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DCDB: Chromosome Database of Tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae): Structure, Exploitation, and Recent Development
Abstract
An updated (and now online) version of the former chromosome database of tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) is presented (http://www.delphinieae.online). This new version is the result of an accurate, exhaustive literature and Internet research, by adding chromosome counts and all related karyological information for the genera Aconitum L., Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Wei Wang & Z. D. Chen, Delphinium L. (including Staphisagria Spach), Consolida (DC.) S. F. Gray and Aconitella Spach, accumulated during the approximately last 25 years and that comprise worldwide published data from 1889 to 2021. The Delphinieae Chromosome Database (DCDB) (last updated 31.12.2021) contains a total number of 3435 reports belonging to 425 species (503 taxa), which represents 48.6% of the total species of the tribe (an increase of c. 213% and 32% compared with the 1097 and 2598 reports gathered in the 1999 and 2016 versions, respectively). This increase is due both to chromosome research progress and to improved information capture system. Moreover, recent taxonomic advances, synonymization, and new phylogenetic criteria have also been considered.The DCDB database provides the most complete currently available information on published chromosome numbers, ploidy-level estimates, and other karyological data of Delphinieae, and it is aimed to be useful for the building of cytotaxonomical databases and for specific research ongoing projects of systematics and evolution of Ranunculaceae. DCDB includes two levels of taxonomic resolution, published name (original and standardized form) and database accepted name (based on either Plants of the World – POWO or expert specialist criteria), as well as the geographic origin of each count (country, locality, geographic coordinates, elevation, or ecological information when reported in the original publication), associated karyological data if originally provided (studied material type, graphic information, chromosome measures and formulas, satellites, B chromosomes, other cytogenetic techniques used, etc.), voucher information and reference (with DOI and other links to access the original document). An effort to check the original sources and to search in grey literature allowed to indicate the counts that appear to be registered twice.Key wordsDelphinieaeCytogeneticsKaryologyChromosome number
Aconitum
Delphinium
Consolida
Aconitella
Gymnaconitum
... The information is based on published resources that have been deemed accurate by the authors. The database contains information on 425 species of this tribe (Bosch et al., 2023). The diploid number of chromosomes in Delphinieae ranges from 2n=12 to 2n=64. ...
... The diploid number of chromosomes in Delphinieae ranges from 2n=12 to 2n=64. The most frequently observed karyotype among Delphinieae species is 2n=16 and 2n=32 (Bosch et al., 2023 http://www.delphinieae.online). However, chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=14 to 52 are also present (Bosch et al., 2023). ...
... The most frequently observed karyotype among Delphinieae species is 2n=16 and 2n=32 (Bosch et al., 2023 http://www.delphinieae.online). However, chromosome numbers ranging from 2n=14 to 52 are also present (Bosch et al., 2023). Aconitum has the most variation in chromosome numbers (Supplementary Table 1). ...
The complex zygomorphic flowers of the early-diverging eudicot Delphinium provide an opportunity to explore intriguing evolutionary, developmental, and genetic questions. The dorsal perianth organs, consisting of a spurred sepal and the nectar-bearing spurred petal(s) in Delphinium, contribute to the dorso-ventralization and zygomorphic flower morphology. The seamless integration of the two or three dorsal petaloid spurred organs is considered a synorganization, and the resulting organ complex is referred to as a hyperorgan. The hyperorgan shows variability within the tribe due to variation in the number, size, and shape of the spurs. Research in recent decades within this tribe has enhanced our understanding of morphological evolution of flowers. More recently, functional studies using the RNAi approach of Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) have unraveled interesting results highlighting the role of gene duplication in the functional diversification of organ identity and symmetry genes. Research in this early-diverging eudicot genus bridges the gaps in understanding the morphological innovations that are mostly studied in model grass and core eudicot clades. This first comprehensive review synthesizes eco-evo-devo research on Delphinium, developing a holistic understanding of recent advancements and establishing the genus as an exceptional model for addressing fundamental questions in developmental genetics, particularly in the evolution of complex flowers. This progress highlights Delphinium’s significant potential for future studies in this field.
Recent molecular phylogenetic studies have indicated that Aconitella is embedded in Consolida , which in turn is embedded in Delphinium . We choose not to split the genus Delphinium (c. 300 species), as it is horticulturally and pharmaceutically important, by conserving a broad Delphinium by transferring the names from Consolida and Aconitella to Delphinium s.lat., and more precisely in the resurrected D. subg. Consolida. Including 58 species of Aconitella and Consolida within Delphinium causes fewer nomenclatural overall changes than do alternative schemes because most of the species of Aconitella and Consolida were once named under the name Delphinium . We present here the list of synonyms for the species once named under Consolida or Aconitella and gather the information relative to the types of these names. Two new combinations are provided, and 21 lectotypes are designated here.
The endemic flora is the heart of our understanding of the current biodiversity hotspots, and plays a critical role to conceive successful management strategies for global biodiversity conservation. In Iraq territory context, despite its high plant diversity value, the endemicity is still largely under-investigated and there is no updated database of the Iraqi endemic flora. Therefore, this study sets out to present an updated list of the endemic plant species in Iraq, including a quantitative analysis of their floristic analysis, biological life forms, and geographical distribution. This first Iraqi endemic list can be seen as the first step towards better understanding of the floristic diversity, and can play an important role for future conservation priorities. This endemic list was based initially on the classical flora of Iraq and it has been completed and refining according to the floras of the neighbouring countries. To establish an updated list, it has been added all the Iraqi endemic taxa newly described by retrieving it from the botanical papers and taxonomical websites. For each endemic taxa researcher has provided the following floristic baseline: scientific name, family, phytogeographical distribution, elevation range, biological life forms, and IUCN assessment. The results of this floristic investigation present for the first time an updated endemic list of Iraqi plant species which contains a total of 174 endemic taxa(153 species, 11 subspecies, 10 varieties) in 27 families and 75 genera. They represent an endemicity rate of 5.3% of the total estimated flora of Iraq, which constitutes a low level compared to those of neighboring Irano- Anatolian countries. The family Asteraceae, Papilionaceae, Boraginaceae and Apiaceae are the richest flowering families. The life biological forms indicate that a major part of endemic taxa are chamaephytes (44%) and perennial hemicryptophytes (32%) as an adaptation indicator to the dry-harsh environmental conditions of the Irano-Anatolian mountainous areas. These floristic quantitative analysis support the idea that the species richness and endemicity are not uniformly distributed within the altitudinal gradient and phytogeographical districts of Iraq. For instance, a significant part of the Iraqi endemic taxa concentrate on the Zagrosian foothills and the mountain range between 1000 and 1700. The most striking findings were that only one taxon on average per year was newly described for Iraq, over the last 20 years, compared to around 50 taxa for Iran and Turkey confirming its status of the floristic knowledge coldspot. The current findings add substantially to our understanding of the endemism diversity in Iraqi Zagrosian part, and can serve as a base for future floristic investigation and biodiversity conservation studies
In this contribution, new chromosome data obtained on material collected in Italy are presented. It includes counts from six populations of three taxa within the genus Pulmonaria , two of which are endemic to Italy (P. vallarsae subsp. apennina and P. vallarsae subsp. vallarsae); the other is the widespread European P. officinalis . In addition, two counts from Potentilla detommasii and Stachys thirkei , two eastern Mediterranean species, are also reported.
The study of intracellular gene transfer may allow for the detection of interesting evolutionary processes such as ancient polyploidization. We compared 24 plastid genomes (plastomes) from tribe Delphinieae, one from tribe Nigelleae and one from tribe Ranunculeae, including five newly sequenced genomes. The functional transfers of the plastids rpl32 and rps16 to the nucleus in tribe Delphinieae were identified. Unexpectedly, we discovered multiple divergent copies of the nuclear-encoded plastid rpl32 in the genus Aconitum. Phylogenetic and synonymous substitution rate analyses revealed that the nuclear-encoded plastid rpl32 underwent two major duplication events. These ancient gene duplication events probably occurred via multiple polyploidization events in Aconitum between 11.9 and 24.7 Mya. Furthermore, our sequence rate analysis indicated that the eight plastid-encoded rpl subunits in Aconitum had a significantly accelerated evolutionary rate compared to those in other genera, suggesting that highly divergent paralogs targeted to the plastid may contribute to an elevated rate of evolution in plastid rpl genes. In addition, heteroplasmy of the plastid matK from two Aconitum species suggested the existence of potentially functional plastid maturases in its plastome. Our results provide insight into the evolutionary history of the tribe Delphinieae.
The content of DNA in the somatic, unreplicated cell nuclei (genome size) and DNA base composition (GC content) are the basic genomic parameters that can be measured by flow cytometry. Genome size, or ploidy level, can affect many plant properties and are therefore included as important features in modern biological floras and plant trait databases. However, genomic data are still largely measured mainly for taxonomic and biosystematic purposes, and despite the popularity of flow cytometry in the Czech Republic, this information is still missing for many of the vascular plants in the Czech flora. The biological significance of the GC content is less clear compared to the genome size, which, along with the greater difficulty in measuring it, results in the absence of such information for the vastmajority of species. Here, we measure these two genomic parameters for 1908 samples of 1700 species in the Czech vascular flora. Here for the first time are reported the genome sizes of more than 1000 species and GC contents of more than 1500 species, which more than doubles the amount of information on the GC content of vascular plants. Together with the published data obtained in our laboratory using the same methods and flow cytometers, this information is now available for 1910 species that occur in the Czech Republic (~83% of this country’s permanent flora, excluding apomicts). They are summarized in a table, accompanied by information about assumed chromosome number, ploidy level and an estimate of the monoploid genome size.We further provide a descriptive analysis of this dataset, list extreme values and comment on some cytogeographically interesting findings. This dataset is the largest and most comprehensive set of genomic data covering almost the entire flora of a country. It will serve as the basis of the karyological traits section of the Czech plant trait database Pladias (www.pladias.cz) and for testing of hypotheses about the evolution and biological relevance of these genomic parameters.
The location of 5S and 35S rDNA sequences in chromosomes of four Aconitum subsp. Aconitum species was analyzed after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Both in diploids (2n = 2x = 16; Aconitum variegatum, A. degenii) and tetraploids (2n = 4× = 32; A. firmum, A. plicatum), rDNA repeats were localized exclusively on the shorter arms of chromosomes, in subterminal or pericentromeric sites. All analyzed species showed similar basal genome size (Cx = 5.31–5.71 pg). The most striking features of tetraploid karyotypes were the conservation of diploid rDNA loci and emergence of many additional 5S rDNA clusters. Chromosomal distribution of excessive ribosomal sites suggests their role in the secondary diploidization of tetraploid karyotypes.
A karyological study of 38 populations belonging to 8 taxa of the genus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) from the W Mediterranean Area is presented here. Karyotype microphotographs and corresponding idiograms for all taxa are provided and their karyotype morphology is discussed.
A literature survey of chromosome number counts was made for the tribe Delphinieae, which includes the genera Aconitum, Delphinium, Consolida, and Aconitella. 1097 reports are presented corresponding to 327 species, representing about 40 % of the total species number of the tribe. The basic number is universally x = 8 and ploidy levels found are 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, and 8x. Some disploidy cases have been described, although this phenomenon is very rare within the tribe. Poliploidy is more frequent in perennial taxa (Aconitum and Delphinium) whereas in annuals disploidy takes more importance. In 13 species more than one different chromosome number has been reported and 54 species showed different ploidy levels. Our objective was to provide a complete information on chromosome numbers of Delphinieae species and to point out gaps that need to be addressed.
A new version of the earlier chromosome database of tribe Delphinieae is presented (v. 2.0, updated 23/4/2016 and available online at http://hdl.handle.net/2445/98702), after an accurate extensive literature and Internet survey, by adding the chromosome counts for the genera Aconitum L. [including Gymnaconitum (Stapf) Wei Wang & Z. D. Chen], Delphinium L. (including Staphisagria Spach), Consolida (DC.) S. F. Gray and Aconitella Spach, accumulated in the last 17 years. A total number of 2598 reports are presented, belonging to 389 species and to a total of 467 taxa, and representing 44.5% of the total species number of the tribe (an increase of c. 137% compared with the 1097 reports gathered in the 1999 version). This increase is due both to chromosome research progress (analysed as counts/year) and an improved information capture system (including checking of populations location through Cyrillic alphabet, and Japanese and Chinese writing systems). Additionally, recent taxonomic advances, synonimization and new phylogenetic criteria have also been taken into account. The main basic number x = 8 is found at 2x, 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, and 8x ploidy levels, whereas x = 9 is much rarer. Polyploidy is more frequent in perennial taxa (Aconitum and Delphinium s. str.) whereas in annuals, disploidy (both increasing and decreasing) takes more importance and should be considered as a source of new evolutionary opportunities. The most frequent counts are 2n = 16 and 32, but counts of 2n = 12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 34, 40, 46, 48, 52, and 64 have also been recorded. In 20 species more than one different chromosome number has been reported and 81 species showed different ploidy levels. The Delphinieae Chromosome Database (DCDB) provides the most complete current available information on chromosome numbers of Delphinieae, yearly updated, and aimed to be useful for general building of cytotaxonomical databases and for specific research ongoing projects of systematics of Ranunculaceae. It is based in MsAccess/MsExcel software, and includes three levels of taxonomic resolution (published name, database accepted name, and Plant List standard name), and the geographic origin of each count (country, and population when provided in the original source).
Chromosomal speciation processes gain increasing attention in plant systematics and evolution, and new approaches revealed a high diversity in chromosome numbers even within recognized taxa. Reliable counts linked to known accessions are thus needed yet often hardly available. We present a new online database for chromosome counts and ploidy estimates of the flora of Germany with a detailed documentation of the examined material, and its sampling locality. The chromosome database builds upon a relational database and includes standardized taxon identification, study date, georeferenced locality and additional collection as well as publication details from which the karyological information was extracted. In order to reach the best compatibility with other botanical publications of the study region, taxonomic concepts and nomenclature follow the ‘‘Rothmaler’’, a widely accepted field flora of vascular plants in Germany. Our online database is available at http://chromosomes.senckenberg.de . The site consists of the main page with project information, a search tool, an interactive map display, a contact and a data submission form. The zoomable map shows the localities of the search result, allows to refine the geographic search as well as to select individual data points.
The first molecular phylogenies of the flowering plant family Ranunculaceae were published more than twenty years ago, and have led to major changes in the infrafamilial classification. However, the current phylogeny is not yet well supported, and relationships among subfamilies and tribes of Ranunculaceae remain an open question. Eight molecular markers from the three genomes (nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial) were selected to investigate these relationships, including new markers for the family (two homologs of the nuclear CYCLOIDEA gene, the chloroplast gene ndhF, and the mitochondrial intron nad4-I1). The combination of multiple markers led to better resolution and higher support of phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies of Ranunculaceae, and among tribes within subfamily Ranunculoideae. Our results challenge the monophyly of Ranunculoideae as currently circumscribed due to the position of tribe Adonideae (Ranunculoideae), sister to Thalictroideae. We suggest that Thalictroideae could be merged with Ranunculoideae in an enlarged single subfamily.
Mediterranean chromosome number reports – 25
edited by G. Kamari, C. Blanché & S. Siljak-Yakovlev
Abstract
Kamari, G., Blanché, C. & Siljak-Yakovlev, S. (eds): Mediterranean chromosome number
reports – 25. — Fl. Medit. 25: 143-167. 2015. — ISSN: 1120-4052 printed, 2240-4538 online.
This is the twenty-fifth of a series of reports of chromosomes numbers from Mediterranean area, peri-Alpine communities and the Atlantic Islands, in English or French language. It comprises contributions on 23 taxa: Sisymbrium, Eremobium, Erysimum and Schouwia from Libya and
Egypt, by F. Altınordu, K. Abdel Khalik & E. Martin (Nos 1845-1849)
Database of published chromosome numbers and ploidy-level estimates of the tribe Alysseae is presented, together with the revised generic concept and the list of accepted names, to reflect the most recent taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in Alysseae. It is available on-line at www.alysseae.sav.sk. The tribe encompasses 24 genera and 277 species. Chromosome numbers and/or ploidy levels are known for 171 out of 297 recognized taxa. Of these, 95 (55.6 %) taxa are diploids, 43 (25.1 %) are polyploids, and 33 (19.3 %) involve both diploids and polyploids. The most common base chromosome number in the tribe is x = 8 and less frequent is x = 7. The highest variation in base chromosome numbers (x = 7, 8, 11, 15) is found in the genus Hormathophylla. A key to all genera and descriptions of the two new genera Cuprella and Resetnikia are presented. Many new nomenclatural combinations, mainly in the re-established Odontarrhena (77), are proposed.
Until now, basic karyological parameters were used in different ways by researchers to infer karyological relationships among organisms. In the present study, we propose a standardized approach to this aim, integrating six different, not redundant, parameters in a multivariate PCoA analysis. These parameters are chromosome number, basic chromosome number, total haploid chromosome length, MCA (Mean Centromeric Asymmetry), CVCL (Coefficient of Variation of Chromosome Length) and CVCI (Coefficient of Variation of Centromeric Index). The method is exemplified with the application to several plant taxa, and its significance and limits are discussed in the light of current phylogenetic knowledge of these groups.
Caryologia: International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: (2014): An overview of chromosome and basic numbers diversity in cytologically investigated polypetalous genera from the Western Himalayas (India), Caryologia: International Journal of Cytology, Cytosystematics and Cytogenetics, DOI: 10.1080/00087114.2013.856088 makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the "Content") contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at
The monophyly of traditional Aconitum remains unresolved, owing to the controversial systematic position and taxonomic treatment of the monotypic, Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau endemic A. subg. Gymnaconitum. In this study, we analyzed two datasets using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods: (1) two markers (ITS, trnL-F) of 285 Delphinieae species, and (2) six markers (ITS, trnL-F, trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, trnS-trnG, rbcL) of 32 Delphinieae species. All our analyses show that traditional Aconitum is not monophyletic and that subgenus Gymnaconitum and a broadly defined Delphinium form a clade. The SOWH tests also reject the inclusion of subgenus Gymnaconitum in traditional Aconitum. Subgenus Gymnaconitum markedly differs from other species of Aconitum and other genera of tribe Delphinieae in many non-molecular characters. By integrating lines of evidence from molecular phylogeny, divergence times, morphology, and karyology, we raise the mono-typic A. subg. Gymnaconitum to generic status.
Molecular sequence data show that the three species oDelphinium subg. Staphisagria (J. Hill) Peterm. form the sister clade to Aconitum L., Aconitella SpachConsolida (DC.) S.F. Gray, and all remaining species of Delphinium L. To account for this finding we resurrect Staphisagria J. Hill (1756). Names in Staphisagria are available for two of the species. We here make the required new combination for the third species, Staphisagria picta (Willd.) F. Jabbour, provide a key to the species, and illustrate one of them.
Chromosome numbers of 101 taxa of the genus Cardamine (altogether 3020 records) are included in an on-line karyological database, which is presented in this paper. Information about chromosome numbers is taken from 234 literature sources. Each database record includes name of taxon, data on chromosomes, data on the origin of the material, data on the voucher specimen and place of publication. More than half of the species for which chromosome data are available is either entirely polyploid or contains both diploid and polyploid populations. There is an apparent geographical bias in the available data as most of the chromosome counts were done on material from Europe.
CromoCat is a plant chromosome database that evolved from previous versions, as a repository of karyological information on the vascular flora of the Catalan Countries. CromoCat is designed as an independent database, managed by a team based at the University of Barcelona directed by J. Simon, available from its own webpage ( http://www.cromo.cat/ ) and from the Flora section of the Catalan Biodiversity Database - BDBC ( http://biodiver.bio.ub.es ). CromoCat contains at present (mid 2022) more than 68,000 records of karyological data belonging to more than 5000 taxa. A synthesis of the development of CromoCat, its functional system, achievements, limitations, and adopted solutions, during 25 years (1996-2021) and updated 2022, as well as the application to biodiversity conservation and management are outlined.
In order to gain better knowledge of the number and morphology of chromosomes in Aconitum subgen. Lycoctonum in China, 60 populations belonging to 20 species were cytologically studied. Chromosome numbers of six species (A. apetalum, A. finetianum, A. fletcheranum, A. longecassidatum, A. umbrosum and A. wangyedianense) are here reported for the first time. One species, A. fletcheranum, has 2n = 12, and thus is a diploid based on x = 6, a new base chromosome number for the genus Aconitum. Most of the remaining taxa are diploid (2n = 16) based on x = 8, but five taxa (A. angustius, A. brevicalcaratum var. brevicalcaratum, A. brevicalcaratum var. parviflorum, A.chrysotrichum and A. crassiflorum) are tetraploid with 2n = 32, and one species (A. apetalum) is hexaploid with 2n = 48, the highest ploidy level currently known in the subgenus. Disregarding differences in the presence or absence and number of satellites, the karyotypes of all the 2n = 16 species are quite uniform (2n = 2m + 6sm + 8st), but A. novoluridum, the only species of A. section Alatospermum, has an intrachromosomally less asymmetric karyotype (2n = 2m + 14sm), which lends further support for the primitive condition of its section as inferred from gross-morphology. Chromosomal variation in the subgenus and the relationships of some of the species are discussed.
Die europäischen Sippen der A. napellus ‐Gruppe werden in der vorliegenden Studie morphologisch (ca. 4000 Herbarpflanzen) sowie zytologisch (34 Populationen) untersucht.
Außerordentlich hohe Variabilität und Merkmalsarmut erschweren eine natürliche Gliederung der Gruppe.
Von 29 Arten, die in der letzten Gesamtbearbeitung für Europa durch Gayer und andere Autoren bis 1939 aufgestellt wurden, konnten nur 3 als Art aufrecht erhalten werden.
Die Hauptart A. napellus wird in 9 Subspezies unterteilt, die z. T. sehr eng miteinander verwandt sind und sich nicht immer deutlich abgrenzen lassen.
Die Unterarten bastardieren an den sich überlappenden Arealrändern, häufig treten auch Introgressionen auf. Künstlich hergestellte Bastarde zwischen den Unterarten sind in der F 1 ‐Generation voll fertil.
Es werden die Chromosomenzahlen von 8 Sippen der A. napellus ‐Gruppe (und 3 der A. variegatum ‐Gruppe) erstmals festgestellt: alle Vertreter der A. napellus ‐Gruppe sind einheitlich tetraploid, nur die endemische Art der Julischen Alpen, A. angustifolium , besitzt eine hexaploide Chromosomenzahl. Die A. variegatum ‐Gruppe verharrt konstant auf der diploiden Stufe.
Zwischen Ploidiestufe und Pollengröße besteht auch bei Aconitum eine gewisse Korrelation.
A. angustifolium wird als allopolyploider Bastard zwischen A. variegatum s. lat. und A. napellus ssp. tauricum gedeutet und in einer eigenen Subsektion abgetrennt.
Als ursprünglichste Sippen der A. napellus ‐Diachore in Europa werden die südliche Reliktart A. divergens und die östliche Unterart aus der Tatra, ssp. skerisorae , angenommen.
Es wird versucht, die Nomenklatur auf einen dem Code von 1961 entsprechenden, legitimen Stand zu bringen.
The Mediterranean and Irano-Turanian biogeographic regions are biodiversity hotspots for mesophytic and xerophytic species, including many Delphinieae. This phylogenetically poorly understood tribe of Ranunculaceae consists of Consolida and Aconitella, with together ca. 52 species, and Delphinium and Aconitum, each with ca. 300 species. To infer the phylogeny of Consolida and Aconitella, we analyzed nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences from 39 of their species and subspecies (44 taxa) plus a set of 30 exemplar species of Delphinium and Aconitum. We used a Bayesian relaxed clock model to estimate divergence times and a maximum likelihood approach to reconstruct ancestral areas. Aconitella forms a clade embedded in Consolida, and the latter is embedded in Delphinium. Consolida s.l. (including Aconitella) comprises two clades in the Irano-Turanian region and three in the Mediterranean basin. The latter clades' inferred crown ages of 5.1, 4.4, and 2.8 Ma suggests that the repeated drying-up of the Mediterranean, concomitant with and following the Messinian salinity crisis (5.96-5.33 Ma), may have facilitated their westward expansion. While there is clear geographic structure towards the tips of the Consolida s.l. tree, a likely ancestral area could not be inferred. However, the initial diversification of Consolida s.l., which occurred ca. 17 Ma ago, falls in a period when the climate in the Anatolian region became more arid, which may have favoured the annual life cycle that characterizes all species in this clade. To achieve a classification of mutually monophyletic genera in Delphinieae may require transferring the species of Aconitella and Consolida into Delphinium.
The chromosome numbers and morphology in 92 populations belonging to 49 species and three varieties in the genus Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae), mostly from the Hengduan Mountains region of south-west China, were studied. Forty seven species and three varieties were diploid, with 2n = 16, one species was tetraploid, with 2n = 32, and one species had diploid and tetraploid cytotypes. Three species had B chromosomes, representing the first time the occurrence of B chromosomes has been reported in the genus. The karyotypes of all the diploid species were quite uniform, commonly bimodal, and usually consisted of one pair of large median-centromeric (m), one pair of large submedian-centromeric (sm), five pairs of medium-sized subterminal-centromeric (st), and one pair of smaller sm (rarely st) chromosomes. The low incidence of polyploids in Delphinium from the Hengduan Mountains region indicates that polyploidy has played a minor role in the speciation of this highly diversified genus in the region. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 158, 172–188.
The tribe Delphinieae (Ranunculaceae) comprises two species-rich genera, Aconitum and Delphinium, the latter including Consolida and Aconitella. The 650-700 species are distributed in Eurasia and North America; three species occur on tropical African mountains. Maximum likelihood analyses of 2088 aligned nucleotides of plastid and nuclear sequences obtained from up to 185 species of Delphinieae from throughout the geographic range (plus relevant outgroups) show that three short-lived (facultative annual or biennial) Mediterranean species belonging to Delphinium subgenus Staphisagria are the sister clade to all other Delphinieae, implying that Staphisagria needs to be raised to genus status if Delphinium and Aconitum are to become mutually monophyletic. Molecular clock dating suggests an origin of the sampled Delphinieae in the Early Oligocene (c. 32.3 Ma) and expansion to North America of Aconitum and Delphinium around 3.3 and 2.9 Ma ago, respectively; the East African Mts. were reached by long-distance dispersal some 2.4 Ma ago, coincident with the major uplift of the East African Rift system. The ancestral growth form of the Delphinieae could not be reconstructed, but Late Miocene bursts in diversification rates in the Himalayan and southwestern Chinese clades of Aconitum and Delphinium appear to be associated with transitions from short-lived to long-lived life histories.
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The genus Delphinium L. from the Hengduan Mountains region in southwestern China: taxonomy and cytology
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Yuan Q (2006) The genus Delphinium L. from
the Hengduan Mountains region in southwestern China: taxonomy and cytology. PhD dissertation, Institute of Botany, Chinese
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Taxonomic revision of Aconitum L. subgenus Lycoctonum (DC.) Peterm. (Ranunculaceae) from China
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Karyological study of genus Delphinium L. in Bulgaria. Ann Univ Sofia "Kliment Ohridski
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Mediterranean chromosome number reports 25
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Historical note on the taxonomy of the genus Delphinium L. (Ranunculaceae) with an amended description of its floral morphology
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Historical note on the taxonomy of the genus
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Taxonomic revision of Aconitum L. (Ranunculaceae) from Sichuan, with a study on the phylogeny of this genus based on molecular evidence
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Luo Y (2003) Taxonomic revision of Aconitum
L. (Ranunculaceae) from Sichuan, with a study
on the phylogeny of this genus based on
molecular evidence. PhD dissertation. Institute
of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Cytology of some species in the Ranunculaceae from China and revision of some species in Ranunculus. MSc thesis. South China Botanical Garden
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Zhang M (2020) Cytology of some species in
the Ranunculaceae from China and revision of
some species in Ranunculus. MSc thesis. South
China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of
Sciences. University of Chinese Academy of
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Obsah DNA a AT/GC genomový poměr v čeledi Ranunculaceae (Genome size & genomic base composition in Ranunculaceae)
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Polyploidy and segregation analyses in Delphinium gypsophilum (Ranunculaceae)
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