A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).

Abstract

Ayurveda seeks to promote total health. Ayurveda prioritises maintaining health before treating diseases by reducing their symptoms. Additionally, it has been described as the science of age protection (ayu.). Diet, sleep, and brahmacharya(abstinence) are the three sub-pillars of health . Aahar, in our opinion, is crucial for maintaining both a healthy body and mind. Shigru (Moringa oleifera) is an anti-oxidant herb. It guards against numerousinfections and shields the body from free radicals.Shigruis a plant with a wide variety of therapeutic applications and great nutritional value. At various locations, the various portions of this plant are used as food. It is used to treat conditions like high blood pressure, diabetes, malnutrition, arthritis, and joint diseases. This article has reviewed and explained the different health advantages of using shigruas well as how to use it asAahar

Full text

Review Article
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License
International Research Journal of Ayurveda & Yoga
Vol. 6 (7),132-143, July,2023
ISSN: 2581-785X : https://irjay.com/
DOI: 10.47223/IRJAY.2023.6720
A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa
Oleifera Lam.).
Samiksha1, Mukesh Kumar2, Narendra Meena3, Rajesh Chandra Mishra4
1,2,3-M.D. Scholar, Department Of Dravyaguna Vigyan, MMM Govt. Ayurved College, Udaipur (Raj.).
4-Associate. Professor, Department Of Dravyaguna Vigyan, MMM Govt. Ayurved College, Udaipur. (Raj.).
INTRODUCTION
Moringa oleifera is a small, fast-growing tree found in all
tropical regions. Moringa tree leaves are among the world’s
richest vegetables. Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food of
high nutritional value, ecologically and economically
beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit
by the food crisis. All tropical areas include the tiny,
quickly-propagating Moringa oleifera tree. The world's
wealthiest veggies include the leaves of the moringa tree.
The moringa oleifera tree is a plant food with great
nutritional content that is also advantageous for the
environment and the economy and is widely available in
the nations that are most affected by the food crisis.
The name "The Miracle tree" refers to the unique
combination of vitamins, minerals, and amino acids found
in moringa. Because the tree produces immature pods, it is
frequently referred to as the "Drumstick tree." Due to the
flavour of its root, it is also known as the “horseradish tree”
and “the benzoyl tree” in other locales (because of the oil
that it’s seeds produce).
Dried leaves from the Moringa oleifera tree are easily kept
and useful.1 A child can consume 30 grammes of Moringa
oleifera tree leaf powder everyday and meet all of his needs
for vitamin A, 80% of his needs for calcium, 60% of his
needs for iron, and almost 40% of his needs for protein.
Local resources like the Moringa oleifera tree must be used.
One family just requires two or three Moringa oleifera trees
in a courtyard.1
Moringa oleifera is frequently called the "wonder tree"
Article Info
Article history:
Received on: 08-05-2023
Accepted on: 18-07-2023
Available online: 31-07-2023
Corresponding author-
Samiksha, M.D. Scholar, Department Of
Dravyaguna Vigyan, MMM Govt. Ayurved
College, Udaipur.
Email: samikshanamdev95@gmail.com.
ABSTRACT:
Ayurveda seeks to promote total health. Ayurveda prioritises
maintaining health before treating diseases by reducing their symptoms.
Additionally, it has been described as the science of age protection
(ayu.). Diet, sleep, and brahmacharya(abstinence) are the three sub-
pillars of health . Aahar, in our opinion, is crucial for maintaining both
a healthy body and mind. Shigru (Moringa oleifera) is an anti-oxidant
herb. It guards against numerous infections and shields the body from
free radicals. Shigru is a plant with a wide variety of therapeutic
applications and great nutritional value. At various locations, the various
portions of this plant are used as food. It is used to treat conditions like
high blood pressure, diabetes, malnutrition, arthritis, and joint diseases.
This article has reviewed and explained the different health advantages
of using shigru as well as how to use it as Aahar.
Keywords: Moringa oleifera, Aahar, Health, Shigru

Samiksha et.al, “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).”: 2023; 6 (7):132-143
133
because of the wide range of nutritional, therapeutic, and
cleansing qualities it possesses. The "superfood" moringa
has the extraordinary potential to drastically enhance health
and end hunger worldwide. The Moringa oleifera tree is
rich in phytonutrients and other potent disease-fighting
antioxidants, as well as high levels of protein, all eight
necessary amino acids, a full range of vitamins, and
minerals. The Moringa oleifera tree is swiftly becoming a
go-to plant for preventing infection, reducing
inflammation, encouraging healthy blood flow, and
combatting malnutrition due to its many beneficial uses
and ease of growth in semi-arid, tropical, and subtropical
regions. Every component of the Moringa oleifera tree,
including the bark, leaves, blossoms, and roots, has a
special function in enhancing human health, which makes
it extremely special. Rich in amino acids - The Moringa
oleifera tree's leaves contain 18 amino acids, eight of which
are necessary amino acids, making them a "complete"
protein, which is unusual for plants2. As a matter of fact,
the protein content of the Moringa oleifera tree is
comparable to that of meat, making it a superior source of
protein for vegetarians and vegans. Of course, protein is
necessary for the synthesis of enzymes and hormones as
well as for the maintenance and growth of blood, skin,
bone, cartilage, and muscle.
Calcium and magnesium from the Moringa oleifera tree -
one serving of Moringa oleifera tree leaves contains about
125 percent of our RDI for calcium and 61 percent of our
RDI for magnesium.3 While calcium is necessary to
develop strong bones and teeth, we also need magnesium
to aid in calcium absorption. These two trace minerals
complement one another. The abundance of both in
Moringa oleifera makes it particularly effective at
protecting us against bone diseases like osteoporosis. The
Moringa oleifera tree nourishes the skin: Dried and
powdered Moringa oleifera leaves are excellent for
nourishing the skin since they contain trace minerals. For
this reason, extracts from the Moringa oleifera tree are
starting to appear in the products of an increasing number
of cosmetic enterprises. Applying creams and lotions made
from the moringa oleifera tree topically to the desired
regions will allow the nutrients to penetrate the skin and
renew it. As a result of their high fibre content and low fat
and calorie content, Moringa oleifera tree leaves have also
been associated to reduced blood pressure, better digestion,
mood, and immune-boosting effects.
There are two so-called "Moringine" alkaloids found in the
root bark that have an impact on the nervous system.4 The
root of shigru contains pterygospermin, an antibiotic that is
both antifungal and antibacterial. Numerous
phytoconstituents are present in various Moringa species,
including alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, flavonoids,
and terpenes.
The plant moringa is one that has been used to increase
breastmilk production. Moringa leaves offer a boost in
prolactin levels as well as essential nutrients. Moringa
leaves, which also provide essential nutrients to support
nursing, raise prolactin.
Ayurveda uses the plant shigru to treat a variety of
conditions, including Krimi (wormicidal), Kustha (skin
problems), Kandu (itching), Ashmari (stone), and Sopha
(inflammation).5
Moringa has a pungent and bitter flavour to its juice (taste).
It has katu vipaka (pungent taste conversion after
digestion), ushna virya (hot potency), and laghu (light),
rooksha (dryness), and teekshna (strong piercing) in guna
(qualities). It also balances kapha and vata.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Material related to Moringa oliefera is collected from
Bhavprakash Nighantu, Dhanvantri Nighantu, Nighantu
Aadarsha, Kaiyadeva Nighantu,many other classical
Ayurvedic literatures, textbooks and from various
scientific published journals. The available commentaries
of the Ayurvedic Samhitas has also referred to collect
relevant matter.
Nutritional value of Moringa:
Every part of M. oleifera is a storehouse of important
nutrients and antinutrients. The leaves of M. oleifera are
rich in minerals like calcium, potassium, zinc, magnesium,
iron and copper.5 Vitamins like beta-carotene of vitamin A,
vitamin B such as folic acid, pyridoxine and nicotinic acid,
vitamin C, D and E also present in M. oleifera.6
Phytochemicals such as tannins, sterols, terpenoids,
flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, alkaloids and
reducing sugar present along with anti-cancerous agents
like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, glycoside compounds
and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate.7
A research shows that that immature pods contain around
46.78% fiber and around 20.66% protein content. Pods
have 30% of amino acid content, the leaves have 44% and
flowers have 31%. The immature pods and flowers showed
similar amounts of palmitic, linolenic, linoleic andoleic
acids.8
Moringa has lot of minerals that are essential for growth
and development among which, calcium is considered as

Samiksha et.al, “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).”: 2023; 6 (7):132-143
134
one of the important minerals for human growth. While 8
ounces of milk can provide 300–400 mg, moringa leaves
can provide 1000 mg and moringa powder can provide
more than 4000 mg. Moringa powder can be used as a
substitute for iron tablets, hence as a treatment for anemia.
It has been reported that moringa contains more iron than
spinach.9 A good dietary intake of zinc is essential for
proper growth of sperm cells and is also necessary for the
synthesis of DNA and RNA. M. oleifera leaves show
around 25.5– 31.03 mg of zinc/kg, which is the daily
requirement of zinc in the diet.10
A point to note is that the nutrient composition varies
depending on the location. Fuglie.11 revealed that seasons
influence the nutrient content. It was shown that vitamin A
was found abundantly in the hot-wet season, while vitamin
C and iron were more in the cool-dry season.11 The
difference in results can be attributed to the fact that the
location, climate and the environmental factors
significantly influence nutrient content of the tree.12 A
complete list of nutrients available in leaves, pods and
seeds are shown in Table
The nutrient compositions of leaves, leaf powder, seeds
and pods. Table 1
A 2g teaspoon of Moringa Harvest dired Moringa leaf
powder contains:
Phytoconstituents of plant moringa oleifera11,12 Table 2
Rasa-Panchaka:1
• Rasa: Katu, Tikta
• Guna: Laghu, Ruksha, Teekshna
• Veerya: Ushna
• Vipaka: Katu
• Doshaghnata: Vaata, Kapha
• Karma: Deepana, Hrudya, Vidahakruta, Vishgna,
Shukrala, Chakushya, Vaataghna
Medicinal uses:1,14
External uses: Bark and leaf paste causes burning, is anti-
inflammatory, and works on abscesses. On inflammation,
it is topically applied, and abscess. The best shirovirechan
nasya is seed powder, which is administered nasally for
headaches and head heaviness brought on by kapha.
Because seed oil is analgesic, it is used to treat painful
conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
Internal Uses:15
Nervous system: It stimulates the nerves since it is tikshna
and ushna. The bark's non-crystalline part has a potent
effect and activates the body's afferent neurons. Blood
vessel contractions, hypertension, and a quicker heartbeat
are the outcomes of this. It performs better than the muscles
of the digestive and respiratory systems. The pupil
expands, similar to how ephedrine and adrenaline do.
Tender plant roots can help people with epilepsy.
Digestive system: It possesses a variety of digestive
qualities, including vidahi, grahi, analgesic, antibacterial,
and deworming capabilities because of its pungency and
tikshna character. Madhu Shigru has a purgative effect
because it is thick and sweet. Ascites, gulma, tastelessness,
loss of appetite, and worms are all alleviated by it.
Circulatory system: Ushna guna promotes hypertension,
stimulates the heart, and has anti-inflammatory qualities. It
aids in reducing inflammation and heart deterioration.
Respiratory system: Kaphaghna beneficial for kaphaj
kasa. Seed powder is advantageous for Shodhan Nasya.
Reproductive system: It accelerates menstruation and
helps with dysmenorrhea and blocked menstruation
because it is ushna and anti-inflammatory.
Urinary system: The kidneys are stimulated and produce
more pee since it is Ushna, tikshna. Dysuria is alleviated
by it. Calculi can be aided by its decoction. It is not utilised
in cases of hydronephrosis since it irritates and inflames the
kidneys.
Skin: Ushna and Tikshna cause perspiration. Therefore,
skin problems are treated with its hot infusion. Fresh bark
paste is put to the incision and bandaged if there are
maggots there. All maggots start off smelling bad.
Aamayika prayoga:
▪ According to Acharya Charaka, shigru decoction is helpful
for tub baths when treating shushkarsha (haemorrhoids).
[15] Granthivisarpa can also benefit from Shigru bark
paste.16 Hikka and Shwasa vydhi (Respiratory illnesses) are
treated by administering a shigru leaf decoction
internally.17
▪ In Kustha kshata, shigru oil was used, according to
Acharya Sushruta (Leprosy).18 Apachi uses powdered
moringa seed to make nasya.19
▪ Acharya Vagbhata uses Madhu Shigru for external
application, as well as in food and beverage preparation.20
▪ According to Acharya Harita, jaggery and moringa root
juice can relieve headaches.
▪ If Shigru decoction is administered alongside Madhu,
Krimiroga (Microbial illnesses) will quickly disappear.
▪ Shigrumool twak is applied externally in cases of Dadru
vyadhi (Skin disorder).
Pharmaceutical effects:
Antiepileptic activity: Methanolic extract of Moringa

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oleifera leaves shown effective anti-convulsant efficacy
against pentylenetetrazole at dose levels of 200 mg/kg and
400 mg/kg given intraperitoneally, and maximum
electroshock induced convulsions. Phenytoin and
diazepam were utilised as a baseline.Methanolic extract
significantly reduced the length of limb extension in MES
test and significantly slowed down the onset of seizures in
Ptz-induced convulsions at both dose levels. 21
This could be as a result of the extract's alkaloids,
flavonoids, and tannins content.
Antioxidant activity: Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of
Moringa oleifera leaves and roots (methanolic and
ethanolic) demonstrated significant in-vitro antioxidant
and radical scavenging activities. Its leaves may protect
animals from illnesses brought on by oxidative stress as
they are a rich source of antioxidant compounds. The
oxidative damage brought on by a high-fat diet appears to
be stopped by administering an extract from Moringa
oleifera leaves.22
Anticonvulsant activity:
Studies were conducted on Swiss albino mice to find out
the in-vivo anti-convulsant impact of an ethanolic extract
of Moringa concanensis leaves (200 mg/kg, i.p).
Observation revealed inhibition of tonic limb extension and
MES seizures. In PTZ seizures, the convulsions
disappeared.
Given that it eliminated both the hind limb extension
caused by MES and the seizures brought on by PTZ, the
ethanolic extract of Moringa concanensis leaves may exert
its anti-convulsant actions through a number of different
routes.23
Anti-diabetic activity:
The aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves exhibits
glycemic control and has anti-diabetic properties. 24
In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic albino rats, the
effects of methanol extracts of Moringa oleifera pods on
antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were examined. After
administering 150 or 300 mg/kg of extract to diabetic rats
for 21 days, the antidiabetic effects were assessed by
observing changes in serum and pancreatic tissue
biochemical parameters.
Following treatment with the extract, the progression of
diabetes was greatly slowed down. Both doses of the
extract significantly decreased the levels of serum glucose
and gas in the treated rats while simultaneously raising the
levels of serum insulin and protein.25
On male STZ-induced diabetic rats, the antidiabetic effect
of two dosages of Moringa seed powder, 50 and 100 mg/kg,
was examined. In comparison to the negative control
group, the diabetic positive control group's blood and
kidney tissue homogenate had higher levels of IL-6, higher
levels of lipid peroxide, and lower levels of an antioxidant
enzyme.26
Anti-fertility activity:
An aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera roots was
successful as an anti-fertility agent both with and without
estradiol dipropionate and progesterone. In order to
examine the effect on the uterine histoarchitecture both
before and after implantation, aqueous extract was used in
the in-vivo antifertility activity and histopathology study.27
Cardiovascular activity:
Moringa oleifera leaf ethanolic extract shown strong anti-
hypertensive or hypotensive action. Thiocarbamate and
isothiocyanate glycosides were shown to be responsible for
this potent hypotensive effect during in-vivo testing on
animal hearts.28
Anti urolithiatic activity:
The Moringa oleifera bark extract was used to perform the
in-vitro anti-urolithiatic activity. It demonstrated a
decrease in the weight of stones created by glycol-induced
urothiasis. Furthermore, it has curative and preventative
properties.29
Anti-asthmatic activity:
The effectiveness of Moringa oleifera seed kernel in
bronchial asthma patients was examined in a study. Three
grammes of finely powdered dried seed kernels were
administered to patients of either sex who had mild-to-
moderate asthma for three weeks.
A spirometer was used to measure the clinical efficacy
before and after the treatment.
The majority of patients had higher haemoglobin levels.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate decrease and (Hb) values
(ESR). Additionally, improvements were seen in the
intensity of asthmatic attacks and the symptom score.
Following a three-week course of treatment, asthmatic
participants showed a considerable improvement in their
forced capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second,
and peak expiratory flow rate, with respective
improvements of 32.97 6.03%, 30.05 8.12%, and 32.09
11.75%.30
Acetylcholine, histamine, Bacl2, and 5HT-induced
bronchospasms were found to be spasmolytic in alcoholic

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extracts of Moringa oleifera seed kernels.31
Hepatoprotective activity: Moringa oleifera's ethanolic
leaf extract and alcoholic seed extract were tested in vivo
for their ability to prevent liver damage brought on by the
drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrizinamide.
The effects of dosages of the crude extract (CE) on the liver
and kidney functions, as well as hemological and hepato-
renal functions of the methanolic extract of Moringa
oleifera roots, were also reported.32
Anti-inflammatory activity:
There is anti-inflammatory action in the methanolic and
aqueous extract of the root and bark, the methanolic extract
of the leaves and flowers, and the ethanolic extract of the
seeds of Moringa oleifera. Pharmacological testing was
done on the extract and the in-vitro anti inflammatory
activity of hot water infusions of Moringa oleifera flowers,
leaves, roots, seeds, and stalks or bark.33
Anti–cancer activity:
Ethanolic extracts of Moringa oleifera's leaves and seeds
exhibit strong anti-tumor action. Isolated substances that
are linked to thiocarbamate and isothiocyanate and which
serve as tumour promoter inhibitors. Interestingly, three
recognised thiocarbamate and isothiocynate related
compounds that function as inhibitors of tumour promoter
teleocidin B-4-induced Epstein-barr virus were present,
which contributed to the in-vivo anticancer potential.34
CNS activity: Extract from moringa oleifera leaves raises
monoamine levels in the brain, which is beneficial for
treating Alzheimer's disease. The aqueous extract of
Moringa oleifera roots and the ethanolic extract of the
leaves were tested and evaluated for their in-vitro
anticonvulsant efficacy on penicillin-induced convulsion,
locomotor behaviour, brain serotonin (5-HT), dopamine,
and norepinephrine levels.35
Moringa oleifera seeds, roots, bark, and leaves exhibit anti-
bacterial and anti-fungal properties. By using the disc-
diffusion method, the plant has in vitro action against
bacteria, yeast, dermatophytes, and helminths.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus are
unable to thrive when the seeds and fresh leaves are used.36
Anthelmintic activity:
An in-vitro study evaluated the effectiveness of fresh
Moringa oleifera versus macerated and infused aqueous
extract and ethanolic extract.
Haemonchus contortus eggs, embryonated eggs, L1 and L2
larvae. Five distinct extract concentrations (0.625, 1.25,
2.5, 3.75, and 5 mg/mL) were created. While embryonated
eggs and larvae were exposed for six and twenty-four hours
correspondingly, fresh eggs were exposed for forty-eight
hours.
As a negative control, distilled water and 1.5% DMSO
were utilised. The outcomes showed that the Moringa
oleifera ethanolic leaf extract was more effective on eggs,
inhibiting egg embryonation by 60.3% 8.2% and 92.8%
6.2% at 3.75 and 5 mg/mL, respectively37
The anti helmentic activity of ethanolic extracts of Vitex
negundo and Moringa oleifera against Pheritima posthuma
was tested at various doses.
Water served as the impact group, and piperazine citrate
(10 mg/mL) was employed as the reference standard. The
results were expressed in terms of the length of your
paralysis and the length of time until the worms died. In a
dose-dependent way, Moringa oleifera exhibits higher
activity compared to Vitex negundo.38
Different parts of moringa used as food:-
Various parts of moringa are edible:
• Immature seed pods, called "drumsticks"
• Leaves
• Mature seeds
• Flowers
• Roots
Moringa fresh leaves:
➢ Being a large source of vitamins B, vitamin C, provitamin
A in the form of beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, and
protein, the leaves constitute the plant's most nutrient-
dense component.40,41 Cooked moringa leaves are
significant providers of specific nutrients when compared
to regular meals that are particularly high in these nutrients
per 100 g fresh weight.
➢ In the leaves of the moringa plant, some of the calcium is
crystallised as calcium oxalate.42 Compared to spinach,
which contains an average of 750 mg/100g oxalate43, in
contrast to spinach's typical oxalate content of 750
mg/100g.44
There are many ways to consume moringa leaves,
including: Moringa leaves can be consumed raw in salads
or cooked with rice or other foods. The list goes on and on.
Moringa leaves can be juiced, steamed or fried in any dish,
baked in treats, or added to smoothies and infant milk.45

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➢ You can make a tea out of moringa leaf powder, add it to
drinks, sprinkle it on food, or take capsules of it. Any
recipe, even soups, can use it.
➢ Moringa can be consumed in countless ways. Start with a
salad made of moringa. Wash the new Moringa leaves with
water after cutting off the stalks (add salt to it). Take away
from the stalk. Add extra salad components like carrots,
cabbage, and cucumbers. You can proceed after adding
moringa oil.
➢ Be aware that cooking with too much heat will completely
destroy the enzymes and some of the vitamins in moringa
leaves or powder. Never overcook the fresh moringa
powder or leaves! The general guideline for using moringa
powder or leaves in any dish is as follows.
How many moringa leaves are edible and usable?
➢ You can get the same amount of protein as an egg, calcium
as a large glass of milk, iron as a 200-gram beef steak,
vitamin A as a carrot, and vitamin C as an orange by eating
100 grammes of fresh Moringa oleifera leaves.
➢ It is recommended to eat fresh Moringa leaves as soon as
they are harvested and to cook them for a little period of
time (a few minutes at most), or even to eat them raw if
they are young and sensitive, in order to maximise nutrient
retention. Your daily requirement for vitamins A and C is
satisfied by a half cup of cooked moringa leaves.
Moringa Pods:
➢ The seed pods are a good source of dietary fibre, potassium,
magnesium, and manganese. They also retain a high level
of vitamin C, which can vary in how it is degraded after
cooking, even after being cooked by boiling.
➢ In South Asia, the young, slender fruits—also called
"drumsticks"—are frequently served as a culinary
vegetable. They are cooked till soft in a curry or soup after
being parboiled and frequently sliced into shorter lengths.46
Because of the immature seeds inside, the flavour is said to
taste like asparagus with a hint of green beans, but
sweeter.47,48
➢ Drumstick curries are frequently made in India and
Bangladesh by cooking immature pods until they reach the
required level of tenderness in a mixture of coconut milk
and spices (such as poppy or mustard seeds).49 The fruit is
frequently used in dals and lentil soups like drumstick dal
and sambar. It is first pulped, then it is boiled with other
vegetables and spices like turmeric and cumin. A typical
ingredient in bhurta, a concoction of lightly fried or curried
vegetables, is mashed drumstick pulp.45
➢ Drumsticks are frequently chewed to release the fluids and
nutrients while discarding the fibrous outer peel because it
is rough and fibrous. Others describe a somewhat different
technique for removing the sensitive seeds and flesh by
sucking it out, then discarding the tube of skin.48
➢ The nutrient-dense moringa pods can be cooked and
consumed in a variety of ways. They can be prepared and
consumed in the same manner as green beans, including
boiling, steaming, and frying.
➢ When the pods are young and fragile, they are the tastiest
to eat. They turn woody and fibrous when they are too old.
Bend the pod to test it; if it snaps and splits in two, it is safe
to eat. It is probably too old if it does not break.
Moringa Seeds:45,50,51
➢ Mature pods can have their seeds extracted, sliced, and
cooked for food. The seeds are renowned in Nigeria for
their bitter flavour; typically added to sauces or consumed
as a fried snack. The edible seed oil can be added to sauces
or condiments. The protein, iron, and calcium content of
wheat flours can be increased by adding ground, debittered
moringa seed to the mix.
➢ When the moringa seeds are extremely young, they can be
eaten. Although they can be eaten when they are fully
grown, we much like the little baby ones. You can use them
like green peas, but you should be careful when eating them
since the seeds have a great capacity to purify water. They
also have a fantastic capacity to remove pollutants from
your bloodstream. A lot of waste is taken out quite quickly
when too many are done at once, which can be unpleasant
and upset your stomach.
➢ The seeds can be "popped" like popcorn with salt, oil, or
butter, and eaten that way, but only a few at a time!
Moringa is a highly potent plant, and your body needs time
to adjust to any new diet that is given to it.
Moringa powder:
➢ When cooking, moringa powder can be added to stews and
soups, although adding it toward the end or right before
serving releases more nutrients. Fresh leaves of the
moringa are the same.
➢ The amount that is tolerable may vary depending on how
flavourful the soup or stew is because the powder has a
strong flavour. Some flavours, like lemon or peanut, don't
appear to go well with moringa powder. Finding out what
tastes nice and what doesn't still requires experimentation.
➢ Moringa powder, which is packed with potent antioxidants
like Quercetin and Chlorogenic Acid, works to shield your

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body from oxidative stress, which can cause chronic
diseases.
➢ Possibly Anti-Inflammatory- Moringa powder, which is
rich in anti-inflammatories, has assisted numerous people
in reducing their arthritic symptoms.
➢ Might Reduce Blood Sugar- Long-term studies have shown
that moringa leaf powder lowers blood glucose levels,
thereby assisting diabetics.
➢ Might Reduce Cholesterol-Moringa powder has
historically been used to treat excessive cholesterol in
herbal medicine and has been shown to have cholesterol-
lowering properties.
An indigenous remedy for malnutrition: the Moringa
Oleifera Tree
➢ A significant contributor to the frequently high rates of
infant mortality is malnutrition in all of its manifestations,
including kwashiorkor, beriberi, anaemia, and scurvy.
Benefits of moringa tea:52
➢ To make moringa tea, soak dried moringa leaves in boiling
water for a few minutes. This revitalising tea boosts health
and vitality. The nutrients in the moringa leaves are
concentrated and can be retained even after drying.
1. Loss of weight-
With its potent nutrient profile, moringa tea can help
enhance energy levels, manage blood sugar levels, speed
up digestion, and boost metabolism. For this reason, a cup
of moringa tea is a great addition to a diet plan for losing
weight.
2. Properties that Reduce Inflammation
Moringa, which is best known as an anti-inflammatory tea,
is fantastic for lowering inflammation of the body's tissues
and cells, easing pain, pains, and joint diseases, as well as
gout, upset stomach, migraines, and fever. This is one of
the key causes of moringa's reputation as a universal
remedy.
3. Excellent Antioxidant Source
High levels of antioxidants in moringa tea aid in the fight
against free radicals. Moringa leaves have 46 natural
antioxidants, according to research. These potent bioactive
substances support the upkeep, recovery, and repair of
human cells.
4. Skin Care
Moringa tea is a very nutritious beverage for the skin due
to its high bioflavonoid and vitamin C content. It is a
beverage that fights ageing by promoting the creation of
collagen, preventing the appearance of fine lines, and
enhancing the hydration and youthfulness of the skin. Its
anti-inflammatory properties aid in the treatment of acne.
4. Strengthens Immune System
This tea's high antioxidant content makes it a fantastic way
to strengthen the immune system and guard against the
symptoms of the flu and the common cold. White blood
cell production is boosted by vitamin C, which also
functions as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative stress and
the compromised immune system that it causes.
5. Supports Digestion
This tea's anti-inflammatory properties make it perfect for
reducing diarrheal and constipation symptoms, as well as
for enhancing overall gastrointestinal health.
6. Enhances Heart Health
This tea's high potassium level makes it a great choice for
decreasing blood pressure because potassium can reduce
stress in the arteries and blood vessels. Additionally, the
relaxing properties of moringa tea aid in bodily and mental
relaxation.
7. hormone balancing
Moringa tea, which is rich in antioxidants, supports
hormone regulation. It has the potential to treat hormone-
imbalance issues that can occur after menopause.
8.Reduces Period Cramps
During the menstrual cycle, a cup of moringa tea can help
ease headaches, nausea, bloating, mood swings, and
menstrual cramps.
9. manages migraines and depression
As dopamine and serotonin levels are crucial for
controlling mood and pain perception, moringa tea can be
used as an anti-depressant. A 2012 study found that
moringa could effectively treat and control migraines and
other types of persistent headaches.
10.Manages Diabetes
For diabetics or those at risk of developing diabetes,
moringa tea is significant due to its ability to decrease
cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Your risk of acquiring
diabetes is decreased by lowering your cholesterol and
blood pressure.
11. Heightens Healing Rate
Moringa tea contains vitamin C, which benefits the body's
ability to produce new cells in addition to the immune
system. In particular for those suffering from an injury or
protracted sickness, this leads to speedier healing.
12. increases liver health
Polyphenol-rich moringa tea aids in the body's healing and
defence.
13. bacterial and microbial resistance
Because moringa tea has potent antimicrobial and
antibacterial characteristics, it may be beneficial against
some types of bacteria. Boils, skin infections, typical

Samiksha et.al, “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).”: 2023; 6 (7):132-143
139
digestive issues, blood impurities, and urinary tract
infections can all be avoided with the use of the tea.
14. Booster of Energy
Moringa tea can be the solution if you're searching for a
non-caffeinated beverage that will enhance your energy.
The tea has no sugar or caffeine and helps enhance vitality
and general wellness.
15. enhances cognition
A powerful brain booster, moringa tea contains
antioxidants in addition to other neuroprotective vitamins
and nutrients. This tea can control neurotransmitter levels,
which can impact memory and cognitive function,
according to research.
Moringa Leaves Stir-Fry (Thoran) with Grate
Coconut53
This delicious moringa (drumstick) leaves stir-fry is made
with two superfoods - moringa and coconut. This
traditional recipe is easy, healthy and tasty!
Ingredients:
• 250 grams moringa (drumstick) leaves.
• 1/4 teaspoon turmeric powder (optional)
• 1/4 cup grated coconut.
• To taste salt.
• 1 tablespoon oil.
• 1/2 teaspoon mustard seeds.
• 1/4 cup shallots.
• 1 tablespoon crushed dry chillies.
• 1 sprig curry leaves (optional)
Directions:
1. Wash and drain the moringa leaves.
2. Take the moringa leaves, grated coconut ,turmeric powder
and salt in a mixing bowl.
3. Combine well.
4. Heat the oil in a pan, splutter mustard seeds.
5. add crushed chillies and curry leaves (optional).
6. Saute for a couple of minutes on a medium flame.
7. Now add the mixed moringa leaves and combine well.
8. Cook with the lid closed for 10 minutes. Add salt if
required .Stir occasionally.
9. Open the lid, stir well and cook for 2 minutes.
10. Switch off.
The Side Effects of Moringa :-
While the leaves are completely healthy, eating a lot of the
pulp or bark may be detrimental.
Several adverse effects of moringa include:
• Alkaloids in the plant lower blood pressure and reduce
heart rate, and moringa bark causes uterine contractions.
• Cell mutations brought on by a substance derived from
roasted moringa seeds
• disruption of fertility
• Laxative characteristics might cause an upset stomach, gas,
or diarrhoea.
Other uses:
▪ Moringa trees have been used to combat malnutrition,
especially among infants and nursing mothers.55
▪ When wetted in advance to permit anti-septic and detergent
effects from phytochemicals in the leaves, Moringa
oleifera leaf powder was as effective as soap for hand
washing.56As wastewater conditioners for dewatering and
drying faecal sludge, moringa oleifera seeds and press cake
have been used.57
▪ When moringa seeds are pressed to make oil, the leftover
moringa seed cake is used to filter water using flocculation
to create drinkable water for both humans and animals.58
▪ Dimeric cationic proteins found in moringa seeds collect
and balance colloidal charges in turbid water, causing the
colloidal particles to group together and become easier to
remove as sludge by either settling or filtration.59
▪ Most pollutants are removed from water by moringa seed
cake. This application is particularly intriguing since, in
moringa-growing locations where drinking water is
impacted by contaminants, it is harmless and sustainable
compared to other materials.
RESULT
Shigru is a plant with a strong nutritional value and a wide
range of therapeutic uses. Different parts of this plant are
consumed as food in different places. The Moringa oleifera
tree is a plant food that has a high nutritional value, is
advantageous for the environment and the economy, and is
widely available in the nations that are most affected by the
food crisis. The Moringa oleifera tree has high quantities
of protein, all eight essential amino acids, a wide variety of
vitamins, and minerals. It is also a rich source of
phytonutrients and other powerful disease-fighting
antioxidants. The leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree have
a "complete" protein, which is unique for plants. They
include 18 amino acids, eight of which are essential amino
acids. Calcium and magnesium are found in moringa.
While calcium is essential for the growth of healthy bones
and teeth, magnesium also helps the body absorb calcium.
The two trace minerals here work well together. Moringa
oleifera is especially excellent in defending us against bone
illnesses like osteoporosis because it contains a lot of both.

Samiksha et.al, “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).”: 2023; 6 (7):132-143
140
Because they contain trace minerals, dried and powdered
Moringa oleifera leaves are fantastic for nourishing the
skin. The leaves of the Moringa oleifera tree have also been
linked to improvements in digestion, mood, and immunity.
One plant that has been utilised to boost breastmilk
production is moringa. Prolactin levels are increased by
moringa leaves, which also contain vital minerals.
Numerous phytoconstituents are present in various
Moringa species, including alkaloids, saponins, tannins,
steroids, flavonoids, and terpenes. The anti-inflammatory,
anti-hypertensive, diuretic, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant,
anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-neoplastic,
antipyretic, anti-ulcer, cardio-protective, and hepato-
protective properties of Moringa oleifera are employed in
various preparations. Various parts of moringa are edible
;Immature seed pods, called "drumsticks" ,leaves, mature
seeds, flowers, roots. There are various benefits of drinking
moringa tea such as loss of weight ,reduce inflammation,
good for skin, balances hormones, supports digestion,
reduce period cramps etc. Various food preparations are
made by different parts of Moringa .Thus moringa is of
great medicinal use as well as it fullfills nutritional values
to a great extent. That’s why It should be included in our
diet also.
DISCUSSION
The various health benefits of consuming shigru have been
studied and explained in this page, along with how to utilise
it as Aahar. Moringa tree leaves are among the world’s
richest vegetables. Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food of
high nutritional value, ecologically and economically
beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit
by the food crisis. The name "The Miracle tree" refers to
the unique combination of vitamins, minerals, and amino
acids found in moringa. Because the tree produces
immature pods, it is frequently referred to as the
"Drumstick tree." Due to the flavour of its root, it is also
known as the horseradish tree and the benzoyl tree in other
locales (because of the oil that its seeds produce).Moringa
oleifera is frequently called the "wonder tree" because of
the wide range of nutritional, therapeutic, and cleansing
qualities it possesses. The "superfood" moringa has the
extraordinary potential to drastically enhance health and
end hunger worldwide. The Moringa oleifera tree is rich in
phytonutrients and other potent disease-fighting
antioxidants, as well as high levels of protein, all eight
necessary amino acids, a full range of vitamins, and
minerals. The Moringa oleifera tree is swiftly becoming a
go-to plant for preventing infection, reducing
inflammation, encouraging healthy blood flow, and
combatting malnutrition due to its many beneficial uses
CONCLUSION
Moringa oleifera tree is a plant food of high nutritional
value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily
available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. The
Moringa oleifera tree is rich in phytonutrients and other
potent disease-fighting antioxidants, as well as high levels
of protein, all eight necessary amino acids, a full range of
vitamins, and minerals. Phytochemi-cals such as tannins,
sterols, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins,anthraquinones,
alkaloids and reducing sugar present along withanti-
cancerous agents like glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, gly-
coside compounds and glycerol-1-9-octadecanoate.
Various parts of moringa are edible ,Immature seed pods,
leaves, mature seeds , flowers, roots. Moringa has a
pungent and bitter flavour to its juice (taste). It has katu
vipaka (pungent taste conversion after digestion), ushna
virya (hot potency), and laghu (light), rooksha (dryness),
and teekshna (strong piercing) in guna (qualities). It also
balances kapha and vata. The current review aims to
consolidate all prior information on the topic of its
phytochemistry, therapeutic benefits and food recipes and
pharmacology discussed in earlier articles.
Acknowledgment- Nil
Conflicts Of Interest- Nil
Source of finance & support – Nil
ORCID
Samiksha , https://orcid.org/
0009-0004-8758-9766
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How to cite this article: Samiksha, Kumar M, Meena N,
Mishra R.C ,“A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal
Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).” IRJAY.
[online] 2023;6(7);132-143. Available from: https://irjay.com.
DOI link- https://doi.org/10.47223/IRJAY.2023.6720

Samiksha et.al, “A Review on Nutritive and Medicinal Importance of Shigru (Moringa Oleifera Lam.).”: 2023; 6 (7):132-143
143
Table 1 The nutrient compositions of leaves, leaf powder, seeds and pods.
Nutrients
Fresh leaves
Dry leaves
Leaf powder
Seed
Pods
Calories (cal)
92
329
205
-
26
Protein(g)
6.7
29.4
27.1
35.97∓0.19
2.5
Fat (g)
1.7
5.2
2.3
38.67∓ 0.03
0.1
Carbohydrate (g)
12.5
41.2
38.2
8.67∓0.12
3.7
Fibre(g)
0.9
12.5
19.2
2.87∓0.03
4.8
VitaminB1(mg)
0.06
2.02
2.64
0.05
0.05
VitaminB2(mg)
0.05
21.3
20.5
0.06
0.07
VitaminB3(mg)
0.8
7.6
8.2
0.2
0.2
Vitamin C (mg)
220
15.8
17.3
4.5∓0.17
120
Vitamin E (mg)
448
10.8
113
751.67∓4.41
-
Calcium(mg)
440
2185
2003
45
30
Magnesium(mg)
42
448
368
635∓8.66
24
Phosphorus (mg)
70
252
204
75
110
Potassium (mg)
259
1236
1324
-
259
Copper (mg)
0.07
0.49
0.57
5.20∓0.15
3.1
Iron (mg)
0.85
25.6
28.2
-
5.3
sulphur(mg)
-
-
870
0.05
137
Table 2 Phytoconstituents of plant moringa oleifera[11,12]
Sr.No.
Plant Part
Extract
Extract Constituents
1
Leaves
Aqueous and
alcoholic
Niazirin and Niazirinin – nitrile glycosides,4-[(4’-O-
acetylalpha- L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate,
Niaziminin A, and Niaziminin B, three mustard oil glycosides,
niaziminin, a thiocarbamate,4- (alpha-1-
rhamnopyranosyloxy)- benzylglucosinolate, quercetin-3- O-
glucoside and quercetin-3-O-(6’’-
Malonylglucoside),Niazimicin
2
Seeds
Aqueous and
Hydro-alcoholic
Methionine, cysteine, 4-(alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyloxy)
benzylglucosinolate, Moringine, benzylglucosinolate,
niazimicin niazirin.
3
Pods
Hydro-alcoholic
Isothiocyanate, nitrites, thiocarbamates,O-(1heptenyloxy)
propyl undecanoate, Oethyl-4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy) benzyl
carbamate, methyl- p-hydroxybenzoate, beta- sitosterol .
4
Bark
Alcoholic
4-(alpha-L- rhamnopyranosyloxy) benzylgiucosinolate.
5
Flowers
Hydro-alcoholic
D-glucose, quercetin, isoquercetin, kaemopherol, kaempferitin
and ascorbic acid, protein, D-mannose.
6
Root
Alcoholic
Moringine, moringinine, spirachin, 1,3-dibenzyl urea, alpha-
phellandrene, pcymene, Deoxy-niaz
7
Stem
Aqueous and
Hydro-alcoholic
4-hydroxyl mellein, vanillin, octacosonoic acid, beta-
sitosterone.