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Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
1 Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, İstanbul/TÜRKİYE.
serkan.esen@fbu.edu.tr, ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9839-0390
2 Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, İstanbul/TÜRKİYE.
tunauslu@gmail.com, tuna.uslu@fbu.edu.tr, ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5616-2987
75
Özgün Araştırma / Research Article
SMART URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTIVE CITIES: EVALUATION OF
OUTDOOR EXERCISE PARKS IN DIFFERENT DISTRICTS OF ISTANBUL IN TERMS OF SOCIAL
MUNICIPALISM
Serkan ESEN1, Tuna USLU2
ABSTRACT
Sports and exercise park areas organized by public administrators in cities provide the environment and
opportunities for citizens to be able to feed physically and spiritually from the environment they live in,
and to produce material and moral values that can contribute to the development of this environment.
Exercise parks, which are among the services of social municipality and established in open areas in
order to increase the living standard of the society through sports, have been one of the most used
fields for physical activity. From the perspective of smart urbanization and social municipality, it is clear
that sports services and parking areas offered by public authorities should be designed in a way that
takes into account new approaches such as sharing economy, effective and efficient, based on data
and through information management systems. From this point of view, the aim of this study is to draw
attention to the fact that outdoor exercise parks should be designed based on the needs and
requirements of the users. The sub-objectives of the research are to examine the usage habits and
profiles of individuals who use the open area exercise parks built by the Metropolitan Municipality in
Beykoz and Maltepe districts on the Anatolian side of Istanbul, to evaluate them in terms of sports
management and make suggestions for improvement. For the quantitative data collection part of the
research, a questionnaire was applied to 500 citizens from different exercise parks in two districts with
the convenience sampling method. According to the findings, it was observed that the user profiles of
the exercise parks on the Anatolian side of Istanbul differed significantly between the districts in terms of
usage habits and socio-economic status, therefore it is suggested that the social municipality services
and smart city applications to be offered should be diversified in accordance with the citizen profile and
preferences. At the same time, it has been determined that warming up before using the exercise
equipment is important for a healthy physical activity in the parks.
Keywords: local government, active life, recreation parks, physical activity, exercise
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
76
AKTİF ŞEHİRLER BAĞLAMINDA AKILLI KENTSEL DÖNÜŞÜM: İSTANBUL'UN FARKLI
İLÇELERİNDEKİ AÇIK ALAN EGZERSİZ PARKLARININ SOSYAL BELEDİYECİLİK AÇISINDAN
DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
ÖZET
Şehirlerde kamu yöneticileri tarafından düzenlenen spor, egzersiz, oyun ve park alanları, bedenen ve
ruhen vatandaşların yaşadıkları çevreden beslenebilmeleri ve aynı şekilde bu çevrenin gelişmesine
katkıda bulunabilecekleri maddi ve manevi değerler üretebilmelerinin ortamını ve imkânlarını
sunmaktadır. Sosyal belediyeciliğin hizmetleri arasında yer alan ve toplumun yaşam standardını spor
yoluyla yükseltmek adına açık alanlara kurulan egzersiz parkları, fiziksel aktivite yapmak için en çok
kullanılan sahalardan biri olmuştur. Akıllı kentleşme ve sosyal belediyecilik perspektifinden, kamu
yetkilileri tarafından sunulan spor hizmetlerinin ve park alanlarının, veriye dayalı olarak ve bilgi yönetim
sistemleri aracılığı ile etkin ve verimli, paylaşım ekonomisi gibi yeni yaklaşımları dikkate alacak bir
şekilde tasarlanması gerektiği günümüzde ortadadır. Bu noktadan hareketle bu çalışmanın amacı, açık
alan egzersiz parklarının kullanıcıların ihtiyaç ve gereksinimlerinden yola çıkılarak tasarlanması
gerektiğine dikkatleri çekmektir. Araştırmanın alt hedefleri, İstanbul Anadolu yakasında bulunan Beykoz
ve Maltepe ilçelerinde Büyükşehir Belediyesi tarafından yapılan açık alan egzersiz parklarını kullanan
bireylerin kullanım alışkanlıklarını ve profillerini inceleyerek, spor yönetimi açısından değerlendirip
iyileştirmesi için önerilerde bulunmaktır. Araştırmanın nicel veri toplama kısmı için kolayda örneklem
yöntemiyle, iki ilçede bulunan farklı egzersiz parklarından 500 vatandaşa anket uygulanmıştır. Bulgulara
göre, İstanbul Anadolu yakasındaki egzersiz parkı kullanıcı profillerinin ilçeler arasında kullanım
alışkanlıkları, sosyo-ekonomik durum ve çevresel faktörler açısından anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı
görülmüştür, bu nedenle sunulacak sosyal belediyecilik hizmetlerinin ve akıllı şehir uygulamalarının da
vatandaş profiline ve tercihlerine uygun biçimde çeşitlendirilmesi gerektiği önerilmektedir. Aynı zamanda
egzersiz ekipmanlarını kullanmadan önce ısınma hareketlerinin yapılmasının ve yönlendirmelerin
bulunmasının, parklarda sağlıklı bir fiziksel aktivite için önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: yerel yönetim, aktif yaşam, rekreasyon parkları, fiziksel aktivite, egzersiz
1. INTRODUCTION
The social conditions that come with the urbanization process both prevent and facilitate the physical
activity opportunities of individuals. Especially in big cities, considering the reasons such as intense
work pace, density of motor vehicle transportation and sedentary nature, creating physical activity space
for individuals is one of the important steps that local governments can take in this area.
One of the aims of local governments is to provide conditions that will allow individuals to lead a healthy
and peaceful life. In order to achieve this goal, areas where individuals can both relax and exercise
should be created in open spaces, intertwined with nature. These environments, especially created in
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
77
big cities, find a response in the literature as sportive recreation. Sportive recreation is defined as
activities based on sportive activities within leisure time activities (Chase, 1996).
Local administrations are the closest administrative units to citizens in terms of public service. Since
local governments are the closest managerial unit to the individuals who will benefit from the service,
they perform services more effectively than central governments. The policy implementers of local
governments are also municipalities. Municipalities provide social peace and balance in the society by
increasing the harmony and well-being of the city with the policies and practices they develop socially.
In the continuation of these concepts, social development was initiated on a small scale, while
contributing to the development of the country on a large scale. The concept of local government, which
aims to provide a better standard of living with the qualified services it provides to the individuals it is
affiliated with and contributes to their budgets in a socially fair manner, appears as the concept of
"social municipality" in the literature. Social municipality is defined as a projection of the concept of
"social state", which provides social justice and balance by protecting socially disadvantaged individuals
against the strong (Pektaş, 2014). Especially, social municipality is the local government structure that
comes into play when the social state is insufficient (Batal, 2015). In his study, this researcher defined
the concepts of social state, local governments and social municipality as follows: Local governments
are a form of government that is authorized by the central government to set rules and impose
obligations within certain limits. Social municipality, on the other hand, is an approach that assigns
planning and regulation functions to local governments in social areas and envisages them to provide
social services to their fellow citizens.
In the past, while activities such as hunting, animal imitations, and ritual dances were physical activity
actions of human beings, these actions gained a protective importance against the health problems
brought by sedentary life with the industrialization towards the end of the 18th century. One of the first
studies on this subject was made in 1864 on deaths caused by heart diseases among tailors and
farmers, and it was shown that tailors who lead a more sedentary life lost more lives from heart disease
than farmers (MacAuley, 1994). Non-communicable diseases are an important cause of morbidity
(being sick) and mortality (death) in society today. Municipalities have important responsibilities within
the framework of active and smart cities in increasing healthy nutrition and physical activity, which are
risk factors in reducing these diseases and mortality rates. The active and smart city concept, which
includes service management, smart health and smart infrastructure components, is an important
component and part of the healthy city concept (Edwards and Tsouros, 2008).
The definition of smart city is the transformation of existing urban structure and infrastructure through
the use of information technology, sustainable management of natural and human resources, public
participatory governance to increase economic and political efficiency and provide high quality social,
cultural and sustainable urban development (Boob, 2015:25). Although digital innovation seems to be at
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
78
the center of the smart city concept, the main issue in the information society paradigm is the
contribution of smart technology and digital innovation investments to ultimately improving the well-
being of citizens. A human-friendly urban transformation should be recognized as the key to making a
city smarter and preserving its cultural heritage. For this reason, the OECD defines smart cities as
“initiatives or approaches that effectively use digitization to improve the well-being of citizens and deliver
more efficient, sustainable and inclusive urban services and environments as part of a collaborative,
multi-stakeholder process.” (OECD, 2018) In terms of the competence of municipalities, the “smart city”
is essentially the organic connection between technological, human and institutional components, where
social factors other than smart digital technologies are central (Nam & Pardo, 2011).
Sports is one of the most important services a municipality can offer to its residents. Sports have
versatile, layered and positive contributions to those who are interested. Sports is one of the most
important tools for young people to stay away from harmful habits and adopt a dynamic, constructive-
creative, participatory lifestyle. However, it is not enough to just build a sports field or an outdoor
exercise park. Sport is an order and a cultural structure. If this cannot be achieved, the investment to be
made in sports fields will not be enough to achieve the desired results. In addition, it is necessary to
provide the necessary infrastructure for sports organizations organized and attended by young people.
This will also provide strength, breakthrough and participation in democratization efforts (Erdemli, 2007).
Culture, art and sports activities will create the environment and opportunities for people to be fed from
the environment they live in, physically and spiritually, and to produce material and spiritual values that
they can contribute to the development of this environment (Turkish Environment and Urban Ministry,
2019: 396). Due to space, budget and resource constraints, most metropolitan cities today suffer from a
chronic lack of facilities and venues that prevent local residents from having equal access to sport and
physical activity. To face these challenges, cities need to find new alternative and smart solutions in
terms of both space and sports applications. Essentially, every square foot, every staircase, every
sidewalk, every street corner, every park is a potential playground, or more broadly, a space for physical
activity (World Union of Olympic Cities, 2016:2).
Especially in Istanbul, human density and traffic are among the most urgent problems of local
governments and city planners. With students, employees, business owners, shoppers, and tourists
circulating throughout the city during the day, the population of different parts of the city is thought to
increase fivefold every day. With more than 2 million daily passengers, Istanbul faces the biggest
mobility, traffic and congestion challenges worldwide. These challenges have prompted the city
government to look for innovative ways to improve the quality of the city's public life and to focus on
existing barriers to walking or cycling in the city (Kielgast et al., 2017:26). As a result of this study, data
was collected through a survey and explained how user satisfaction, safety (both perceived safety and
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
79
actual accident numbers), commercial indicators of local businesses were affected. This assessment is
an important tool for adjustments and redesign that may be needed when the time comes.
In this context, it is clearly seen that the social and individual effects of the studies carried out by the
municipalities on urban planning should be evaluated. In this study, an exploratory research was
planned to profile the citizens in the physical activity areas and outdoor exercise parks in two different
districts.
2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ACTIVE CITY LIFE
Physical activity to meet basic life needs has become an action to protect health in the modernizing
world. Today, the inactivity brought about by business life negatively affects individuals in terms of
physical activity, and the limited physical activity of the elderly population causes them to encounter
psychological, behavioral and physiological problems. As a result of the researches, it has been
revealed that regular physical activity can prevent obesity with a regular working metabolism, especially
cardiovascular diseases, and individuals can be healthier mentally (Bulut, 2013).
Outdoor exercise parks appear as an important environmental infrastructure for both physical activity
and socialization of citizens in public environments. Especially considering the sedentary lives of elderly
individuals, these parks that promote their health and mobility act as a very important tool (Levinger et
al., 2020). In fact, in a study conducted on elderly individuals, it was shown that physical activity levels
of individuals using outdoor exercise park equipment can be considered low and moderate intensity
(Chow and Ho, 2018). However, it is known that there are some problems with the use of exercise
equipment, and that the equipment used is not made in accordance with the instructions, causing
various health problems and sports injuries (Chow and Wu, 2019).
One aspect that may be particularly relevant to the promotion of physical activity in parks is the
provision of outdoor exercise equipment, which typically includes fixed mechanical setups aimed at
aerobic fitness, strength, flexibility and balance. Outdoor exercise equipment offers people from different
demographic groups the opportunity to participate in both aerobic and strength-based physical activity
free of charge. For example, according to a survey of older adult outdoor exercise park users in
Australia, 52% of respondents said they use outdoor exercise equipment in a park and these users are
more likely to speak a language other than English at home (Stride et al., 2017). In another study of
outdoor exercise equipment users in Australia (n=54; 57% women), the majority (71%) reported that
they visited the park more often after the exercise equipment was installed, and 58% stated that they
currently use the equipment at least once a week (Furber et al., 2014).
Outdoor recreation activities reduce the stress level (Tyrväinen et al., 2014) and disturbances caused by
city noise (Gidlöf-Gunnarsson & Öhrström, 2007; Dzhambov & Dimitrova, 2014), giving citizens a sense
of peace and tranquility (Kaplan & Kaplan, 2003, Song et al., 2007). Participation in outdoor recreation
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
80
is associated with lower levels of depression in individuals with disabilities (Wilson & Christensen, 2012)
and in individuals over the age of 65 (Christensen et al., 2014: 542). Visiting outdoor parks in the city
has been associated with better outcomes in heart rate and sympathetic nerve activities, lower levels of
negative emotions and anxiety (Song et al., 2015).
In addition to the psychological benefits that outdoor exercise parks provide to individuals, they offer
opportunities such as protection from diseases such as osteoporosis and type-2 diabetes (Schmitt et al.,
2009; Sixt et al., 2010). Of course, the recommended exercise time to take advantage of this protection
opportunity includes 30 minutes of work every day. For children and adolescents, the specified time has
been reported as at least 5 days and one hour per week (Dunstan et al., 2004; Stamatakis et al., 2007;
Abu-Omar & Rütten, 2008; Tucker et al., 2009). Also, a small body of research suggests that outdoor
exercise equipment can provide a meaningful source of physical activity. For example, after
participation in programs using outdoor exercise equipment, Korean women (65+ years) showed
improvements in strength/endurance and physical function, and positive reductions in body size
compared to a control group (Kim et al., 2018). An increase in muscular endurance has been reported
among overweight and sedentary women (Nguyen & Raney, 2014).
Although the positive effects of physical activity on people have been reported in many studies (Jansson
et al., 2019), research shows that the physical activity needed in the society is not met (Hallal et al.,
2012). As a solution to this problem, local governments have established outdoor exercise parks in their
regions and these parks have attracted great interest from the public (Ferdinand et al., 2012; Sallis et
al., 2012). Of course, in order to provide optimum benefit from exercise parks, it is necessary to design
the parks in a qualified way and to raise the awareness of the users about exercise (Şimşek et al.,
2011). In order for the public authorities to provide all these, due diligence for citizens and planning
based on the profiles of individuals play an important role.
3. URBAN TRANSFORMATION AND THE DUTIES OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY ON ACTIVE CITIZEN
LIFE
In the context of urban transformation, the slogan of “think globally, act locally” represents a new,
comprehensive and integrative approach, which is the essence of sustainable development. One of the
first examples of this process, the International Healthy and Ecological Cities Congress was held in
Madrid in 1995. In this context, the concept of ecology is used in the sense of regional socioeconomic
change and development. The eastern part of Leipzig, for example, has been ecologically restructured
with various projects initiated (Price & Tsouros, 1996). In cities like Barcelona, urban transformation as
vehicle-free superblocks are oases in the densely populated urban landscape that provide space for
community life, green space, sport and exercise (Reimer et al, 2019:115). Examples of integrated
approaches of urban transformation (Edwards & Tsouros, 2008) that have been strategized and turned
into action include Copenhagen City Health Plan (Copenhagen, Denmark), Mega City Approach: Tokyo
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
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Healthy City (Tokyo, Japan), City Child Project: Child Friendly City (Milan, Italy), Development of
Glasgow City Plans (Glasgow, UK), Housing Improvement, Public Health and Local Economy
(Glasgow, UK), Green Action Plan (Krakow, Poland), comprehensive integration of environmental
policies from recycling to sectors (Schwabach, Germany).
In this transformation process, the smart person is the active individual whose servant is urbanization. A
smart person is a person who has high awareness, participation and creativity, is a lifelong learner,
incorporates information technologies into his life, is the main element of human and social capital and
is the focal point of city life. Social infrastructure, cultural interaction and addiction issues are covered
within the scope of the smart human component. Social infrastructure; These are the activities and
services aimed at increasing the quality of life of people and society, such as education, health, culture,
tourism, art, sports, mobility and social assistance, which constitute the cornerstones of the social
structure. In this context, the importance of the individual's mental, psychological and bodily action and
physical activity is very critical (Turkish Environment and Urban Ministry, 2019: 23).
The importance of sports for the public was emphasized for the first time in the 1982 Constitution No.
2709 of the Republic of Turkey. Under the title of promoting sports, article 59 of the Constitution states
the role of public administration: "The state takes measures to improve the physical and mental health
of Turkish citizens of all ages, and encourages the spread of sports to the masses."
According to article 7/d of the Metropolitan Municipality Law dated 2005 and numbered 5216, the duties,
authorities and responsibilities of the district and first-tier municipalities are as follows: “to build parking
lots, sports, recreation and entertainment places and parks; to provide social and cultural services for
the elderly, the disabled, women, youth and children; opening vocational training and skills courses;
construction, maintenance and repair of health, education, cultural facilities and buildings and to protect
cultural and natural assets and historical texture; to provide services for the development of places and
functions that are important for the history of the city” According to Article 7/m of the Law, the duties,
authorities and responsibilities of the metropolitan municipality are as follows: “to build, operate or have
the social facilities, regional parks, sports, recreation, entertainment and similar places that serve the
integrity of the metropolitan; when necessary, to provide materials and support to amateur sports clubs,
to organize sports competitions between amateur teams, to award athletes who have excelled in
national and international competitions or won degrees, by the decision of the city council." As can be
seen, in accordance with the expression "spreading sports to the masses" in the dominant provision of
the Constitution, the Municipal Law obliges local governments to build playgrounds and sports fields
and prepare the necessary infrastructure.
Governors and district governors are also the youth and sports heads of provinces and districts. The
services of the organization are carried out by the provincial director in the provinces and by the district
director in the districts. Provincial Directorates of Youth and Sports have been established in provinces,
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
82
and District Directorates of Youth and Sports have been established in districts. Among the duties of the
General Directorate of Youth and Sports, it is stated that "to build, have them built, operate and make
these facilities available to the citizens, including youth centers, camps, fields, facilities and materials
necessary for physical education, youth and sports activities" (Istanbul and Anatolian Side Sports
Report, 2000:6-7).
Under the title of “Sports” of the Eleventh Development Plan (Presidency of the Republic of Turkey
Strategy and Budget Department, 2019:164-166) of Turkey, targets such as; providing sports education
from an early age, increasing the quality of physical education and sports lessons in formal education,
promoting the regular participation of citizens of all ages in sports activities by developing sports
opportunities on site, encouraging everyone, especially disabled citizens, to participate in sports
activities, integration of school and neighborhood sports clubs in the digital environment and carrying
out the monitoring and evaluation activities of these clubs, the construction and effective use of sports
facilities at the national level considering the geographical location, climate and demographic structure,
the restructuring of the data sets of the sports field and the creation of a data infrastructure, the
development of regions suitable for sports tourism. and to carry out a comprehensive inventory analysis
study for the identification and evaluation of areas, have been determined.
Developed countries constantly raise the standards of green spaces and exercise parks that should be
in residential areas and seriously apply them. The most important factor in determining these standards
is the importance that the state and local governments give to people and sports. Also; the geography of
the settlements, the climate of the region, the density of settlement, social characteristics, financial
opportunities and other conditions are also effective in the formation of these standards. It is a necessity
to carry out scientific studies in order to establish standards related to regional differences. Green
areas, sports and playgrounds should be classified in the light of scientific data. These areas have been
arranged in accordance with the natural environment of the city and the zoning plan. Regulations
regarding the scale of sports and exercise areas in Turkey are regulated by the circulars of the Ministry
of Construction and Settlement. In this arrangement, the green area rate was considered as 7 square
meters per person and accordingly, it was foreseen that there would be 3 square meters of sports area
per person (Istanbul and Anatolian Side Sports Report, 2000:23-24).
In addition, the principles of the European Urban Charter also impose important responsibilities on
recreation on local governments. Every city dweller has the right to participate in sports and recreation
activities. In accordance with the provisions of the Sports for All Charter, local governments are
responsible for ensuring that everyone enjoys sports and exercise facilities, regardless of social
location, income and socioeconomic status, age, gender or ethnic group (Orta, 2004).
The World Urban Forum included also the objectives "to organize forums for young people to conduct
empirical research on the opportunities and challenges faced by young people in the city, and to discuss
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
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Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
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and review research results" and "developing city and country-level strategies covering skills
development, job creation, sports and recreation at the end of a participatory process" (Turkish
Environment and Urban Ministry, 2019: 389).
By increasing the content and diversity in sportive activities, which enable the residents of the city to be
fed from the environment they live in physically and spiritually and also contribute to the development of
this environment; Areas such as walking paths, bicycle ways and parking areas, skateboarding and
skating rinks, football, basketball and volleyball fields, martial arts center, e-sports digital platforms,
aircraft construction workshops should be designed throughout the city and more active and intense
participation in sports activities should be ensured (Turkish Environment and Urban Ministry, 2019:
396).
It should be ensured that culture, art, sports and tourism services are presented in an effective and
efficient manner, taking into account new approaches such as the sharing economy, based on data and
through information management systems (Turkish Environment and Urban Ministry, 2019: 396-397).
From this point of view, the main purpose of this study is to emphasize that outdoor exercise parks
should be designed based on the needs and requirements of the users and local people.
The study by Jendrek (1988) tried to determine the differences in recreational behavior between adults
and youth. The research was applied in two different regions. As a result this research, it has been
revealed that young people, children and families with children use the park more. This raises the
question of who we will manage the park for. If the users will be children and teenagers, the activities
that young people like and belong to should be discussed at the design stage. As a result, this study is a
study to find out who the real user of the park is.
4. METHODOLOGY
Survey, behavioral mapping and participant observation methods were used in previous studies on
outdoor park areas. With these methods, it has been tried to determine whether the parks are used or
not and which activities are used according to age and gender. For example, the park, which is the
subject of the research conducted by Rager and Wentworth (1978), was divided into zones and a
behavioral map was created and a face-to-face survey was applied to the users in the park.
In this study, a quantitative survey method, in which interviews were conducted to determine and mark
the preferences of the participants, was preferred according to the questions in a printed inventory form.
The population of the research consisted of individuals using the exercise park areas in Beykoz and
Maltepe districts on the Anatolian side of Istanbul. Data were collected by visiting 10 different parks in
each district. The research was conducted in 2018.
The sample of the study consisted of a total of 500 people, 260 women and 240 men, who were
selected from this population by convenience sampling method. An inventory was created as a result of
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi
Spor Bilimleri Dergisi
Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 75-92, 2021
Fenerbahce University
Journal of Sport Science
Volume 1, Issue 2, 75-92, 2021 FBU-JSS e-ISSN: 2791-7096
____________________________________________________________________________________
Fenerbahçe Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2021; 1(2): 75-92
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the literature review and the questionnaire was finalized with the opinions of researhers and two
experts. There are 9 demographic questions and 19 questions about the use of parking space in the
survey, and the survey was applied by one-on-one interview method. A citizen could use more than one
choice while answering the questions. Descriptive statistics and difference analyzes were calculated on
the obtained data by SPSS. The relationship between the two districts was examined using chi-square
analysis. In this study, the significance level of p value was taken as 10%.
5. RESULTS
When the data obtained are examined, the age range of the individuals using the outdoor exercise park
areas is 51.2% between 18-30 years old, 40.6% between 31-50 years old and 8.2% at 51 years and
over. It was determined that the participants usually came irregularly (54%) or 2-3 times a week (26%)
for exercise and mostly on the weekends (68%), and they did not prefer to come in the afternoons on
weekdays (14%). Overall, 46.2% of the participants use these parks after 16:00 and 48.8% of all
participants exercise for less than 30 minutes.
When asked why this time slot in the exercise park was preferred, starting from the most important
factor, 58.2% of the participants stated that they preferred the time when the park was empty, 45.4%
said that the weather conditions were effective, 45% said that their own working hours are effective,
35.6% said that their children are effective and 27% other effects.
When asked about the reasons for choosing this park for exercise, 93.4% of the participants received
the advice of friends or neighbors, 86.8% said that the gyms are closed and unhygienic, 82.2% said that
their children can play in the park while exercising. 81.2% stated that other activities and gyms are
expensive, 60% said that outdoor exercise parks are free, and 40% stated that they want to be outside.
It was determined that 69% of the participants came to the park on foot, 14% by private vehicle, 8% by
public transport, 7% by bicycle and 2% by electric motor. It is seen that 42% of the participants do not
know for what specific purpose the exercise equipment is used. But 38% of the participants said that
they did other exercises on the same day.
21.6% of the participants stated that they had a health check before starting to use the exercise parks,
and 11.8% of the participants said that they injured themselves while using the exercise equipment.
12% in Beykoz, 11.2% in Maltepe, the rate of those who experienced injury during exercise is close to
each other among the districts. Approximately 78% of the injured people in Beykoz and 80% of those
injured in Maltepe stated that they had back problems. According to findings, there was no significant
relationship between having a health check up and being sick while using a sports equipment (p=,893)
or having knowledge about sports injuries (p=,852). However, it has been determined that there is a
significant relation (p=,057) between performing warm-up exercises before starting the exercise and
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experiencing discomfort or injury during exercise. Those who do the occasional warm-up before
exercising and those who always warm up experience less discomfort during exercise.
It was observed that the people who visited the parks showed a demographic difference according to
the district (Table 1). Although men are more frequently encountered in outdoor exercise parks in
Beykoz, it has been observed that women are more common in exercise parks in Maltepe.
Table 1: Demographic Differences of Visitors to the Park by Districts
It was observed that the number of visitors to the park areas in the districts differed according to their
education level (Table 2). While the education level is generally high school and university in Beykoz,
there is a predominance at primary school level in Maltepe.
Table 2: Percentage Distribution of Educational Status of Individuals Using Park Areas by Districts
In addition to the emergence of a general picture for those who use the sports parking areas, it is
understood that the preferences of the citizens also change according to the districts (Table 3). While
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the residents of Beykoz prefer the exercise park primarily to be healthy (67.6%) and relieve stress
(56.4%), the residents of Maltepe primarily prefer the park for weight control (59.6%), socializing (56%)
and mental health (54.4%).
Table 3: Usage Habits Of Individuals Using Outdoor Exercise Parks
While the rate of those who come to the park without sports clothes and shoes in Beykoz is 33.7%, it is
only 2% in Maltepe. It is seen that the visitors in Maltepe are more prepared in terms of sportswear.
While those who use the exercise park areas in Beykoz mostly feel happy (44.4%) and vigorous, those
in Maltepe describe themselves as healthy (56.6%), tired and feel muscle pain. Compared to the
intended use of the park, this finding suggests that the people in Maltepe see the park more as a health
and sports area.
When the participants stated the deficiencies they saw in the parks, they said that the maintenance of
sports equipment, the instructions for the use of exercise equipment, rest and sitting bench, lack of toilet
and changing cabin, the absence of a bicycle park, security staff, football field, basketball hoops, and
water fountains were deficiencies, respectively. They also said that the children's playground and
lighting were insufficient. The reasons for some of these are due to the fact that the parks for which data
are collected for research in the districts are relatively small compared to the big city parks.
5. DISCUSSION
Local governments in Turkey overlook the physical activity venues, recreation areas and facilities, and
do not work to learn the views of the residents about the recreational needs and areas, to measure their
recreational behaviors and to learn the problems of the recreation parks from the eyes of the citizens
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(Kara et al., 2008). As a part of human nature and active life, sport is an important social and cultural
tool for civilization. For humanity, the need for sport cannot be transferred, transformed or postponed.
Sports and exercise should be done at all ages and conditions. Sports and exercise are indispensable
for human life and local citizenship because they are fundamental rights. Recreation activities will create
the environment and opportunities for citizens to be fed from the district they live in, physically and
spiritually, and to produce material and spiritual values that they can contribute to the development of
this environment.
It is seen that citizens prefer outdoor exercise parks primarily for stress relief and health protection,
weight loss or weight control, and then for socialization, leisure time and specific needs. However, it
shows that the user profiles of the exercise park on the Anatolian side of Istanbul has a significant
difference between Beykoz and Maltepe districts in terms of usage habits and socio-economic status,
therefore, the social municipality services to be offered should be differentiated in accordance with the
citizen profile.
When we look at the similarities, in both districts, the participants generally use the sports park areas
outside of lunch hours (12:00-16:00). A similar result was found in the study of Doğru and colleagues
(2015). In the study conducted by Şimşek and colleagues (2011), it is seen that attendance decreases
in the evening hours (23%). However, the reason for this can be attributed to the continental climate of
the province where this study was conducted. From this point of view, it is seen that the usage habits of
the parks may vary according to the climate.
Kara and colleagues examined the use of recreational areas in the Historic Peninsula of Istanbul with a
survey. 31% of the participants visited the park once a week, 28% every two weeks and 39% once a
month. 41% of visitors to this area are engaged in sports activities (Kara et al., 2008). Unlike this study,
the results of the research show that the participants usually come to this exercise park several times a
week. The reason for this may be the difference in usage and habits of the citizens of these park areas.
In the findings of the study, most of the participants stated that they spared 30 minutes at most for
exercise. This result is not similar to the study of Şimşek and colleagues (2011), but partially similar to
the study results (in the range of 20-40/40-60 minutes) of Doğru and colleagues (2015). It is seen that
the selection of the arrival and stay time of the exercise park according to the time when the equipment
is free indicates that the exercise park areas and sports equipment are not sufficient.
64% of the participants stated that they did not examine the instructions about the equipment in the
parks or did not see them at all. While this result is not in line with the study of Ay (2013), the results of
Lapa and colleagues (2012) show parallelism with the study.
While 18% of the participants do not use sports clothes and shoes on average, the rate of those who
come to the park without sports clothes and shoes in Beykoz is 33.7%, while it is 2% in Maltepe. In the
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study of Doğru and colleagues (2015), it was seen that 9% of the individuals did sports with
inappropriate clothes and 22% of them did sports with inappropriate shoes. While 76% of the individuals
did not experience any health problems due to exercise, it was determined that 54% of the participants
complained of muscle pain after exercise. 18% stated that they did not have enough information about
the right exercise. Although the results seem to show similarity when looking at the average of the
districts, it is seen that the usage rates differ according to the districts, therefore the findings do not fully
overlap. In terms of health problems, instead of complaining about muscle pain, it is seen that back and
waist pains are more prominent in the research.
Before exercise, 73% of individuals answered "I do warm-up exercises sometimes/not at all" and it was
found that this situation was associated with injuries during exercises (p>0.1). This result is similar to the
study of Ay (2013). In the study of Şimsek and colleagues (2011), it was also observed that as the
tendency to wear sports shoes increased, the health problems encountered during exercise decreased.
As the number of people doing warm-up exercises decreased, it was determined that there was an
increase in health problems after exercise.
The result that the participants in Beykoz district use the outdoor exercise park areas for psychological
relaxation rather than physical development is similar to some studies in the literature (Dishman et al.,
2004, Schmitt et al., 2009). Also the fact that those who use the park listen to the advice of friends and
neighbors shows that the outdoor exercise parks reinforce the fact that these areas are social
environments.
The fact that 74.7% of the individuals using the sports park areas in Maltepe district are women and the
answer “my child can play comfortably” among the reasons for choosing the park makes one think of
the necessity of a playground for children in the immediate vicinity.
6. CONCLUSION
Research results show that citizens do not use exercise tools with sufficient awareness. According to
the results, it is seen that citizens who use exercise parks should be informed about health checks,
correct exercise program and how to protect themselves from injuries while using sports equipment.
The fact that the injuries experienced are especially related to low back problems shows that those who
exercise do not have enough information about their health status to do physical activity.
Since there is a relationship between doing warm-up exercises before starting exercise and
experiencing discomfort or injury during exercise, sports professionals or written instructions should
direct the citizen to warm up, especially before using sports equipment. Considering that 33.3% of the
trainers working at the sports centers in Istanbul are Physical Education and Sports School students
and 8.3% are students from different departments (Ataçocuğu & Zelyurt, 2016), it can be seen that
sports and exercise areas are used in community service practices or internship practices of high
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schools and universities. In the study of Lapa and colleagues (2012), it is seen that there is an
expectation (87.7%) in this direction. Likewise, Sivrikaya (2009) made a suggestion in this direction in
his study.
It can be suggested to researchers that climate changes cause some differences in the results, since
climatic conditions are important according to the literature and those who use the parks generally
prefer nice and clear weather, and it can be said that it would be beneficial to collect the data of such
studies from different parts of the city in different seasons. It has been observed that in exercise parks,
playground equipment and sports equipment are generally open and cannot be used during and after
rain or snow. For this reason, partially covered and more sheltered physical activity designs can be
considered in parks.
Since this research was conducted with convenience sampling method, it would be more appropriate to
choose a more reliable sampling method in future feasibility studies or scientific researches.
Although the necessary social and technical equipment areas are provided at minimum criteria in
accordance with the zoning legislation in urban planning, incorrect site selection decisions are observed
due to the inability to evaluate parameters such as accessibility, demographic and social characteristics
during the preparation of zoning plans. The simultaneous evaluation of parameters with technological
methods such as geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) will both facilitate
making the right site selection decisions and ensure that the whole city or settlement is perceived as a
whole (Eminağaoğlu & Yavuz, 2010). Essentially, for a smart urban transformation, the lifestyles and
socio-cultural factors of the people of the region should be evaluated as parameters in the design of
outdoor exercise parks.
Unlike the young and old, it can be thought that the parents prefer to have the playground and exercise
equipment close to each other, and for their children to play and socialize with other children, since they
spend time with their children in the exercise parks. On the other hand, for adults who do not have
children, the park can be considered to have a quieter meaning. These orientations can also be
effective in designing parks differently according to the characteristics of nearby residents.
Another suggestion can be made to local governments that the guidelines for the use of exercise
equipment in sports areas should be reviewed and the missing ones should be completed. In order to
increase the maturity of the smart human component, inclusive outdoor spaces and urban architecture
should be planned in many areas, from services for complex education, culture, sports and physical
activity to meeting the needs of the disadvantaged. It is seen that the selection of the arrival and stay
time of the park according to the time when the equipment is empty indicates that the exercise parking
areas should be expanded by the municipality.
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In different districts, the habits and use of sports clothes and shoes of those who use exercise
equipment may differ even by being influenced by their environment. According to the findings, it is
understood that the user profiles of the exercise park differ significantly between the districts in terms of
usage habits, socio-economic status and environmental factors. For this reason, it is suggested that
social municipality services, walking and cycling tracks, sports complexes and smart city applications to
be offered from the perspective of smart urban transformation should be diversified in accordance with
the citizen profile and preferences in the region.
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