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Artificial Intelligence and Libraries Bibliography
Charles W. Bailey, Jr.
Houston: Digital Scholarship, 2023
The Artificial Intelligence and Libraries Bibliography includes over 125 selected English-
language articles and books that are useful in understanding how libraries are exploring
and adopting modern artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. It covers works from January
2018 through August 2023. The bibliography is available as a website and a website PDF
with live links.
AI is a complex topic, but these recent overviews of general AI systems1 and generative AI
systems2 are helpful in understanding it (both papers are open access).
Libraries have been exploring AI technology for a long time. In particular, there was an
active period of experimentation from the mid-1980s through the mid-1990s that primarily
focused on the use of expert systems.3-14 Many projects used expert system shells, which
simplified development; however, some projects, such as the University of Houston's
Intelligent Reference Information System Project, also used AI languages, such as
Prolog.15 This period produced a significant number of library-related AI papers.
Subsequently, library interest in AI diminished until around 2018, when research activity
increased.
The public release of generative AI systems in late 2022, such as ChatGPT, sparked a
strong upsurge of interest in them and a rush to utilize their capabilities. Since these
systems are relatively easy to use, this development may result in a significant new wave
of library-oriented AI activity.
This bibliography does not cover conference proceedings, digital media works (such as
MP3 files), e-mail messages, interviews, letters to the editor, presentation slides or
transcripts, technical reports, unpublished e-prints, and/or weblog postings.
The bibliography has links to included works. Where possible, it uses Digital Object
Identifier System (DOI) URLs. All links are subject to change. Should a link be dead, try
entering it in the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
References in this bibliography are created from information in the publisher's online record
for the work. Some publishers may use nontraditional citation elements and patterns. Key
information may be missing from the publisher's online record (e.g, volume, number, and
pages). In some cases, there is online publication date information instead. If there is a
citation format tool on the work's online record, the information from that tool is used.
References
1. Yuchen Jiang, Xiang Li, Hao Luo, Shen Yin, and Okyay Kaynak, "Quo Vadis Artificial
Intelligence?," Discover Artificial Intelligence 2, no. 4 (2022),
https://doi.org/10.1007/s44163-022-00022-8
2. Roberto Gozalo-Brizuela and Eduardo C. Garrido-Merchan, "ChatGPT Is Not All You
Need. A State of the Art Review of Large Generative AI Models," arXiv (2023),
https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.04655
3. Ralph Alberico and Mary Micco, Expert Systems for Reference and Information Retrieval
(Westport, CT: Meckler, 1990), https://www.worldcat.org/title/20797396
4. Rao Aluri and Donald E. Riggs, "Application of Expert Systems to Libraries," in
Advances in Library Automation and Networking, vol. 2, ed. Joe A. Hewitt (Greenwich, CT:
JAI Press, 1988), 1-43, https://www.worldcat.org/title/19100211
5. Rao Aluri and Donald E. Riggs, eds., Expert Systems in Libraries (Norwood, NJ: Ablex
Pub. Corp. 1990), https://www.worldcat.org/title/21197415
6. Charles W. Bailey, Jr., "Intelligent Library Systems: Artificial Intelligence Technology and
Library Automation Systems," in Advances in Library Automation and Networking, vol. 4,
ed. by Joe A. Hewitt (Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1991), 1-23, https://tinyurl.com/59ywykzb
7. Charles W. Bailey, Jr. and Judy E. Myers, eds., Expert Systems in ARL Libraries, SPEC
Kit 174 (Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries, 1991),
https://tinyurl.com/bdd5dwz2
8. Sharon Manel De Silva, "A Review of Expert Systems in Library and Information
Science," Malaysian Journal of Library and Information Science 2, no. 2 (1997): 57-92,
https://tinyurl.com/53cjr8un
9. Carol Pitts Hawks, "Expert Systems in Technical Services and Collection Management,"
Information Technology and Libraries 13, no. 3 (1994): 203-212,
https://kb.osu.edu/handle/1811/54540
10. Cynthia C. Hsieh and Wendy Hall, "Survey of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems
in Library and Information Science Literature," Information Technology and Libraries 8, no.
2 (1989): 209-214, https://tinyurl.com/2f8xcs8z
11. F. Wilfrid Lancaster and Linda C. Smith, eds., Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems:
Will They Change the Library? (Urbana-Champaign: Graduate School of Library and
Information Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1992),
https://hdl.handle.net/2142/1210
12. Anne Morris, ed., The Application of Expert Systems in Libraries and Information
Centres (London: Bowker-Saur, 1992), https://www.worldcat.org/title/300836865
13. Christine Roysdon and Howard D. White, eds., Expert Systems in Reference Services
(New York: Haworth Press, 1989), https://www.worldcat.org/title/18681443
14. Linda C. Smith, "Artificial Intelligence and Information Retrieval," in Annual Review of
Information Science and Technology, vol. 22, ed. Martha E. Williams (Amsterdam: Elsevier,
1987), 41-77, https://www.worldcat.org/title/21468298
15. Charles W. Bailey, Jr., "The Intelligent Reference Information System Project: A Merger
of CD-ROM LAN and Expert System Technologies," Information Technology and Libraries
11, no. 3 (1992): 237-244, https://tinyurl.com/mrychcpk
Dedication
In memory of Paul Evan Peters (1947-1996), founding Executive Director of the Coalition
for Networked Information, whose visionary leadership at the dawn of the Internet era
fostered the development of scholarly electronic publishing.
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About the Author
Charles W. Bailey, Jr. is the publisher of Digital Scholarship and a noncommercial digital
artist (ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8453-4402).
Bailey has over 46 years of information technology, digital publishing, and instructional
technology experience, including 24 years of managerial experience in academic libraries.
From 2004 to 2007, he was the Assistant Dean for Digital Library Planning and
Development at the University of Houston Libraries. From 1987 to 2003, he served as
Assistant Dean/Director for Systems at the University of Houston Libraries.
Previously, he served as Head, Systems and Research Services at the Health Sciences
Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Systems Librarian at the Milton S.
Eisenhower Library, The Johns Hopkins University; User Documentation Specialist at the
OCLC Online Computer Library Center; and Media Library Manager at the Learning
Resources Center, SUNY College at Oswego.
Bailey has discussed his career in an interview in Preservation, Digital Technology &
Culture. See Bailey’s vita for more details.
Bailey has been an open access publisher for over 34 years. In 1989, Bailey established
PACS-L, a discussion list about public-access computers in libraries, and The Public-
Access Computer Systems Review, the first open access journal in the field of library and
information science. He served as PACS-L Moderator until November 1991 and as Editor-
in-Chief of The Public-Access Computer Systems Review until the end of 1996.
In 1990, Bailey and Dana Rooks established Public-Access Computer Systems News, an
electronic newsletter, and Bailey co-edited this publication until 1992.
In 1992, he founded the PACS-P mailing list for announcing the publication of selected e-
serials, and he moderated this list until 2007.
In 1996, he established the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography (SEPB), an open
access book that was updated 80 times by 2011.
In 2001, he added the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Weblog, which announced relevant
new publications, to SEPB. It was published through 2013.
In 2001, he was selected as a team member of Current Cites, and he has was a frequent
contributor of reviews to this monthly e-serial until 2020.
In 2005, he published the Open Access Bibliography: Liberating Scholarly Literature with
E-prints and Open Access Journals with the Association of Research Libraries (also a
website).
In 2005, Bailey established Digital Scholarship (http://digital-scholarship.org/), which
provides information and commentary about artificial intelligence, digital copyright, digital
curation, digital repository, open access, research data management, scholarly
communication, and other digital information issues. Digital Scholarship’s digital
publications are open access. Its publications are licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License or a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
License. Digital Scholarship is a noncommercial publisher and it accepts no advertising.
At that time, he also established DigitalKoans, a weblog that covers the same topics as
Digital Scholarship. From April 2005 through May 2023, DigitalKoans published over
15,000 posts.
From April 2005 through December 2022, Digital Scholarship had over 39 million page
views from over 13 million visitors from 235 countries (excluding spiders and non-content
files).
From April 2005 through August 2023, Bailey published the following books and book
supplements: the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography: 2008 Annual Edition (2009),
Digital Scholarship 2009 (2010), Transforming Scholarly Publishing through Open Access:
A Bibliography (2010), the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography 2010 (2011), the
Digital Curation and Preservation Bibliography 2010 (2011), the Institutional Repository
and ETD Bibliography 2011 (2011), the Digital Curation Bibliography: Preservation and
Stewardship of Scholarly Works (2012), the Digital Curation Bibliography: Preservation and
Stewardship of Scholarly Works, 2012 Supplement (2013), and the Research Data
Curation and Management Bibliography (2021).
He also published and updated the following bibliographies, webliographies, and weblogs:
the Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography (1996-2011), the Scholarly Electronic
Publishing Weblog (2001-2013), the Electronic Theses and Dissertations Bibliography
(2005-2021), the Google Books Bibliography (2005-2011), the Institutional Repository
Bibliography (2009-2011), the Open Access Journals Bibliography (2010), the Digital
Curation and Preservation Bibliography (2010-2011), the E-science and Academic
Libraries Bibliography (2011), the Digital Curation Resource Guide (2012), the Research
Data Curation Bibliography (2012-2019), the Altmetrics Bibliography (2013), the
Transforming Peer Review Bibliography (2014), the Academic Library as Scholarly
Publisher Bibliography (2018-2023), the Research Data Sharing and Reuse Bibliography
(2021), the Research Data Publication and Citation Bibliography (2022), Digital Curation
Certificate and Master's Degree Programs (2023), the Academic Libraries and Research
Data Management Bibliography (2023), and the Artificial Intelligence and Libraries
Bibliography (2023).
In 2011, he established the LinkedIn Digital Curation Group.
In 2010, Bailey was given a Best Content by an Individual Award by The Charleston
Advisor. In 2003, he was named as one of Library Journals' "Movers & Shakers." In 1993,
he was awarded the first LITA/Library Hi Tech Award for Outstanding Communication for
Continuing Education in Library and Information Science. In 1992, Bailey received a
Network Citizen Award from the Apple Library.
In 1973, Bailey won a Wallace Stevens Poetry Award. He is the author of The Cave of
Hypnos: Early Poems, which includes several poems that won that award.
Bailey has written over 30 papers about artificial intelligence, digital copyright, institutional
repositories, open access, scholarly communication, and other topics.
He has served on the editorial boards of Information Technology and Libraries, Library
Software Review, and Reference Services Review. He was the founding Vice-Chairperson
of the LITA Imagineering Interest Group.
Bailey is a digital artist, and he has made over 680 digital artworks freely available on
social media sites, such as Flickr, under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
licenses. A list of his artwoks that includes links to high resolution JPEG images on Flickr is
available.
He holds master’s degrees in information and library science and instructional media and
technology.
You can contact him at: publisher at digital-scholarship.org.
You can follow Bailey at these URLs:
Digital Artist weblog: https://charleswbaileyjr.name and RSS feed:
https://charleswbaileyjr.name/feed
DigitalKoans weblog: http://digital-scholarship.org/digitalkoans/ and RSS feed:
https://digital-scholarship.org/digitalkoans/feed/
Flickr: https://www.flickr.com/photos/charleswbaileyjr/
Citation
Charles W. Bailey, Jr., Artificial Intelligence and Libraries Bibliography (Houston: Digital
Scholarship, 2023), https://digital-scholarship.org/ai/ai-libraries.htm.
Bailey, Charles W., Jr. Artificial Intelligence and Libraries Bibliography. Houston: Digital
Scholarship, 2023. https://digital-scholarship.org/ai/ai-libraries.htm.
Copyright © 2023 by Charles W. Bailey, Jr.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
