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Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran
Vol. 9 No. 2, August 2023, pp. 290 – 309
https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.20468
Correspondence author: Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid, Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Indonesia.
Email: labibsiena@gmail.com
Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike
4.0 International License. © 2023 The Authora
Combination of plyometric and ladder drill: Its impact on improving
speed, agility, and leg muscle power in badminton
Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid1acde, Oce Wiriawan2ab, Gigih Siantoro2bd,
Donny Ardy Kusuma3cf, Afif Rusdiawan3ef
1Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Universitas Negeri Surabaya & Sport Exercise and
Research Centre, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
2Department of Master of Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, Universitas Negeri
Surabaya, Indonesia
3Department of Sport Coaching Education, Universitas Negeri Surabaya & Sport Exercise
and Research Centre, Universitas Negeri Surabaya
Received: 28 June 2023; Revised: 31 July 2023; Accepted: 18 August 2023; Available
online: 30 August 2023.
Abstract
Badminton is the fastest racquet sport in the world, so training methods are needed
that can increase speed, agility, and leg muscle power. This research aims to
determine the impact of a combination of plyometric and ladder drill training
methods in increasing leg muscle speed, agility, and power. This research is a
quantitative study with a quasi-experimental type and uses a nonequivalent control
group design. Purposive sampling technique was used from 36 trained male
students aged 12-16 years old from junior high school 1 to 36 years old badminton
students. The research subjects were divided into three groups, namely TR (tuck
jump-double leg run), SH (squat jump-double leg hop), and C (conventional
exercise), which were divided using matched ordinal pairing. Each group consists
of twelve students doing treatment with a frequency of three days a week for six
weeks. The research instruments used were the 30-meter sprint, agility T-test, and
Jump MD. Data collection was carried out twice during the pretest and posttest.
Data analysis techniques using Manova and post hoc tests. The study's results on
the Manova test showed significant differences in the three groups with sig. 0.000
(p<0.05). The Manova test results showed significant differences in the three
groups' increasing speed, agility, and leg muscle power simultaneously. The post
hoc test showed that the TR and SH groups differed significantly from the C group
(p<0.05). The conclusion is that combining plyometric training and ladder drills
significantly impacts increasing leg speed, agility, and muscle power.
Keywords: Plyometrics, ladder drill, speed, agility, leg muscle power.
How to Cite: Labib Siena Ar Rasyid, M., Wiriawan, O., Siantoro, G., Ardy Kusuma, D., & Rusdiawan, A. (2023).
Combination of plyometric and ladder drill: Its impact on improving speed, agility, and leg muscle power in
badminton. Jurnal SPORTIF: Jurnal Penelitian Pembelajaran, 9(2), 290-309.
https://doi.org/10.29407/js_unpgri.v9i2.20468
Author’s contribution: a – Preparing concepts; b – Formulating methods; c – Conducting research;
d – Processing results; e – Interpretation and conclusions; f - Editing the final version
INTRODUCTION
Badminton is one of the sports achievements that is the pride of
Indonesia because Indonesia's badminton achievements worldwide are
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quite encouraging (Maksum & Indahwati, 2023). It has become Indonesia's
leading sport in obtaining championship titles in multi-event events such as
the Olympics (Supriyanto et al., 2022). However, in the last decade, the
inconsistency of Indonesian badminton players has become increasingly
apparent, which has resulted in a decrease in the performance and
achievement of athletes (Purwanti, 2023). We know that the highest sports
achievements cannot be achieved instantly but require a long and complex
process (Asri et al., 2021; Winarni et al., 2021). Many factors affect the
achievement of sports achievements, including physical condition, mastery
of techniques and tactics, mental factors, and strategies (Alim, 2018).
Physical conditions can be defined as components that become a unified
whole, and each component cannot be separated, both in the context of
maintaining and improving the components of the physical condition (Sidik
et al., 2019). In addition, the physical condition has an essential role
because it is the foundation for training activities (Piyana et al., 2020;
Santika et al., 2020). However, to significantly improve physical condition,
attention must be paid to the components of the dominant physical condition
and the characteristics of the sport (Subarkah, 2020).
Badminton is one of the most popular sports in the world
(Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015) and is the fastest racquet sport in the world
(Stovba et al., 2020) because the speed of the shuttlecock can reach more
than 250 km/hour in matches at the elite level (Malwanage et al., 2022).
Thus, badminton is a sport that requires speed in changing directions,
explosive movements, lots of reflex movements, and good motor skills
(Sholeh et al., 2020). Thus, speed, agility, and leg muscle power are
essential and needed components in badminton. Experts note that speed
and power are the determining factors for badminton athletes (Karatnyk et
al., 2016). In addition, agility is also an essential component in badminton
(Frederick et al., 2014). Knowing that speed, agility, and leg muscle power
are essential in badminton show that training methods are needed to
improve these three components.
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Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid, Oce Wiriawan, Gigih Siantoro, Donny Ardy Kusuma, Afif
Rusdiawan
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power in badminton
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In badminton, explosive jumping movements and short-distance
sprints are the most dominant elements (Liu & Wang, 2023). Agility in
footwork is also vital for badminton athletes to win in competition (Jianping,
2021). Therefore, badminton has training methods that can be used to
increase speed, agility, and leg muscle power, including plyometrics and
ladder drills. Research has stated that plyometrics is a training method to
increase leg muscle speed, agility, and power (Chandra et al., 2023),
likewise with the ladder drill, which is more dominant in increasing the agility
and speed components of badminton athletes (Anggraeni et al., 2019;
Chandrakumar & Ramesh, 2015).
This type of plyometric training involves repeated rapid stretching and
muscle contraction to increase power. It is also called an "explosive-
reactive" form of strength training (Hariyanto et al., 2022). Plyometric
training can increase speed, agility, and vertical jump (leg muscle power)
(Poomsalood & Pakulanon, 2015). In this study, the plyometric training
models used were tuck jumps and squat jumps, which are popular variations
of these exercises in increasing leg muscle strength and power (Hansen &
Kennelly, 2017).
Various variations of ladder drill exercises are known to significantly
increase the speed and agility components (Alviana et al., 2020; Anggraeni
et al., 2019; Nawir & Jamaluddin, 2020). The ladder drill has many variations
of the exercise, but this study uses variations of the double-leg run and
double-leg hop. The double leg run has another name, namely fast feet or
quick feet, which has the characteristic of the movement, namely that in one
box, the ladder will be entered by both legs alternately between one leg and
the other with fast movements (such as running movements) (Mbabho,
2021). On the other hand, the double-leg hop variation is also known as
bunny hop or double-leg bunny hop, which has the characteristic of a
jumping motion, where both feet enter one box to another by using the
jumping motion of both legs simultaneously (Ravi & Kalimuthu, 2019;
Syahrastani & Fadillah S, 2021).
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The plyometric and ladder drill training methods have many positive
impacts on athletes. However, when this research was made, researchers
had yet to find a research topic that revealed the effect of a combination of
plyometric and ladder drill exercises on speed, agility, and leg muscle
power, especially in badminton athletes. Thus, this study aims to reveal the
impact of a combination of plyometric and ladder drill exercises on
badminton players' speed, agility, and leg muscle power so that this
research will be able to contribute to developing the dimensions of sports
coaching science that sports practitioners can implement in the training
process. The subjects of this study were male badminton extracurricular
students at SMP Negeri 1 Jogoroto, Jombang, who were trained and aged
12-16 years.
METHOD
Research design
This research is quantitative research with a quasi-experimental
research type. This type of research is known as the development of a true
experiment, which has a control group. However, the control group cannot
fully function to control various external variables that can affect
experimental research (Sugiyono, 2017). Quasi-experimental research was
applied because the researcher did not have full control over the research
subjects on independent variables, such as rest time and daily food intake
for each research subject. Meanwhile, the research design used was a
nonequivalent control group design. This design provides treatment to the
experimental group and provides a control group or other groups to serve
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as a comparison (Sugiyono, 2022). The following is a picture of the research
design shown below.
Figure 1. Research Design
Research Subjects
The research subjects in this study were male junior high school 1
Jogoroto students, Jombang Regency, who participated in badminton
extracurricular activities and were trained. The total number of research
subjects was 36, obtained using a purposive sampling technique (Lenaini,
2021; Maksum, 2018). The criteria for research subjects are 1) male, 2)
ages between 12-16 years, 3) physically and mentally healthy, and 4) willing
to follow the research stages until completion. The 36 research subjects
were divided into three groups based on the matched subject ordinal pairing
method Gumanti et al., (2016) with details: 1) TR group (tuck jump & double
leg run exercises) with 12 research subjects, 2) SH group (squat jump &
double leg hop exercises) with 12 research subjects, and 3) Group C
(conventional exercises) with 12 research subjects. Ordinal pairing is done
by ranking the results of the pretest.
Instrument and data measurement
Three instruments are used in this study and used twice (during the
pretest and posttest). The three instruments are a 30-meter sprint to
measure speed (Altmann et al., 2019; Chiwaridzo et al., 2017), an agility T-
test to measure agility (Kamuk, 2020; Wiriawan, 2017), and the Jump MD
to measure jump height (Wiriawan, 2017) then the results of the jump height
are converted into the power formula (Wismanadi et al., 2020):
Research
Subject
Pretest:
➢
Speed
➢
Agility
➢
Leg Muscle
Power
TR
(Treatment Tuck Jump-Double Leg
Run)
Posttest:
➢
Speed
➢
Agility
➢
Leg Muscle
Power
SH
(Treatment Squat Jump-Double
Leg Hop)
C
(Conventional Exercise)
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𝑃 = 𝑚×𝑔×ℎ
𝑡 (1)
Note:
P= power (watt), m= mass (kg), g= gravitation (9,8 m/s2), h= jump height
(m), t= time (second) (Haryono & Pribadi, 2013; McGinnis, 2013).
Research treatment
All 36 research subjects started the research phase with a pretest,
and the pretest results were used as a reference for grouping with matched
subject ordinal pairing (Gumanti et al., 2016). After grouping, the research
subjects performed the treatment according to their respective groups.
Treatment is carried out with a training frequency of three days a week
which is carried out for six weeks, with a total of 18 meetings (Guo et al.,
2021). After the last meeting for treatment, the final stage of the research
was carried out, namely the posttest. The training program compiled for the
group that was given the combined treatment of plyometric and ladder drill
exercises (TR and SH groups) can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1. Exercise program in the group that was given treatment (TR and
SH groups)
Group
Week
Name of exercise
Freq
Intensity
Set
Recovery
Interval
TR
1 – 2
Tuck Jump
Double Leg Run
Three
days/week
50% MR
3
2 min
3 min
3 – 4
Tuck Jump
Double Leg Run
Three
days/week
60% MR
3
2 min
3 min
5 – 6
Tuck Jump
Double Leg Run
Three
days/week
70% MR
3
2 min
3 min
SH
1 – 2
Squat Jump
Double Leg Hop
Three
days/week
50% MR
3
2 min
3 min
3 – 4
Squat Jump
Double Leg Hop
Three
days/week
60% MR
3
2 min
3 min
5 – 6
Squat Jump
Double Leg Hop
Three
days/week
70% MR
3
2 min
3 min
Note: MR = Maximum Repetition
The table above presents the exercise program for the TR and SH
groups for six weeks, each week doing three days. The TR group combined
tuck jump and double leg run exercises, while the SH group did squat jump
and double leg hop exercises. The group in conventional training (Group C)
was used as the control group in this study because they were not given
plyometric treatment and ladder drills.
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Data analysis
Data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistics, data
requirements tests (normality and homogeneity tests), and inferential tests
(paired sample t-test, Manova, and post hoc LSD). The data analysis
process in this study used Microsoft Excel and SPSS applications.
RESULT
The research results obtained the characteristics of research
subjects regarding age, height, and weight (N = 36). Thus, descriptive
statistical analysis data are presented regarding the characteristics of
research subjects using the mean and standard deviation (SD) values in
Table 2 below.
Table 2. Characteristics of research subjects
Variable
Mean ± SD
TR
SH
C
Age (years)
13.58 ± 1.240
13.58 ± 1.084
13.75 ± 1.36
Weight (kg)
43.92 ± 9.746
43.33 ± 10.219
45.75 ± 12.871
Height (m)
1.598 ± 0.083
1.588 ± 0.092
1.577 ± 0.134
Considering that the research subjects were aged between 12-16
years, from Table 2 above, all research subjects had normal height and
weight according to the growth of Indonesian children (Pulungan et al.,
2018).
Before the inferential tests (paired sample t-test, manova test and
post hoc) were carried out, data requirements tests, including normality and
homogeneity tests. The normality test used is the Kolmogorov-Smirnov
normality test which can be seen in the table below.
Table 3. Normality Test
Variable
Sig. (2-tailed)
Pretest speed
0.672
Pretest agility
0.880
Pretest limb muscle power
0.744
Posttest speed
0.833
Posttest agility
0.826
Posttest limb muscle power
0.993
∆ speed
0.500
∆ agility
0.977
∆ leg muscle power
0.609
p>0.05, the data is stated to be normally distributed
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The results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test presented in
Table 3 show that all research variable data are normally distributed
(p>0.05). The homogeneity test used next is Levene's Test homogeneity
test which is presented in Table 4 below.
Table 4. Homogeneity Test
Variable
Sig. (2-tailed)
∆ speed
0.500
∆ agility
0.977
∆ leg muscle power
0.609
p>0.05 variance of homogeneous data
From the results of the homogeneity test above, it can be concluded
that this study has a homogeneous variant of the data (P>0.05). After going
through normality and homogeneity tests, the data in this study can be
ascertained to be normally distributed and have homogeneous data
variants. So that data analysis can be continued with the paired sample t-
test, Manova and Post Hoc tests.
Table 5 contains the delta values or the difference between the
posttest and pretest (posttest-pretest) of the three dependent variables,
along with the results of the paired sample t-test.
Table 5. The results of the delta values for speed, agility, leg muscle
power, and the paired sample t-test
Group
Variable
∆ (mean ± SD)
p-value (Sig. (2-tailed))
TR
Speed (sec)
-0.396 ± 0.144
0.000
Agility (sec)
-0.656 ± 0.337
0.000
Leg muscle power (watt)
126.83 ± 72.01
0.000
SH
Speed
-0.302 ± 0.118
0.000
Agility
-0.542 ± 0.177
0.000
Leg muscle power (watt)
105.39 ± 54.18
0.000
C
Speed
-0.108 ± 0.085
0.001
Agility
-0.244 ± 0.260
0.008
Leg muscle power (watt)
41.05 ± 36.76
0.003
P-value <0.05 is a significant effect.
The results of the paired sample t-test found that all three groups
could increase leg muscle speed, agility, and power (p<0.05). The
differences between the three groups can be seen through the Manova and
post hoc tests. The results of the Manova test can be seen in Table 6,
namely the between-subject test below.
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Table 6. Manova test results from the test of between-subjects effects
Variable
Sig. (2-tailed)
Speed
0.000
Agility
0.002
Leg muscle power
0.002
P<0.05 indicates a significant difference.
The results of the Manova test presented in Table 6 above show that
the three groups have significant differences simultaneously in the variables
of speed, agility, and leg muscle power (p<0.05).
After conducting the manova test, it showed that there were
differences between the three groups in speed, agility, and leg muscle
power. The results of the LSD post hoc test are presented in Table 7 below.
Table 7. Post Hoc LSD test
Variable
Group
P (sig.)
Speed
TR
SH
0.059
C
0.000*
SH
C
0.000*
Agility
TR
SH
0.301
C
0.001*
SH
C
0.010*
Leg Muscle Power
TR
SH
0.357
C
0.001*
SH
C
0.008*
*P<0.05 indicates a significant difference.
The results showed that there was a significant difference between
the group given the treatment (Group TR and SH) and the conventional
training group (Group C) (P<0.05). However, there was no significant
difference between the TR and SH groups in increasing speed, agility, and
leg muscle power (P>0.05).
DISCUSSION
This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of plyometric
and ladder drill exercises in increasing speed, agility, and leg muscle power.
The study results show that the combination of plyometric exercises and
ladder drills (Group TR and SH) can increase speed, agility, and leg muscle
power in badminton better than conventional exercises (Group C). The
results of the paired sample t-test showed that the group that was given the
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treatment (Group TR and SH) and the conventional training group (Group
C) could increase speed, agility, and leg muscle power (p<0.05). These
results align with previous research, which found that plyometric training can
increase speed, including sprint distances of 30 meters (Arianda et al.,
2021). Not only that, research by Tottori & Fujita (2019) found that
plyometric exercises can increase sprint speed at distances of 20-30
meters, 30-40 meters, and 40-50 meters, as well as stride lengths of 0-10
meters, 20-30 meters, and 30 – 40 meters. Ladder drill training is also
known to increase speed or performance of speed significantly (Nuryadi &
Firmansyah, 2018; Short et al., 2022). Ladder drills can also significantly
improve speed performance in badminton players (Chandrakumar &
Ramesh, 2015).
Plyometrics is a training method that can be used to improve agility
and other motor skills (Čaprić et al., 2022). A compelling adaptation transfer
will occur if training is performed as needed (such as competition, sparring,
or try-out) (Čaprić et al., 2022). Meanwhile, plyometric movements such as
jumping, hopping, and bounding, which are performed quickly and
explosively, have a relationship with increased agility components (Cappa
& Behm, 2013; Silva et al., 2019). Specifically in badminton, plyometric
training progressively in badminton players for six weeks can significantly
increase agility (Irawan, 2017). Adolescent badminton athletes also
experience increased agility after being given plyometric training
interventions (Ozmen & Aydoğmuş, 2017). Agility can occur due to
explosive force (Kosni et al., 2022) and depends on muscle strength, speed,
coordination, and dynamic balance (Heang et al., 2012). In addition, ladder
drills can also be used to increase agility and speed (Dhanaraj, 2014). The
ladder drill exercise uses a fitness tool in the form of a ladder that is placed
on a floor/ground surface, where a person will run, jump, and jump by
moving his feet quickly on the tool to develop the speed and agility of the
person using it (Kusuma & Kardiawan, 2017). Another study revealed a
significant increase in agility in badminton players after the intervention of
ladder drill exercises (Chandrakumar & Ramesh, 2015).
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In general, plyometric exercises have been implemented in all sports
to help increase muscle strength and power, where plyometric exercises
consist of eccentric movements followed by concentric contractions of the
same muscle group (Irawan, 2017). Plyometrics are designed to improve
jumping performance abilities which are used to increase power output and
explosiveness by training the muscles to work more in a short time (Bhosale
et al., 2020). This plyometric training method increases strength,
acceleration, and power (Váczi et al., 2011). According to research on 90
badminton athletes, there is an increase in the achievement of faster sprint
times and better jumping abilities (Panda et al., 2022). The ability to jump in
badminton is closely related to leg muscle power (Wea & Samri, 2022).
Plyometrics also significantly improves jumping smash skills in badminton
games (Wea & Samri, 2022). Even plyometric training is a training method
that can improve forehand smashes in badminton (Sholeh et al., 2020). Not
only plyometric exercises, ladder drill exercises also can significantly
increase the leg muscle power component (Kusuma & Kardiawan, 2017). In
addition, ladder drill exercises are effective and significant in developing
speed, agility, and power (Sethu, 2014).
The group that did conventional exercises or the group that was not
given treatment (group C) could increase speed, agility, and leg muscle
power in badminton players because badminton is a sport that has benefits
in increasing physical fitness in adolescents, including: increasing muscle
endurance, strength, power, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness
(Fernandez-Fernandez et al., 2013; Lee et al., 2021; Mohammed, 2020;
Stovba et al., 2019). One's involvement in badminton can improve all
aspects of physical health, particularly heart and lung function and basic
physical capacities (Cabello-Manrique et al., 2022).
The Manova test results showed significant differences between the
three groups' increasing speed, agility, and leg muscle power in badminton
players (p<0.05). However, the results of the post hoc test showed that there
was a significant difference between the group given the combination
treatment of plyometric and ladder drill exercises (Group TR and SH) and
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the conventional training group (Group C) (p<0.05). If the two groups that
were given treatment were compared to each other, namely between the
TR and SH groups, they showed no significant difference in increasing
speed, agility, and leg muscle power in badminton players. According to
previous research, the most effective plyometric training program can be
carried out routinely, lasting 6 to 8 weeks (Fernandez-Fernandez et al.,
2016; Filipas et al., 2023; Guo et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022; Ozbar et al.,
2014), as well as the ladder drill training program. The results of this study
which stated that there were no significant differences in the TR (tuck jump-
double leg run) and SH (squat jump-double leg hop) groups, were in line
with several previous studies, even though the plyometric tuck jump and
squat jump exercises were both can improve the performance of the
physical condition of leg muscle power, but there is no known significant
difference between the two (Ashari et al., 2019; Falah & Pranatahadi, 2019;
Ratno & Darmawan, 2019). The previous study also revealed that the
average value of increasing leg muscle power was more significant in the
group that was given the plyometric tuck jump exercise intervention
compared to the plyometric squat jump, although the significance value
proved that there was no significant difference (Ashari et al., 2019; Falah &
Pranatahadi, 2019; Ratno & Darmawan, 2019). This is because the motion
in doing the plyometric tuck jump and ladder drill double leg run requires
more explosive movements compared to the plyometric squat jump and
ladder drill double leg hop.
This research provides results and novelty in the form of a positive
impact from a combination of plyometric and ladder drill exercises on
badminton players in increasing speed, agility, and leg muscle power. As
we know that badminton is one of the most popular sports in the world
(Phomsoupha & Laffaye, 2015) and is the fastest racquet sport in the world
(Stovba et al., 2020) because the speed of the shuttlecock can reach more
than 250 km/hour in matches at the elite level (Malwanage et al., 2022).
This is due to the demands of modern sports, which require athletes to be
faster and stronger (Polglaze & Hoppe, 2019), including in badminton.
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9 (2) 2023 | 290-309
Muhammad Labib Siena Ar Rasyid, Oce Wiriawan, Gigih Siantoro, Donny Ardy Kusuma, Afif
Rusdiawan
Combination of plyometric and ladder drill: Its impact on improving speed, agility, and leg muscle
power in badminton
302
Badminton needs speed and leg muscle power, especially when attacking
(Liu & Wang, 2023). In addition, the ability of fast and accurate footwork
techniques on the athlete's field must have good lower leg strength and
agility (Jianping, 2021). This study's results will positively contribute to
badminton sports coaching if coaches or practitioners implement them on
their athletes in the training process. The limitations of this study are that
the research subjects used are still not at the sub-elite or elite level, and the
gender or sex of the research subjects is only male. Therefore, the
recommendation for further research is to use sub-elite or elite athletes and
women as research subjects. Thus, the combined plyometric and ladder
training results from elite, sub-elite, amateur, and novice athletes can be
compared. In addition, there will be comparisons between male and female
badminton athletes. In addition, the weakness of this study is that the
research subjects used were in their teens, and the number was small.
Thus, gaps for future research could use research subjects in adulthood or
the golden age who are at the peak performance stage and a larger number
of research subjects.
CONCLUSION
From the results of the research and discussion above, the
conclusions of this study are: (1) the combination of plyometric and ladder
drill exercises can increase the speed, agility, and leg muscle power, and
(2) there is no significant difference between the two groups given the
treatment, namely TR (tuck jump-double leg run) and SH (squat jump-
double leg hop) in increasing speed, agility, and leg muscle power. This
research implies that the combination of plyometric and ladder drill training
methods can be implemented and used in the training process in
badminton. So that it can increase speed, agility, and leg muscle power,
which can help improve the performance of badminton athletes.
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