(89%) either agreed or strongly agreed that they find their
child(ren) enjoyable. Only a small percentage of
respondents (11%) either disagreed or were undecided
about finding their child(ren) enjoyable. Parenting
experiences and perceptions can vary, and while the
majority of respondents find their child(ren) enjoyable,
individual experiences may differ.
VII. DISCUSSION OF THE MAJOR
FINDINGS AND PATTERNS
OBSERVED
Analysis of the data revealed the major findings
and also the relation to parental stress, satisfaction, and
happiness. Findings and shed light on the dynamics of
parenting provided valuable insights about the experience
of the participants. The major findings and patterns
observed are as follows:
7.1 Parental Happiness and Satisfaction: The majority
of respondents (71%) by agreeing or strongly agreeing
expressed positive sentiments about their role as a parent
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that they were happy in their role as parents, and 74% of
the respondents indicated that they were satisfied as
parents. Significant number of parents in the study
experience a sense of happiness and fulfilment in their
parental role are the suggestions of these findings.
7.2 Emotional Connection with Children: Majority of
respondents (72%) strongly agreed that they felt close to
their child(ren), which indicates a strong emotional
connection. Additionally, 88% of respondents agreed or
strongly agreed that their children are the important
source of affection. The significant emotional bond
between parents and their children was highlighted by the
findings and the positive aspects of the parent-child
relationship was emphasized.
7.3 Enjoyment and Quality Time: Majority of
respondents (87%) either agreed or strongly agreed that
they enjoyed spending time with their child(ren). This
findings indicates that in this study, most of the parents
are finding joy and satisfaction in the interactions and
activities they share with their children. In addition to that,
89% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that their
child(ren) were enjoyable. Positive experiences and
fulfilment that parents derive from the time spent with
their child(ren) are the reflection form the findings.
7.4 Parental Stress and Concerns: Stress were identified
in some area of concern though the overall findings
indicate a positive parental outlook. Majority of the
respondents (79%) agreed or strongly agreed that
sometimes they worry whether they are doing enough for
their child(ren) or not and additionally 67% of the
respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the major
source of stress in their life is their children. Challenges
and pressures that parent’s face were highlighted by the
findings and underscored the need for support systems to
address parental stress and concerns.
7.5 Impact on Life and Flexibility: Majority of the
respondents (64%) agreed or strongly agreed that because
of their children they leaves little time and flexibility in
their life. Additionally, 69% of respondents agreed or
strongly agreed that having child(ren) has meant having
too few choices and too little control over their life.
Impact of parenting on various aspects of parents' lives,
including time availability, personal choices, and
flexibility are highlighted by these findings. It suggests
that individuals' autonomy and decision-making can have
implications because of parenting responsibilities.
Overall suggestions of the finding is though
many parents experience happiness, satisfaction, and a
strong emotional connection with their child(ren), they
also face stress, worries, and challenges associated with
parenting. To help parents navigate the joys and
difficulties of raising children, multidimensional nature of
parenting experiences and the importance of providing
support systems have to be created is highlighted by the
results. To promote positive parenting experiences and
enhance the well-being of parents and children,
practitioners, policymakers, and researchers can develop
targeted interventions and support strategies by
understanding these major findings and patterns.
7.6 Interpretation of the data in relation to existing
literature
Valuable insights into the findings of the study
can be provided by interpreting the data in relation to
existing literature based on the data presented, some of the
general interpretations can be made are:
7.6.1 Parental Happiness and Satisfaction: By
Agreeing or strongly agreeing, a majority of respondents
expressed positive sentiments about their role as a parent
that they are happy and satisfied as parents. The positive
aspects of parenting, such as the joy and fulfilment it
brings is aligned with previous research highlights.
7.6.2 Parental Stress and Overwhelm: A substantial
number of respondents acknowledged experiencing stress
and feeling overwhelmed in their role as parents is
revealed by the data. The challenges and responsibilities
associated with parenting, which can lead to stress and
feelings of overwhelm is recognized and also aligned with
existing literature.
7.6.3 Emotional Connection and Enjoyment: Feeling
close to their child(ren) and enjoying spending time with
them is reported by the majority of respondents. This
reflects the importance of emotional connection and the
enjoyment parents derive which is consistent with the
literature emphasizing the positive emotional bonds in
parent-child relationships.
7.6.4 Financial Burden: Majority of respondents
indicated that having child(ren) has been a financial
burden. This finding that acknowledges the financial
implications of raising children, including the costs of
childcare, education, and other expenses associated with
parenting and it is in line with previous research.
7.6.5 Balancing Responsibilities: The findings shows
that a considerable number of respondents agreed or
strongly agreed that balancing different responsibilities
due to their child(ren) can be challenging. The difficulties
parents face in managing multiple roles and
responsibilities, including work-life balance and
attending to their child(ren) needs is highlighted that
aligns with existing literature.
It is important to note that a thorough review of
relevant studies, theories, and frameworks in the field of
parental experiences and stress is required for the
comprehensive interpretation of the data in relation to
existing literature requires. Researchers can gain a deeper
understanding of the consistency, divergence, or
extension of existing knowledge on parental satisfaction,
happiness, stress levels, and related factors by comparing
the findings of the current study with previous research.
VIII. DISCUSSION
8.1 Comparison of the findings with previous research
and theoretical frameworks
Parental Happiness and Satisfaction: When
comparing this study with the previous study by Nelson
et al. (2014), both the findings reported that parents have
higher life satisfaction and happiness in their parenting
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role. Importance of the parent-child bond, supports the
idea that a strong emotional connection with children
contributes to parental happiness and satisfaction is
emphasized by Attachment theory.
8.1.1 Parental Stress and Overwhelm: In the study of
Crnic et al. (1983), they found that parents often
experience stress related to managing multiple roles and
responsibilities. Similarly in this study, due to the
challenges of parenting majority of the respondents
experience stress and feelings of overwhelm. The
influence of various environmental systems, can help
explain the sources of stress and overwhelm that parents
face is considered by the ecological systems theory.
Emotional Connection and Enjoyment: The current
study’s findings reported that a significant proportion of
the respondents feel emotionally close and enjoy spending
time with their children. In consistent with the attachment
theory and social learning theory, this emphasizes the
importance of positive emotional bonds in parent-child
relationships.
8.1.2 Financial Burden: The research highlights that
many parents consider raising children to be a financial
burden. This finding aligns with the existing literature,
which acknowledges the financial implications of
parenting, as mentioned by previous research. The
financial aspect of parenting can be related to the social
learning theory, which considers the role of modelling and
observation in shaping children's behavior, including
financial behaviors.
8.1.3 Balancing Responsibilities: A considerable
number of respondents in the study reported challenges in
balancing different responsibilities due to their children.
This aligns with previous research by Crnic et al. (1983),
which found that parents often experience stress related to
managing multiple roles and responsibilities. The concept
of balancing responsibilities is related to the transactional
model of parenting, which suggests that parenting is an
ongoing, bidirectional process involving interactions
between parents and children. It recognizes that child
characteristics and behaviors can influence parental
behavior, and vice versa.
Overall, the findings of the research align with
and provide further insights into existing literature and
theoretical frameworks related to parenting experiences,
happiness, satisfaction, and stress. The study contributes
to the understanding of the complexities of parenting
children with disabilities and underscores the need for
support systems and interventions to enhance parental
well-being and family outcomes.
8.2 Examination of the implications and significance of
the results
The significance and implications of the above
study of the results are multi-faceted. In the field of child
and family services, it can have important implications
and family services for various stakeholders, including
parents, policymakers, and practitioners.
8.2.1 Parental Well-being and Satisfaction: With The
majority of expressing happiness, satisfaction, and
enjoyment in their parental role, the overall positive
sentiment among parents is highlighted by the findings of
the study. It suggests that most parents derive fulfilment
and positive emotions from their role as caregivers and
this has significant implications for parental well-being.
The overall family dynamics, parent-child relationships,
and children's development can be Recognized and
promote parental well-being and it can have far-reaching
effects.
8.2.2 Parental Stress and Concerns: Though majority of
the respondents are happy and satisfied as a parent, a
substantial number of parents reported experiencing
stress, concerns about meeting their child's needs, and
difficulties in balancing responsibilities which indicated
that that parenting is not without challenges. The need for
comprehensive support systems and interventions to
address parental stress, provide coping mechanisms, and
promote resilience were underscored by the findings.
Specific stressors can contribute to enhancing parental
well-being and ultimately improve child outcomes by
identifying and addressing it.
8.2.3 Parent-Child Relationship: As evident in the
study, the strong emotional connection and affection are
crucial for healthy child development between parents
and children. Findings emphasized the significance of
nurturing positive parent-child relationships, as they serve
as a foundation for children's socio-emotional
development, attachment security, and overall well-being.
Targeted interventions and support can positively impact
child outcomes and promote healthier family dynamics to
strengthening parent-child bonds.
8.2.4 Policy and Programme Development: To cater the
diverse needs of parents of children with special needs the
study results can inform the development of evidence-
based policies and programs. Policymakers can design
family-friendly policies by recognizing the factors that
contribute to parental satisfaction, well-being, and stress
to provide resources, support services, and flexible work
arrangements. Strategies to navigate the challenges of
parenting and to address specific areas of concern and to
provide necessary tools can be developed by the
practitioners in the field of child and family services.
8.2.5 Future Research Directions: Potential areas for
further research is highlighted by the study, such as
contributing to parental happiness and satisfaction by
exploring specific contributing factor, understanding the
stress levels on differencing parenting styles and its
impacts, investigating child outcomes by the longitudinal
effects of parental and examining the contextual factors in
shaping parental experiences and the role of cultural.
Complex dynamics of parenting can understand by the
further research inform the development of targeted
interventions and support systems.
Overall, the implications and significance of this
study results lies in their potential to promote positive
parent-child relationships, improve parental well-being,
and inform policy and program development aimed at
supporting parents in their caregiving role. Stakeholders
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can contribute to creating a nurturing and supportive
environment for both parents and children by addressing
challenges and concerns identified in the study.
8.3 Identification of limitations and potential areas for
further research
For further research, identifying the limitations
and potential areas is crucial for understanding the scope
and generalizability of the current study and for guiding
future investigations. The following limitations and areas
for further research can be identified based on the
information provided.
8.3.1 Sample Size and Representativeness: The sample
size of 100 parents of the study may limit the
generalizability of the findings to a larger population.
Future research could benefit from a larger and more
diverse sample to ensure broader representation of
parental experiences and to capture a wider range of
perspectives.
8.3.2 Self-Report Bias: The data collection relied on self-
reported responses, which may be subject to biases such
as social desirability or memory recall. Future research
could employ additional methods, such as observational
measures or qualitative interviews, to complement self-
report data and provide a more comprehensive
understanding of parental experiences.
8.3.3 Cross-Cultural Considerations: The current
study's findings may be influenced by specific cultural or
contextual factors. By exploring parental satisfaction,
happiness, and stress levels valuable insights into the role
of culture in shaping parenting experiences can be
provided across different cultural backgrounds and
contexts.
8.3.4 Longitudinal Studies: Current study provides the
snapshot of parental experiences at a particular point in
time. Longitudinal research offers deeper understanding
of the dynamic nature of parenting experiences which
would allow for the examination of changes and patterns
in parental satisfaction, happiness, and stress levels over
time.
8.3.5 Inclusion of Objective Measures: Future research
could incorporate the objective measures, such as
physiological indicators of stress or well-being, to
supplement self-report data. This would provide a more
comprehensive assessment of parental experiences and
help validate the subjective reports.
8.3.6 Comparative Studies: Comparing parental
experiences and stress levels across different groups, such
as parents of children with disabilities, single parents, or
parents from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds, would
offer insights into the unique challenges and strengths
experienced by these groups. This could inform targeted
interventions and support strategies.
8.3.7 Intervention Studies: Effectiveness of specific
support programs can be evaluated by conducting
intervention or interventions aimed at reducing parental
stress and enhancing satisfaction would contribute to
evidence-based practices. Impact of these interventions
on parental well-being and child outcomes can be
assessed and would be valuable for developing effective
support systems.
Practical insights for interventions and support
services would provide understanding the specific
strategies used by parents to navigate challenges and
promote well-being.
Further research can deepen our understanding
of parental experiences, enhance support systems for
parents, and contribute to the well-being of families by
addressing these limitations and exploring these potential
areas.
IX. CONCLUSION
9.1 Summary of the major findings and their
implications
9.1.1 Parental Happiness and Satisfaction: A
significant proportion of the respondents states that they
finds fulfilment and contentment in their parental role by
strongly agreeing and also indicated that they express
happiness and satisfaction in their parenting role.
9.1.2 Implication: Promoting parental happiness and
satisfaction can have positive effects on overall well-
being, parent-child relationships, and child development.
Providing support and resources to enhance parental well-
being can contribute to healthier family dynamics and
improved child outcomes.
9.1.3 Parental Stress and Concerns: A significant
proportion of respondent’s states that they experiencing
stress and worry about meeting their child's needs and also
concerned whether they were doing enough for their
child.
9.1.4 Implication: Recognizing and addressing parental
stress is crucial to support parents in their caregiving role.
By implementing interventions to help parents manage
stress, provide reassurance, and build resilience can
achieve positive effects on parental well-being and the
quality of parent-child interactions.
9.1.5 Parent-Child Relationships: Majority of
respondents strongly agree that felt close d and enjoy
spending time with their children which is revealed by this
study. They also considered the important source of their
affection is their children.
9.1.6 Implication: Nurturing positive parent-child
relationships is essential for healthy child development.
By supporting parents in building strong emotional
connections and providing opportunities for meaningful
interactions with their children they can contribute child's
socio-emotional well-being and overall development.
9.1.7 Challenges of Parenting: The respondents
acknowledged that time and energy demands of caring for
their child(ren) and also they impact flexibility and
choices in life. Some respondents indicated that the
behavior of their child(ren) could be embarrassing or
stressful.
9.1.8 Implication: Recognizing the challenges of
parenting and providing resources and support to address
them can help parents navigate these difficulties more
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effectively. By offering strategies for time management,
flexibility, and behavior management can reduce parental
stress. The findings highlighted the importance of
promoting well-being of parents, supporting positive
parent-child relationships, and addressing the challenges
faced by parents. To benefit the overall development and
well-being of children stakeholders can provide support
to create a nurturing and supportive environment for
families by recognizing and addressing these aspects.
9.2 Discussion of the practical implications for parents,
caregivers, and policymakers
For parents, caregivers, and policymakers the
practical implications of this study are as follows:
9.2.1 Support Programmes for Parents: Enhancing the
well-being and reducing stress of the parents is the
importance of providing support programs which is
highlighted by the findings. Workshops, counselling
services, and support groups can be provided to navigate
the challenges of parenting effectively and to equip
parents with the necessary skills and knowledge
parenting.
9.2.2 Accessible Resources: Whether parents have
access to resources such as parenting guides, online
platforms, and helplines which offer practical advice and
support should be ensured by the policymakers. Parents
can access information and guidance when they need it
most by making these resources readily available.
9.2.3 Parental Leave Policies: Implementing family-
friendly policies, such as extended parental leave, flexible
work arrangements, and affordable childcare options are
the crucial role can be played by the policymakers. The
time and flexibility constraints parents face can be
alleviated by these policies, allow them to balance their
work and family responsibilities more effectively.
9.2.4 Early Intervention Services: For children with
disabilities or special needs early intervention services
can be prioritized by the caregivers and policymakers.
Necessary support and guidance to navigate the unique
challenges associated with raising a child with disabilities
can be provided for parents with timely access to
specialized services.
9.2.5 School-Based Support: To help parents feel more
supported in their role and enhance their involvement in
their child's academic and social development school
based programmes can be conducted. For engaging
parents actively in their child's education, schools can
implement programs that foster positive parent-school
partnerships, offering resources and opportunities.
9.2.6 Mental Health Support: Need for mental health
support services for parents is emphasized by the findings
of this study. Policymakers should ensure whether mental
health services are accessible, affordable, and
destigmatized and when parents experience emotional
distress or mental health challenges they have to enable
parents to seek help and support.
9.2.7 Parenting Education: Stress management
techniques, and problem-solving skills evidence-based
parenting education programs can be provided to equip
parents with effective parenting strategies. Confidence
and competence in parenting role can be enhanced by
these programs and also promote positive parent-child
relationships.
Overall, the importance of providing support,
resources, and services that enhance parental well-being,
address parental stress, and strengthen parent-child
relationships is underscored by the practical implications
of this study. To promote positive parenting experiences,
optimal child development and family well-being positive
environment can be created by the parents, caregivers,
and policymakers by implementing these strategies.
9.3 Suggestions for future research directions
Based on the basics of for future research
directions, several suggestions can be made based on the
findings of the present study:
9.3.1 Child’s Well-being and Parenting: By
investigating the association between parental stress,
satisfaction, and child well-being Valuable insights into
the reciprocal relationship would be provided between
parent and child outcomes. Interventions that promote
positive outcomes for both parents and children can be
guided by understanding how parental well-being impacts
child development and vice versa.
9.3.2 Cultural and Contextual Factors: Valuable
insights will be provided by exploring the influence of
cultural and contextual factors on parental stress,
satisfaction, and experiences. Unique challenges and
protective factors that influence parental well-being can
be identified by comparing these factors across different
cultural backgrounds and socio-economic contexts.
9.3.3 Interventions for parents: Studies can be
conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of parenting
interventions and support programs to reduce parental
stress and enhancing satisfaction would be beneficial.
Evidence-based guidelines for implementing effective
support strategies would provide by examining the long-
term impacts of these interventions on both parental and
child outcomes.
9.3.4 Longitudinal Studies: Deeper understanding about
the evolution of parental stress and satisfaction would be
done by conducting longitudinal studies. Researchers can
identify trends, patterns, and potential factors by
examining these factors at multiple time points that
contribute to changes in parental well-being.
9.3.5 Impact of Technology: The role of technology in
parenting experiences can be investigated including its
impact on parental stress and satisfaction and it would be
worthwhile. Exploring how technology use, such as social
media, online parenting resources, and digital support
networks, influences parenting practices and emotions
can help inform the development of targeted interventions
and support systems.
9.3.6 Experiences of Fathers: Fathers' experiences of
stress, satisfaction, and parenting challenges should by
further researches. More comprehensive understanding of
parental well-being can be explored the unique aspects of
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fatherhood and the specific stressors they face and can
develop gender-sensitive support programs.
9.3.7 Intersectionality: Diverse experiences of parents
would enrich by considering the intersectionality of
factors such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and
parenting experiences. Examining how these intersecting
identities influence parental stress and satisfaction can
inform more inclusive and tailored support services.
We can deepen our understanding of parental
stress, satisfaction, and the factors that influence them by
pursuing the future research directions. To promote
positive parenting experiences and to enhance the well-
being of both parents and children this knowledge can
inform the development of targeted interventions,
policies, and support systems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like express gratitude to the
Director of National Institute for Empowerment of
Persons with Multiple Disabilities, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,
India. The authors would also express gratitude to the
parents of children with disabilities who participated in
the study.
Sponsorship: The authors would like to mention that no
sponsorship what so ever received for the study.
Conflict of Interest: There are no conflict of interests
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