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Effect of a selected Ayurvedic herbal formula in the management of Dadru Kushta (Tinea): A critical analysis
Abstract
Most people experience skin conditions like Dadru (ring worm) on a daily basis. The skin is the biggest organ in the human body and protects the body from pathogen invasion. In Ayurveda, all skin disorders were addressed under the term Kushta (skin diseases). Dadru is one of the most common skin disorders according to Ayurveda. The affected population is 15% of the total. Cassia fistula (Āragvadha) grinded with Kādi (Vinegar) was the chosen paste from an authentic text and this review's objective was to investigate how this selected paste from the Bhaisajyaratnāvali text manages to treat Dadru. Information about Dadru was acquired from Ayurvedic scriptures, contemporary texts and earlier research studies (from primary and secondary sources). A survey of the literature was done on this paste and examined for their Pancha Padārtha (5 elements of herb) and pharmacological qualities regarding in the management of Dadru. Ayurvedic Pancha Padārtha study has revealed that selected paste has anti-fungal effects. The majority of studies have demonstrated the anti-fungal effects of selected paste, but some articles have also highlighted additional qualities that aid in lowering infection in Dadru having individuals. According to a literature review and Pancha Padārtha analysis selected paste is useful in the treatment of Dadru.
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This study was designed to assess the antimicrobial potencies of apple vinegar against pathogenic microbes. The acidity and total phenolic content were carried out by titration with NaOH 0.1 N and the Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively, while the spread plate method, agar well diffusion, and MIC assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of different vinegar samples. Acidity and phenolic content were dependent on the variety, where the highest values were observed in S2 with 4.02 ± 0.04% and 1.98 ± 0.05 mg GAE/mL for acidity and total phenolic content, respectively. The spread plate method revealed that samples S1 and S2 obtained from the Red delicious variety and Golden delicious variety, respectively, inhibit the growth of all tested strains, while S3 obtained from different varieties and S4 obtained from the Gala royal variety inhibit only two microbes (Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae). Sample S1 presented moderate antimicrobial effect against all examined strains with a diameter of inhibition ranging from 11 ± 0.7 to 19 ± 0.5 mm and with MIC values ranging between 1/2 and 1/100. The findings of the current study confirm the usefulness of apple vinegar as a natural sanitizer that inhibits the growth of pathogenic microbes.
Cassia fistula L is a medium sized tree and its parts are used in folk medicines for bacterial and fungal diseases. Aqueous extraction of plant materials such as leaf and bark were investigated for anti-microbial property without changing concentration. Results of this study revealed that all extracts had good inhibitory activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The clear zone for Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli were found with the diameter of 2.5 cm and 2.9 cm respectively, though the inhibitory diameter of Staphylococcus aureus was smaller than the streptomycin control. Antifungal activity of bark and leaf extract of C. fistula against Aspergillus showed the highest inhibitory growth (64.3%). The findings exhibit that leaf and bark extracts have broad spectrum activity and there is a possibility in treatment of infectious diseases.
p class="keywords">Vinegar is widely available as a food ingredient for flavouring and as a preservative. It is one of the oldest skin remedy known to mankind. However, its status in treatment regimens has declined over the decades. This article is an attempt to highlight its therapeutic armamentarium in dermatology, venereology and leprosy. Acetic acid in vinegar has antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. This review talks about various studies of acetic acid for various indications, such as screening for cervical cancer, healing of chronic wounds, atopic dermatitis, onychomycosis, marine dermatoses, acne vulgaris, warts, in sclerotherapy and many others dermatoses. Combination therapies and newer indications are also described in this article. Recently, its antiviral action in vitro has been demonstrated against the ongoing coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.</p
Background: Tinea corporis is a common fungal infection that mimics many other annular lesions. Physicians must familiarize themselves with this condition and its treatment.
Objective: This article aimed to provide a narrative updated review on the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of tinea corporis.
Methods: A PubMed search was performed with Clinical Queries using the key term ‘tinea corporis.’ The search strategy included clinical trials, meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and reviews. The search was restricted to the English language. The information retrieved from the mentioned search was used in the compilation of the present article.
Results: Tinea corporis typically presents as a well-demarcated, sharply circumscribed, oval or circular, mildly erythematous, scaly patch or plaque with a raised leading edge. Mild pruritus is common. The diagnosis is often clinical but can be difficult with prior use of medications, such as calcineurin inhibitors or corticosteroids. Dermoscopy is a useful and non-invasive diagnostic tool. If necessary, the diagnosis can be confirmed by microscopic examination of potassium hydroxide wetmount preparations of skin scrapings from the active border of the lesion. Fungal culture is the gold standard to diagnose dermatophytosis especially if the diagnosis is in doubt and results of other tests are inconclusive or the infection is widespread, severe, or resistant to treatment. The standard treatment of tinea corporis is with topical antifungals. Systemic antifungal treatment is indicated if the lesion is multiple, extensive, deep, recurrent, chronic, or unresponsive to topical antifungal treatment, or if the patient is immunodeficient.
Conclusion: The diagnosis of tinea corporis is usually clinical and should pose no problem to the physician provided the lesion is typical. However, many clinical variants of tinea corporis exist, rendering the diagnosis difficult especially with prior use of medications, such as calcineurin inhibitors or corticosteroids. As such, physicians must be familiar with this condition so that an accurate diagnosis can be made and appropriate treatment initiated.
While the use of vinegar to fi ght against infections and other crucial conditions dates back to Hippocrates, recent research has foundthat vinegar consumption has a positive effect on biomarkers for diabetes, cancer, and heart diseases. Different types of vinegar have been
used in the world during different time periods. Vinegar is produced by a fermentation process. Foods with a high content of carbohydrates area good source of vinegar. Review of the results of different studies performed on vinegar components reveals that the daily use of these components has a healthy impact on the physiological and chemical structure of the human body. During the era of Hippocrates, people used vinegar as a medicine to treat wounds, which means that vinegar is one of the ancient foods used as folk medicine. The purpose of the current reviewpaper is to provide a detailed summary of the outcome of previous studies emphasizing the role of vinegar in treatment of different diseasesboth in acute and chronic conditions, its in vivo mechanism and the active role of different bacteria.
The identification of phytochemical compounds is based on the peak area, retention time molecular weight, molecular formula, MS Fragment- ions and Pharmacological actions. GC-MS analysis of Cassia fistula revealed the existence of the Oxacyclododecan-2-one, Imidazole ,2-amino-5-[(2-carboxy)vinyl], D-Glucose , 6-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl, 2-Nonanone, Eicosanoic acid , phenylmethyl ester, Phenol , 4-(2-propenyl), Eugenol, Caryophyllene, ß-copaene, Azulene,1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-octahydro-1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl), α-acorenol, Spiro[5.5]undec-8-en-1-one, Isoaromadendrene epoxide, Tetraacetyl-d-xylonic nitrile , Benzyl Benzoate, N-Isobutyl-(2E,4Z,8Z,10E)-dodecatetraenamide, Phenethylamine , 3-benzyloxy-2-fluoro-ß-hydroxy, 4a-Hydroxy-4-nitroperhydronaphthalen-1-one, Dasycarpidan -1-methanol, acetate (ester), Propanoic acid , 2-(3-acetoxy-4,4,14-trimethylandrost-8-en-17-yl), Carda-4,20(22)-dienolide,3-[(6-deoxy-3-O-methyl-α-L-mannopyranosyl, Cis-13-Eicosenoic acid , 16-Nitrobicyclo[10.4.0]hexadecane-1-ol-13-one, Strychane ,1-acetyl-20α-hydroxy-16-methylene, 2,4,6-Decatrienoic acid , 1a,2,5,5a,6,9,10,10a-octahydro-5,5a-dihydro, Vitamin E and Glycine ,N-[(3α,5ß,12α)-3,12-dihydroxy-24-oxocholan-24-yl]. The FTIR analysis of Cassia fistula leaves proved the presence of Alkenes, Aliphatic fluoro compounds, Alcohols, Ethers, Carboxlic acids, Esters, Nitro Compounds, Alkanes, Alcohols and Phenol. Cassia fistula was highly active against Aspergillus terreus (6.99±0.29). Methanolic extract of bioactive compounds of Cassia fistula was assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against eleven pathogenic bacteria by using the diffusion method in agar. The zone of inhibition were compared with different standard antibiotics. The diameters of inhibition zones ranged from 1.00±0.05 to 6.02±0.23 mm for all treatments.
The prevalence of superficial mycotic infection worldwide is 20-25% of which dermatophytes are the most common agents. Recent developments in understanding the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis have confirmed the central role of cell-mediated immunity in countering these infections. Hence, a lack of delayed hypersensitivity reaction in presence of a positive immediate hypersensitivity (IH) response to trichophytin antigen points toward the chronicity of disease. Diagnosis, though essentially clinical should be confirmed by laboratory-based investigations. Several new techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mass spectroscopy can help to identify the different dermatophyte strains. Management involves the use of topical antifungals in limited disease, and oral therapy is usually reserved for more extensive cases. The last few years have seen a significant rise in the incidence of chronic dermatophyte infections of skin which have proven difficult to treat. However, due to the lack of updated national or international guidelines on the management of tinea corporis, cruris, and pedis, treatment with systemic antifungals is often empirical. The present review aims to revisit this important topic and will detail the recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedia while highlighting the lack of clarity of certain management issues.
ABSTRACT: Cassia fistula Linn. (Family: Caesalpinaceae), commonly known ‘Sonali’ or ‘Bandarlati’, has been used in different traditional system of medicines for various ailments since ancient times. Cassia fistula grows throughout in Bangladesh and in many other Asian countries such as India, China, Hong Kong, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review on the phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Cassia fistula. In traditional medicine, it has been used in the treatment of diabetes, hematemesis, leucoderma, pruritis, intestinal disorder and as antipyretics, analgesic and laxative. The fruits, stem bark, and leaves of this plant contain a variety of biologically active compounds such as anthraquinones, flavonoids, flavon-3-ol derivatives, alkaloid, glycosides, tannin, saponin, terpenoids, reducing sugar and steroids those have various medicinal properties. The fruit and stem bark extract shows various activities like antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, hepato-protective, antimicrobial, antitumor, antiulcer etc. The article reviews the various activities of the plant.
This study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of leaves of Cassia fistula Linn. The aim of the study is to assess the antimicrobial activity and to determine the zone of inhibition of extracts on some bacterial and fungal strains. In the present study, the microbial activity of hydroalcohol extracts of leaves of Cassia fistula Linn. (an ethnomedicinal plant) was evaluated for potential antimicrobial activity against medically important bacterial and fungal strains. The antimicrobial activity was determined in the extracts using agar disc diffusion method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of extracts (5, 25, 50, 100, 250 μg/ml) of Cassia fistula were tested against two Gram-positive-Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes; two Gram-negative-Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa human pathogenic bacteria; and three fungal strains-Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus, Candida albicans. Zone of inhibition of extracts were compared with that of different standards like ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and nystatin and griseofulvin for antifungal activity. The results showed that the remarkable inhibition of the bacterial growth was shown against the tested organisms. The phytochemical analyses of the plants were carried out. The microbial activity of the Cassia fistula was due to the presence of various secondary metabolites. Hence, these plants can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as leads in the development of new pharmaceuticals research activities.
Cassia fistula Linn. which belongs to family Leguminosae is a medium-sized tree and its different parts are used in ayurvedic medicine as well as home remedies for common ailments. Sequential extraction was carried out using solvents viz. petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol, methanol and water from leaf of the plant were investigated for preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial property. Results of the study showed that all the extracts had good inhibitory activity against Gram-positive test organism. Although all five extracts showed promising antibacterial activity against test bacterial species, yet maximum activity was observed in ethanol extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged in between 94 to 1 500 μg/ml. Evaluation of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, protein and amino acids, saponins, and triterpenoids revealed the presence of most of constituents in polar extracts (ethanol, methanol, and aqueous) compared with nonpolar extracts (petroleum ether and chloroform). Furthermore, the ethanol extract was subjected to TLC bioautography and time-kill study against Staphylococcus epidermidis. All the findings exhibit that the leaf extracts have broad-spectrum activity and suggest its possible use in treatment of infectious diseases.
Cassia fistula L belongs to the family Leguminosae, and it is one of the most popular herbal products in tropical countries. C. fistula seeds have been used as a herbal medicine and have pharmacological activity which includes anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and antioxidant properties. The goal of this study was to identify compounds from C. fistula seeds which are responsible for anti-Candida albicans activity using bioassay-directed isolation.
The preliminary phytochemical screening of the plant seed revealed the presence of anthraquinones, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The isolation of active compounds was carried out in four steps: multiple extractions, fractionation using column chromatography and purification using preparative thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The structure of separated compounds was determined on the basis of mass spectrometry data. One compound was identified is roseanone.
The MS analysis on the active fraction from seed extract of C. fistula confirmed the presence of roseanone with antiyeast activity.
Crude methanol extracts from leaves of Cassia alata, Cassia fistula and Cassia tora were investigated for their antifungal activities on three pathogenic fungi (Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum andPenicillium marneffei). Among 3 species, C. alata was the most effective leaf extract against T. rubrum and M. gypseum with the 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of hyphal growth at 0.5 and 0.8 mg/ml, respectively, whereas the extract of C. fistula was the most potent inhibitor of P. marneffei with the IC50 of 0.9 mg/ml. In addition, it was found that all three Cassia leaf extracts also affected M. gypseum conidial germination. Microscopic observation revealed that the treated hyphae and macroconidia with leaf extracts were shrunken and collapsed, which might be due to cell fluid leakage.
Tinea Cruris is the disease of fungal infection of groin by dermatophytefungi. It is commonly seen in men, and also called as Jock Itch as the other name. It is the condition which shows characteristics of disease as erythema, itching, burning sensation, cracked skin, skin rashes which worsen by exercise, skin discoloration and important symptom like rashes does not clears but increases due to antifungal creams. The management of the condition can be done in Ayurvedicperspective. According to Ayurvedaall the classified disease of skin are considered as in Kushta Roga (skin disease), where the conditions of fungal infections are correlated with the DadruKshudra Kushta (Tinea). Due the clinical features of itch, redness, circular patches. The disease having exaggerated state of Pittaand Kapha Dosha, moreover Kapha. The treatment principle in such conditions is ShodhanPurificaton therapy along with Shaman(Pacificatory) therapy, as both therapies are considered best in Kushta Rogaaccording to Acharyas. This case report is of the female patient suffered from itching over left thigh region along with redness, pimples, and round patches since 3 months, the patient finds the relief after following the Ayurvedictreatment as Shodhan Karmaand Shaman Karmawith lifestyle changes. The symptoms were diminished by Vaman Karma (emesis). She got 80-90% relief after Shodhan Karmaas if one can consider the best treatment for tinea cruris.
The aqueous extract of the pods of Cassia fistula Linn (Leguminosae - Caesalpinoideae), cultivated in Ile-Ife, Nigeria were investigated for pharmacological and toxicological properties. The in-vitro effect of Cassia fistula infusion on isolated guinea-pig ileum was examined. Theacute and sub-chronic toxicity of the infusion of C. fistula and Cassia acutifolia Del. Pod- (Senokot tablet) as the reference drug were also determined. The results obtained for C .fistula infusion when compared with senokot tablet showed that the infusion of Cassia fistula pods possessed very low levels of toxicity, having the LD50 of 6600mg/kg and also withoutany pathological effects on the organs examined microscopically. It is therefore concluded from the study that C. fistula pod infusion could be safely utilized as laxative drugs and as a substitute for the official Senna.
PurposeTo evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of apple cider vinegar on Candida spp. involved in denture stomatitis.Material and Methods
The microdilution technique was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of apple cider vinegar containing 4% maleic acid, and nystatin (control). Further tests of microbial kinetics and inhibition of adherence to acrylic resin were performed testing different concentrations (MIC, MICx2, MICx4) of the products at time intervals of 0, 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes. A roughness meter was used to measure the changes in surface roughness; color change of the acrylic resin specimens exposed to the test products in different concentrations and time intervals were also evaluated.ResultsApple cider vinegar (4%) showed MIC of 2500 μg/ml and MFC of 2500, 5000, and 10,000 μg/ml depending on the strain tested. Nystatin showed MIC of 3.125 μg/ml and strain-dependent MFC values ranging from 3.125 to 12.5 μg/ml. The microbial kinetic assay showed a statistical difference between apple cider vinegar and nystatin (p < 0.0001). After 30 minutes of exposure, apple cider vinegar showed fungicidal effect at MICx4, whereas nystatin maintained its fungistatic effect. Apple cider vinegar showed greater inhibition of adherence (p < 0.001) compared to control. Apple cider vinegar did not significantly alter the surface roughness of the acrylic resin specimens compared to nystatin (p > 0.05), and both had no influence on their color.Conclusion
Apple cider vinegar showed antifungal properties against Candida spp., thus representing a possible therapeutic alternative for patients with denture stomatitis.
The major objectives of this study were to find out the mechanism behind the sapstaining fungal hyphae penetration into wood elements using electron microscope and to evaluate the exact role of phenolic compounds existing in wood vinegar towards the sapstaining fungal growth inhibition. To formulate the new environmental friendly wood preservative, we neutralized (to pH 7) wood vinegar with NaOH and hot water extracts of Pinus densiflora and Quercus serrata saw dusts were used in the media instead of sterilized distilled water to enhance the fungal growth inhibition property of neutralized wood vinegar. The initial calibration of wood extract was done by calculating the specific gravity, tar calculation and total organic content. GC-MS analysis was performed to identify the phenolic compounds and other ingredients present in both neutralized wood vinegar and acidic wood vinegar by chloroform extraction method. Eleven major compounds were identified in acidic wood vinegar and 7 major compounds in neutralized wood vinegar. Ophiostoma polonicum, O. ips, O. flexuosum, O. narcissi and O. tetropii were the sapstaining fungi used in this study against neutralized wood vinegar, extracts of Pinus densiflora and Quercus serrata. More than 2.5% neutralized wood vinegar contained agar plates were showed strong antifungal activity against sapstaining fungi. The Scanning Electron Microscopy image of fungal growth on wood samples showed the phenomenon of fungal penetration into wood elements. Pinus densiflora was used as wood element for SEM analysis.
Tinea infections are among the most common dermatologic conditions throughout the world. To avoid a misdiagnosis, identification of dermatophyte infections requires both a fungal culture on Sabouraud's agar media, and a light microscopic mycologic examination from skin scrapings. Topical antifungals may be sufficient for treatment of tinea corporis and cruris and tinea nigra, and the shaving of hair infected by piedra may also be beneficial. Systemic therapy, however, may be required when the infected areas are large, macerated with a secondary infection, or in immunocompromised individuals. Preventative measures of tinea infections include practicing good personal hygiene; keeping the skin dry and cool at all times; and avoiding sharing towels, clothing, or hair accessories with infected individuals.
Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts from the flower of Cassia fistula (an ethnomedicinal plant) were tested against bacteria and fungi. All the extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive organisms with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) between 0.078 and 2.5 mg/ml. Among the Gram-negative bacteria, only Pseudomonas aeruginosa was susceptible to the extracts. Ethyl acetate crude extract was fractionated using chromatographic techniques. A crystal was isolated, which was confirmed as 4-hydroxy benzoic acid hydrate using X-ray crystallography. It exhibited antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (MIC 0.5 mg/ml) and Epidermophyton floccosum (MIC 0.5 mg/ml).
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