Teknolojı̇-Sanat İlı̇şkı̇sellı̇ğı̇nde Gerçeklı̇ğı̇n Bı̇çı̇msel ve İçerı̇ksel Açıdan Yapısöküme Uğratılması
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Climate change caused by the effect of global warming is increasing its impact all over the world day by day and poses serious threats to the ecosystem. With the effect of climate change, there are significant regional differences, especially in the precipitation parameter. Extreme increases and decreases in precipitation cause drought and flood events to occur more frequently. Various precipitation indices are used to examine the effect of climate change on precipitation, which is one of the most important parameters of the hydrological cycle. In this study, the variability of Mardin province precipitation, which is located within the borders of the Euphrates-Tigris Basin, which is one of the twenty-five river basins of Turkey and one of the most important transboundary basins of the Middle East, has been examined. For this purpose, precipitation data of the Mardin meteorological station numbered 17275, operated by the Turkish State Meteorological Service, in the 1941-2020 (80 years) period were used. The characterization of precipitation in Mardin province was evaluated by calculating Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) and Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI). According to the annual PCI values obtained for the examined period, it was determined that the precipitations in the province of Mardin, which is located in the drier lower part of the basin, generally have an irregular and strong irregular distribution. According to the RAI values obtained for the 80-year period, there is a rainy period in 30 years (37.5%), a dry period in 35 years (43.75%), and a near-normal period in 15 years (18.75%). Dry periods were observed more frequently in the last 30 years of the examined period.
In this study, an engineered landfill prototype was designed and constructed as an alternative system for landfill gas production which can offset Nigeria's increasing demand for energy and dependence on fossil fuels. To design a landfill system for landfill gas production which is the primary aim of this study, Computer Aided Design (CAD) model of 1.2m depth, base area of 1.44m 2 , top area of 5.06m 2 , volume of 3.68m 3 (3680 litres) with side walls slope of 45 o was developed. The modelled design was practically replicated in the field, with the field construction consisting of prepared subgrade, compacted clay, geomembrane liner, geotextile mat, leachate collection system, gas extraction system, landfill cover etc. Food-based organic waste of about 1763kg was measured and deposited in the system prior to closure, and landfill gas evolved after six months of intense chemical reaction and biological degradation within the anaerobically confined system. Raw and purified landfill gas samples of 1kg were collected and analyzed to determine their percentage compositions. CH4, CO2, O2, H2, N2 and H2O (moisture) were the primary constituents in the raw landfill gas. However, CH4 and CO2 were dominant in both samples with 55.40% CH4 and 43.60% CO2 contents in the raw landfill gas and 99.60% CH4 and 0.20% CO2 contents in the purified landfill gas. O2, H2, N2 and H2O in the purified landfill gas were observed in trace quantities. While the raw landfill gas during combustion burned with yellow flame due to impurities, the purified landfill gas was observed to burn with blue flame that was odorless, indicating high concentration of methane gas.
Irregular precipitation regimes have important effects on the increase in the incidence and severity of meteorological disasters, the use of water resources, the decrease in the variety and amount of agricultural products, and on biodiversity. Therefore, investigating the temporal and spatial variations of precipitation is vital important in the future planning and management both water resources and of agricultural activities. In this study, it is aimed to investigate annual and seasonal time scales the spatial variability and temporal trends of concentration, seasonality and aggressiveness of precipitation in Seyhan Basin (Turkey), which has different topography and climate characteristics. For this purpose, nonparametric indices such as the Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI), Seasonality Index (SI) and Modified Fournier Index (MFI) were used. To calculate these indices, monthly precipitation data of 7 stations for the period 1970–2019 were used. While monotonic trends in the PCI, SI and MFI series were analyzed using the classical Mann–Kendall test, sub-trends were examined using Onyutha's test, which is an innovative method. The presence of monotonic and sub-trends was evaluated at the 5% significance level. Analyses performed on both annual and seasonal scales showed that generally higher index values were obtained at stations in the south of the basin and lower indices values were obtained in other parts of the basin. The results of MK and Onyutha trend tests applied to annual total precipitation and PCI, SI and MFI values are similar. In general, insignificant positive trends were determined in the annual total precipitation and index values at the stations in the south of the basin, while insignificant negative trends were determined in the other regions.
Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation increases with the effect of climate change. In this study, the Seyhan Basin has been determined as the study area. It is aimed to examine the spatiotemporal variability of precipitation and extreme precipitation indices in the Seyhan Basin. For this purpose, the period 1970–2019 was divided into three periods with the change point detection methods (Pettitt, Buishand rank and standard normal homogeneity test). Trends were examined by applying modified Mann–Kendall and Spearman's rho tests to precipitation and extreme indices for all periods and sub-periods. Then, temporal and spatial analyses of extreme indices were performed. According to the results obtained, there is no precipitation homogeneity throughout the basin. While the threat of drought comes to the fore with the decrease in rainy days and precipitation in the north, the risk of flooding is effective with the increase in precipitation intensity in the south.
Drought is a slow-onset natural hazard that has major social, economic, and environmental consequences. This study examined the temporal and spatial characteristics of meteorological droughts in the Mae Klong River Basin, Thailand, during 1971–2015. The rainfall anomaly index (RAI) was calculated for 3, 6, and 12 months using monthly observed rainfall data from eight stations. The RAI results showed the presence of multiple drought events ranging from moderate to severe conditions over the study period. Trend analysis was carried out for the drought duration, magnitude, and intensity using the Mann-Kendall test and the Sen's slope method. Increasing trends were found for drought intensity for both the 6- and 12-month time scales. The performance of RAI was assessed by comparison with the standardized precipitation index (SPI). In general, a high correlation (Pearson's coefficient r>0.93) was found between RAI and SPI. Cohen's Kappa test indicated fair agreement between the results of the two drought indices. The findings of this study are expected to help decision-makers better manage the basin's water resources.
HIGHLIGHTS
Spatial and temporal characteristics of meteorological droughts in the Mae Klong River Basin were examined by using the rainfall anomaly index (RAI).;
Results of RAI were compared with the standardized precipitation index (SPI). In general, high correlation (Pearson's correlation r>0.93) was found. However, Cohen's Kappa indicated a fair agreement between the results of the two indices.;
The inconsistency of the Indian monsoon has constantly threatened the country’s food production, especially key food crops such as rice. Crop planning measures based on rainfall patterns during the rice-growing season can significantly improve the sustainable water usage for water-intensive crops such as rice. This study examines the variability of Indian monsoonal rainfall in rainfed and irrigated rice-cultivating regions to improve rainfall utilization and irrigation water-saving practices. Two distinct rice-growing conditions in southern peninsular India are chosen for this study. The preliminary seasonal rainfall analysis (1951–2015) showed anomalies in the Sadivayal (rainfed rice) region compared to the Karaikal (irrigated rice). The dry-spell analysis and weekly rainfall classification suggested shifting the sowing date to earlier weeks for the Thaladi season (September–February) and Kar season (May–September) to avoid exposure to water stress in Sadivayal. Harvesting of excess rainwater during the wet weeks is proposed as a mitigation strategy for Karaikal during the vegetative stage of the Kuruvai season (June–October) and Late Thaladi season (October–February), where deficit rainfall is expected. Results showed that an adaptation strategy of early sowing is the most sustainable measure for rainfed rice cultivation. However, harvesting the excess rainwater is an ideal strategy to prevent water stress during deficient rainfall periods in irrigated rice farming. This comparative study proposes a comprehensive rainfall analysis framework to develop sustainable water-efficient rice cultivation practices for the changing rainfall patterns.
Moments of rainfall spatial variability, which quantify how flood response time scales are affected when spatially variable rainfall is considered, compared to when rainfall is spatially uniform, have been suggested as a useful tool for forecasters to guide their choice between lumped or distributed rainfall information for runoff modelling. However, the approaches used to evaluate the validity of moments suffer from limitations. Hence, we adopt a novel approach for their evaluation by comparing moments to the relationship between observed hydrograph characteristics generated by spatially variable and by uniform rainfall events in the same catchment. We further investigate the usefulness of moments by testing whether the performance of a lumped hydrological model for events classified by moments as spatially variable is lower than for uniform events. Results confirmed that moments can identify spatially variable events and characterize differences in hydrograph features compared to uniform events, providing a useful tool for forecasters.
Currently, many studies have reported that many landslides occur in tea or rubber plantation areas. In these areas, it is important to make a landslide susceptibility map and to take necessary measures to mitigate landslide damage. However, since historical landslide distribution data and land use data are not available, quantitative landslide assessment measurements have not been made in many countries. Therefore, in this study, landslide distribution maps and land use maps are created with worldwide available satellite imagery and Google Earth imagery, and the relationship between landslides and land use is analyzed in Rize, Turkey. The results show that landslides are 1.75 to 5 times more likely to occur in tea gardens than in forests. It was also found that land use has the highest contribution to landslides among the landslide conditioning factors. The landslide assessment, using a simple landslide detection method and land use classification method with worldwide available data, enabled us to quantitatively reveal the characteristics of landslides. The results of this study reveal that quantitative landslide assessments can be applied in any location, where relatively high resolution satellite imagery and Google Earth imagery, or its alternatives, are available.
Lysosomes play fundamental roles in material digestion, cellular clearance, recycling, exocytosis, wound repair, Ca ²⁺ signaling, nutrient signaling, and gene expression regulation. The organelle also serves as a hub for important signaling networks involving the mTOR and AKT kinases. Electrophysiological recording and molecular and structural studies in the past decade have uncovered several unique lysosomal ion channels and transporters, including TPCs, TMEM175, TRPMLs, CLN7, and CLC-7. They underlie the organelle's permeability to major ions, including K ⁺ , Na ⁺ , H ⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , and Cl ⁻ . The channels are regulated by numerous cellular factors, ranging from H ⁺ in the lumen and voltage across the lysosomal membrane to ATP in the cytosol to growth factors outside the cell. Genetic variations in the channel/transporter genes are associated with diseases that include lysosomal storage diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies with human genetics and channel activators suggest that lysosomal channels may be attractive targets for the development of therapeutics for the prevention of and intervention in human diseases.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 63 is January 2023. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
We highlight presence of Prion in the Spike proteins of original SARS-CoV2 as well as of all its successive variants and of all the vaccines built on this same sequence of the Spike SARS-CoV2 from Wuhan.
Paradoxically, with a density of mutations 8 times greater than that of the rest of the spike, the possible harmfulness of this Prion region disappears completely in the Omicron variant.
We are studying 26 Creutzfeld Jakob Diseases, in 2021, from an anamnestic point of view, centered on the chronological aspect of the evolution of this new prion disease, without being able to have an explanation of the etiopathogenic aspect of this new entity. We subsequently recall the usual history of this dreadfull subacute disease, and compare it with this new, extremely acute, prion disease, following closely vaccinations. In a few weeks, 26 cases of almost spontaneous emergence of suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have appeared in France, Europe and USA very soon after the injection of Pfizer, Moderna or AstraZeneka vaccines. To summarize, of the 26 cases analyzed, the first symptoms of CJD appeared on average 11.38 days after the injection of the COVID-19 "vaccine". Of these 26 cases, 20 had died at the time of writing this article while 6 were still alive. The 20 deaths occurred only 4.76 months after the injection. Among them, 8 of them lead to a sudden death (2.5 months). All this confirms the radically different nature of this new form of CJD, whereas the classic form requires several decades. On June 2022, last 5 patients had also died. Currently, only one of 26 patients survives.