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Indicator system and evaluation method for technology development maturity of P2X
... Referring to relevant research literature and considering various technology assessments, the selected indicators from previous research results and literature were screened and classi ed to nd out a large number of indicators that may affect the technology evaluation, accounting for the characteristics and current situation of technical classi cation in the study`s early stage, Ultimately, twelve indicators were selected, forming a preliminary evaluation indicator system with three categories: technical characteristics, technical quality, and technical value. Initial weights, thresholds, and initial evaluation result judgments were provided (Luo et al., 2023). Speci cally, these can be divided into three major categories as follow: ...
The rapid urbanization in China has led to a significant increase in the generation of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration. This has made the safe and harmless disposal of fly ash a major challenge for the waste-to-energy industry's sustainable development. The current environmental verification system lacks a complete quantitative system that integrates various evaluation indicators for solid waste resource recovery technology. Thus, there is an urgent need to expedite research on environmental technology verification (ETV) and establish an objective, fair, and scientific system for verifying and evaluating fly ash harmless disposal and resource utilization technology. In this study, an evaluation system was constructed consisting of 12 indexes from three aspects: technical characteristics, technical quality, and technical value, using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The evaluation results were classified into three levels: recommended, suggested for improvement and optimization, and not recommended. Consequently, a comprehensive ETV system was developed. The case analysis confirmed the scientific validity and feasibility of the constructed verification system. It demonstrated that the developed verification evaluation method for the harmless disposal and resource utilization technology of fly ash can objectively and effectively evaluate the progress and applicability of the technology. Additionally, valuable suggestions for improving the technical performance were provided. Furthermore, this study provided a scientific and reliable evaluation system for fly ash harmless disposal and resource utilization technology, which is also adapted for solid waste treatment technology because of non-specific methods and concepts, and laid technical guidance for the government in studying and issuing related regulations.
With the deepening of the coupling between the power system and natural gas system (NGS), the integrated gas and power systems (IGPSs) have been an important infrastructure in the energy systems. On the one hand, the IGPSs improve the energy efficiency. On the other hand, the coupling structure makes the safe and reliable operation of the power system more threatened, especially under extreme events. As an important infrastructure, the IGPS often has large-scale power outage in meteorological disaster events, such as windstorm. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the resilience of the IGPS. A resilience assessment model is proposed to evaluate the resilience of IGPSs considering the cascading effects between the two systems under windstorms with low probability and high risk. Firstly, the failure model of components utilizing the fragility curve is represented. Then, an optimal power flow model is proposed to evaluate the resilience of the power system. Based on this, resilience indicators are proposed to quantify the damage caused by windstorms. The proposed methods have been proved to be effective in evaluating the resilience of the IPGS. Simulation results show that IPGS is less resilient than independent power systems due to cascading effects. The decrease of resilience intensifies with the increase of wind speeds, and the performance level of IGPS is 58% lower than that of IPS when the wind speed is 36 m/s.
China’s geothermal energy resources are mainly low and medium temperature, the process of ammonia solution generation and absorption is introduced to simplify the condensation heat transfer of Karina cycle, and the vertical tube falling film structure is adopted for the generator and absorber in the system, which makes the system more suitable for medium and low temperature geothermal resources. A 5 kW ammonia water power cycle power generation experimental platform based on vertical tube falling film was built. The experimental results show that under typical working conditions, the maximum heat transfer coefficient of generator and absorber can reach 1034 w/(m² K) and 563 w/(m² K), respectively, and the maximum output power of the system is 3 kW.
For wind-solar sustainable energy systems with a large amount of abandoned wind and solar energy and carbon dioxide emissions, a power-to-gas equipment can be introduced to synthesize methane together, which is an effective way to alleviate the greenhouse effect, improve the utilization rate of new energy, and promote sustainable development. Focusing on how to perform the optimal capacity configuration of the newly introduced power-to-gas equipment more accurately and simply, this paper make progress through a more similar scenario reduction and a more accurate power-to-gas capacity configuration model. First, in view of the problem that the existing scenario reduction methods are difficult to take into account the coherent temporal characteristics and spatial amplitude characteristics, a novel multi-source-load double-layer spatiotemporal clustering algorithm is proposed. Second, in view of the problem that the power-to-gas equipment can only capture the actual carbon dioxide, a more comprehensive model considering the coupling relationship of multi-energy flows such as electricity-natural gas-hydrogen-oxygen-actual carbon dioxide-virtual carbon dioxide is proposed. The example analysis shows that the proposed strategies can reduce the error rate of the power-to-gas capacity configuration with a similar calculation amount.
A combined ultra-short-term wind power prediction strategy with high robustness based on least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) has been proposed, in order to solve the wind abandonment caused by wind power randomness and realize efficient hydrogen production under wide power fluctuation. Firstly, the original wind power data is decomposed into sub-modes with different bandwidth by variational modal decomposition (VMD), which reduces the influence of random noise and mode mixing significantly. Then dragonfly algorithm (DA) is introduced to optimize LSSVM kernel function and the combined ultra-short-term wind power prediction strategy which meets the time resolution and accuracy requirements of electrolytic cell control has been established finally. This model is validated by a wind power hydrogen production demonstration project output in the middle east of China. The superior prediction accuracy for high volatility wind power data is verified and the algorithm provides theoretical basis to improve the control of wind power hydrogen production system.
Compared with independent scheduling, the coupled scheduling of integrated energy system can effectively reduce the operating cost and improve the consumption of renewable energy, which has become a major research hotspot. However, in an integrated system, uncertainties from one area could directly affect another, which could reduce the reliability and result in instability of the whole integrated energy system. This paper constructs a power–gas–heating integrated system based on energy routers and energy routing algorithm to study the day-ahead coordinated optimal scheduling strategy. At the same time, the power and natural gas flow are comprehensively considered, and the structure of the multi-port energy router with integrated energy and the energy routing algorithm are proposed to realize the power optimization and energy routing between the power, gas and heating networks. The numerical case studies illustrate that the energy router and proposed cooperative scheduling strategy can improve the energy supply reliability, scheduling flexibility, renewable energy consumption and economic benefits of the integrated energy system.
Power-to-gas (P2G) technology and renewable energy are widely developed and are at the edge of a mass roll-out. Still, regulatory and economic barriers are the foremost challenge facing P2G technology and renewable energy. This paper investigates the economic and technical feasibility of designing P2G within the energy hub systems under future market conditions. The design of the P2G integrated energy hub (P2G-EH) system is performed with a stochastic dynamic planning method. The proposed planning method is divided into several sub-horizon times, and the optimal size of the system components is determined in each sub-horizons. The proposed P2G system is equipped with a carbon capture unit recovering CO2 emissions from the flue gases of the boiler and combined heat and power system (CHP). In the planning problem, the reliability constraint is considered to evaluate the quality of supplying loads. Moreover, system uncertainty parameters are modeled through the scenario-based stochastic method. The obtained results exhibit that the P2G system has positive effects on mitigating emissions by about 17.7 %, reducing operating costs by 14.6 %, and improving the reliability of thermal loads. With the future expected development of components' capital costs, the P2G system can become a profitable case for integration with the energy hub system. In addition, the implementation of the demand response programs (DRPs) besides the P2G system has a beneficial impact on system performance and reduces the operation and investment costs of the P2G-EH system by 4 % and 24 %, respectively.
A simple novel small-scale time flexible containerized power to ammonia concept, employing conventional technology only, which is going to be realized in 2023 in Italy, is being investigated.
The design focuses on investment cost minimization and time-flexibility, presenting a middle way between large-scale conventional ammonia plants and more sophisticated small-scale power to ammonia designs.
Reducing the investment cost of the cycle components shall be achieved by a simple cycle design and by operating at lower pressures and temperatures.
Time-flexibility, desired for the concept to act as chemical energy storage for the fluctuating renewables, is achieved by the novel cycle design, mainly by electrical start-up heaters.
Process simulation results regarding the optimum sizing of the reactor, reactor temperature profile, and inlet ratio for hydrogen to nitrogen are presented.
Due to the simple design, the resulting energetic degree of efficiency is, as expected, lower than the values in the literature.
Hydrogen is a versatile energy carrier studied and considered to substitute fossil fuels since the seventies after the first energy crisis. Later, a second hydrogen wave due to another crisis occurred. Currently, the world is discussing the third hydrogen wave, for which, unlike the other two waves, its driving force is not the lack of fossil fuels but the imminent climate change. The hydrogen economy is expected to answer the energy storage challenges created by fluctuating electricity generation from renewable energy sources and provide a solution for the decarbonization of high energy demand sectors and the synthesis of many chemicals. Today, governments around the globe are committed to scale-up the hydrogen economy; more than 30 nations have launched a National Hydrogen Plan or Strategy. The hydrogen economy functions with a Power-to-X (PtX) versatile system. Power-to-X (“X” as an energy carrier) refers to hydrogen produced via a carbon-free process and the further storage of this element either as pure hydrogen or converted to an energy carrier that can easily be stored, transported, and used, such as ammonia, methanol and other liquid organic hydrogen carriers. This paper conducts a literature review of the political commitment regarding the hydrogen economy, the status of PtX technologies, and development worldwide. It also compares four different scenarios for green hydrogen storage using various criteria. Power-to-Ammonia, Power-to Methanol, Power-to-Hydrogen blended with natural gas, and Power-to-Liquid hydrogen are evaluated. Conclusively, the four concepts have their advantages and disadvantages, depending on the specific application and related scenario. Germany sponsors most of the research associated with PtX and is the country with the most advanced PtX projects. Therefore, Germany was chosen as a study case for multicriteria evaluation of PtX technologies. Power-to-Ammonia appears to be the best solution.
In order to promote multi-energy complementation and low carbonization, an optimal scheduling model of virtual power plant (VPP) with carbon capture and waste incineration considering power-to-gas coordination is proposed. By introducing the collaborative utilization framework with a carbon capture plant-power to gas (P2G)-gas unit system, the CO2 in the carbon capture can be used as the raw material of P2G, which produces natural gas to be supplied to the gas unit. In addition, the power consumption of the carbon capture and the flue gas treatment can be transferred through joint dispatching to smooth the fluctuation of renewable energy output, so that the wind power and photovoltaic can be indirectly dispatchable and flexibly utilized. In view of the high dimensional nonlinearity of the proposed optimization model and the difficulty in solving it, a new Gaussian compound differential evolution algorithm is designed to solve the model. The simulation results show that the proposed model and method can provide peak load shifting capacity and improve renewable energy consumption, effectively reducing the cost and carbon emission of VPP.
In the energy system transition, energy storage technology is vital for increasing the penetration of renewables, where chemical energy storage is most suitable for long-term grid-scale energy storage. Green ammonia is selected to replace hydrogen for the sake of storage efficiency, safety, and cost. Most time, ammonia is seen as either an energy storage medium or a fuel. However, the dual identity of ammonia as an energy carrier is discussed less. So, this study conceptualizes power-to-ammonia-to-power (P2A2P) and biomass-to-ammonia-to-power (B2A2P) pathways where ammonia is served as an energy carrier for both energy storage and fuel. Eight scenarios involving recent ammonia production and utilization technologies are technically and economically evaluated based on hourly weather and demand data. The results show that the B2A2P pathway presents a better performance because the average energy and exergy efficiencies are hardly influenced by the supply and demand balance of electricity. They can reach 40–50% in contrast to 27–47% in the P2A2P pathway. Besides, the B2A2P pathway provides a considerable amount of ammonia (around 10,000 t/month), which takes the major part of revenues. Although the CAPEX (603.3–675.1 MUSD) and OPEX (30–40 MUSD) in the B2A2P pathway are much higher than that of P2A2P (159.2–181.1 and 6–9 MUSD, respectively), the optimal scenario of the B2A2P pathway has a shorter discounted payback time (six years), and higher net present value (415.5 MUSD).
Tackling climate change requires to decarbonize all energy applications. To that end, producing hydrogen from low-carbon electricity and water by means of water electrolysis is garnering increasing attention. Hydrogen can indeed be used directly or further synthetized into chemical compounds that replace fossil fuels, hence providing a solution to address energy applications ill-suited for direct electrification. This concept, coined as power-to-X (PtX), remains yet in a formative phase characterized by high uncertainty. This paper takes on a technological innovation system (TIS) approach to examining the development of PtX in Europe. TIS surmises that technology diffusion is influenced by the structures of the socio-technical system it is part of and by how the latter functions. The case study engages TIS with the complexity of multi-sectoral, multi-purpose technology and explores the incorporation of social network analysis to scrutinize application configuration. The paper finds that the European PtX-TIS is growing and shows early signs of system building motor of innovation. However, the analysis also suggests that the lack of market formation and the underlying conflicts of interest across its wide actors’ basis might jeopardize its future development.
In order to efficiently choose poor health status networks from many low-voltage distribution networks to optimize and improve them, this paper proposes an evaluation method of health status of low-voltage distribution network based on order relation-entropy method. Firstly, evaluation index system from 6 status indexes is established. Secondly the indexes are processed consistently, and the indexes dimensionless is processed with extreme value. Then order relation analysis combining expertise is utilized to obtain index subjective weight, meanwhile entropy method is utilized to obtain index objective weight. Finally the optimal Lagrange multiplier method is used to obtain comprehensive index weight, then evaluation function is got, and health status of low-voltage distribution networks is assessed by the function. The feasibility and efficiency of the evaluation method are verified by analyzing several low voltage distribution networks in a certain area. © 2017, Power System Protection and Control Press. All right reserved.
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