Development of Electronic Waste Man-agement Framework at College Of Engineering, Design, Art, and Technology

Abstract

The worldwide use of information and communications technology (ICT) equipment and other electronic equipment is growing. There is growing amount of equipment that becomes waste after its time in use. This growth is expected to accelerate since equipment lifetime decreases with time and growing consumption. As a result, e-waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams globally. The United Nations University (UNU) calculates in its second Global E-waste Monitor 44.7 million metric tonnes (Mt) of e-waste were generated globally in 2016. The objective of the study was to develop a framework for improving e-waste management at the College of Engineering, Design, Art, and Technology (CEDAT). This was achieved by breaking it down into specific objectives, and these included the establishment of the policy and procedures being used in e-waste management at CEDAT, the determination of the effectiveness of the e-waste management practices at CEDAT, the establishment of the critical challenges constraining e-waste management at the College, development of a framework for e-waste management. The study population was 80 respondents, from which a sample of 69 respondents was selected using simple and purposive sampling techniques. This research was carried out to investigate the problem of e-waste and come up with a framework to improve e-waste management. The study reviewed the e-waste regulatory framework used at the college and then collected data, which was used to come up with a framework. The study also established that weak policy and regulatory framework, lack of proper infrastructure, improper disposal of e-waste and a general lack of awareness of the e-waste and the magnitude of the problem are the critical challenges of e-waste management. In order to appropriately address the issue, the policy and regulatory framework should be updated, localized, and strengthened. It will be helpful to launch awareness campaigns, create the necessary infrastructure, and conduct significant research to determine the scope and severity of the issues. The study suggests a framework for e-waste improvement

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© 2023. Nakeya Zahara, Olupot Peter, Wafula Simon Peter, Obed Kamulegeya & Naqiyyah Kimuli Nakimuli. This research/review
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Global Journal of Researches in Engineering: A
Mechanical and Mechanics Engineering
Volume 23 Issue 3 Version 1.0 Year 2023
Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal
Publisher: Global Journals
Online ISSN: 2249-4596 & Print ISSN: 0975-5861
Development of Electronic Waste Management Framework at
College of Engineering, Design, Art, and Technology
By Nakeya Zahara, Olupot Peter, Wafula Simon Peter, Obed Kamulegeya
& Naqiyyah Kimuli Nakimuli
Makerere University
Abstract- The worldwide use of information and communications technology (ICT) equipment and
other electronic equipment is growing. There is growing amount of equipment that becomes
waste after its time in use. This growth is expected to accelerate since equipment lifetime
decreases with time and growing consumption. As a result, e-waste is one of the fastest-growing
waste streams globally. The United Nations University (UNU) calculates in its second Global E-
waste Monitor 44.7 million metric tonnes (Mt) of e-waste were generated globally in 2016. The
objective of the study was to develop a framework for improving e-waste management at the
College of Engineering, Design, Art, and Technology (CEDAT). This was achieved by breaking it
down into specific objectives, and these included the establishment of the policy and procedures
being used in e-waste management at CEDAT, the determination of the effectiveness of the e-
waste management practices at CEDAT, the establishment of the critical challenges constraining
e-waste management at the College, development of a framework for e-waste management.
Keywords: e-waste, treatment, disposal, computers, model, management policy and guidelines.
GJRE-A Classification: LCC: TK1055
DevelopmentofElectronicWasteManagementFrameworkatCollegeofEngineeringDesignArtandTechnology
Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of:

Development of Electronic Waste Management
Framework at College of Engineering, Design,
Art, and Technology
Nakeya Zahara α, Olupot Peter σ, Wafula Simon Peter ρ, Obed Kamulegeya Ѡ & Naqiyyah Kimuli Nakimuli ¥
Abstract-
The worldwide use of information and
communications technology (ICT) equipment and other
electronic equipment is growing. There is growing amount of
equipment that becomes waste after its time in use. This
growth is expected to accelerate since equipment lifetime
decreases with time and growing consumption. As a result, e-
waste is one of the fastest-growing waste streams globally.
The United Nations University (UNU) calculates in its second
Global E-waste Monitor 44.7 million metric tonnes (Mt) of e-
waste were generated globally in 2016. The objective of the
study was to develop a framework for improving e-waste
management at the College of Engineering, Design, Art, and
Technology (CEDAT). This was achieved by breaking it down
into specific objectives, and these included the establishment
of the policy and procedures being used in e-waste
management at CEDAT, the determination of the effectiveness
of the e-waste management practices at CEDAT, the
establishment of the critical challenges constraining e-waste
management at the College, development of a framework for
e-waste management.
The study population was 80 respondents, from
which a sample of 69 respondents was selected using simple
and purposive sampling techniques. This research was carried
out to investigate the problem of e-waste and come up with a
framework to improve e-waste management. The study
reviewed the e-waste regulatory framework used at the college
and then collected data, which was used to come up with a
framework. The study also established that weak policy and
regulatory framework, lack of proper infrastructure, improper
disposal of e-waste and a general lack of awareness of the e-
waste and the magnitude of the problem are the critical
challenges of e-waste management. In order to appropriately
address the issue, the policy and regulatory framework should
be updated, localized, and strengthened. It will be helpful to
launch awareness campaigns, create the necessary
infrastructure, and conduct significant research to determine
the scope and severity of the issues. The study suggests a
framework for e-waste improvement.
Author α: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Makerere University,
Kampala. e-mail: sarhazn@gmail.com
Author σ: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Makerere University,
Kampala. e-mail: polupot@gmail.com
Author ρ: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Makerere University,
Kampala. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ndejje University,
Kampala. e-mail: kamulegeyaobed@gmail.com
Author Ѡ: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Makerere University,
Kampala. e-mail: simonpeterwafula64@gmail.com
Author ¥: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Makerere University,
Kampala. e-mail: nknaqiyyah@gmail.com
Keywords: e-waste, treatment, disposal, computers,
model, management policy and guidelines.
I. Introduction
he worldwide use of information and
communications technology (ICT) equipment and
other electronic equipment is growing and
consequently, there is a growing amount of equipment
that becomes waste after its time in use [1]; [2]. This
growth is expected to accelerate, since equipment
lifetime decreases with time and growing consumption
[3]. As a result, e-waste is one of the fastest-growing
waste streams globally [4]. The United Nations
University (UNU) calculates in their second Global E-
waste Monitor, 44.7 million metric tonnes (Mt) of e-waste
were generated globally in 2016 [5]. The annual global
consumption of new electrical and electronic equipment
(EEE) was around 60 Mt in 2016 [6]. Globally,
approximately 53.6 million tonnes of e-waste were
generated in 2019 [7], of this amount generated, less
than 13% was recycled and the rest ended up in landfills
or incinerators creating enormous environmental and
health concerns due to the presence of hazardous
materials [8]. The consumption and use of EEE is
probably most prevalent in the developed world, but
developing countries show a rapid growth of
consumption and use of EEE. Typically, developed
countries have growth rates of 1% to 5% annually on
weight basis, developing countries typically range from
10% to 25% [5]. Some less-developed countries lack
waste treatment infrastructure, waste management laws
and enforcement [9]. As a result, the e-waste in those
countries will often be treated in sub-optimal ways by
the informal sector [10]. This leads to severe
consequences for the environment and human health
[11]. To treat e-waste in an environmentally sound
manner, it needs to be regulated [12]. This means that
an appropriate system needs to be created and
financed, a recycling infrastructure needs to be
developed or improved, and workers’ health and safety
standards need to be implemented, to name a few
prerequisites [2].
A quantitative and qualitative assessment of e-
waste was carried out by United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO) in Uganda in 2008
T
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[13]. Analysis of the data indicated that about 2,000 tons
of e-waste is generated each year and not disposed in a
well-planned and managed manner [9]. Equipment is
damped on outdoor garbage heaps and landfills, thus
becoming a danger to human beings and the
environment [14]. For developing countries such as
Uganda, effective electronic waste management is a
topical issue, particularly because a large percentage of
e-waste is generated through imports and there is
careless and uncontrollable dumping in landfills [15].
Most of the consumers, sellers, producers, importers,
and other stakeholders are oblivious of the specific and
key roles to play for effective and efficient management
of e-waste to make the environment safe and healthy
[16]. An effective strategy should focus on e-waste
diversion and minimization [17]; [18]. The key
challenges to electronic waste management include,
absence of proper processing facilities, lack of recycling
guidelines for electronic waste management, limited
capacity building and knowledge sharing on e-waste,
non-implementation of the e-waste policy framework
[19]. This study established the current e-waste
management status at the College of Engineering,
Design, Art and Technology (CEDAT) Makerere
University, identified strengths, weaknesses and
proposed solutions to the issues identified.
II. Methodology
The study was carried out at Makerere
University (CEDAT), which is the center of Technology
and innovation. Therefore, the study population
constituted of CEDAT staff.
Table 1: Total population, sample size and sampling techniques
Category Population(N) Sample
size(S)
Sampling
Techniques
Officers 4 4 Purposive
sam
p
lin
g
System
Administrators
1 1 Purposive
sampling
Lab Technicians 5 5 Purposive
sam
p
lin
g
Institutional
users
70 59 Simple
random
sampling
Total Population 80 69
a) Nature and Sources of Data
The study used both secondary and primary
data sources. Secondary data was collected to generate
study population and literature review while primary data
was collected directly from respondents on the issues
regarding E-waste.
Data collected was aimed at addressing the
study objectives. Regarding the first objective both
primary and secondary data were collected with the aim
of determining the strength and weaknesses, gaps and
contextual applicability of the policy and other regulatory
framework governing e-waste at CEDAT. Data was
mainly qualitative.
In relation to objective two and three on
determining the effectiveness of the e-waste
management practices at CEDAT and establishing the
critical challenges primary and secondary data was
collected from respondents through interviews and
questionnaire and data was both qualitative and
quantitative.
In relation to the last objective, both primary and
secondary data collected was used to develop the e-
waste framework management.
b) Data Collection Methods
i. Interviews
Semi-structured interviews were selected to
carry out this research study. Interviews were conducted
with either sections leaders or managers to gather their
views on e-waste management practices. This allowed
the participants to elaborate and provided more
flexibility, range and therefore the capacity to elicit more
information from them. Semi-structured interviews
permit scope for individuals to answer questions more
on their own terms than the standardized interview
permits, yet still provides a good structure for
comparability over that of the focused interview [20].
ii. Questionnaire Administration
Questionnaire administration is the act of using
a questionnaire to elicit information in a face-to-face
setting, where the researcher administers the
questionnaire directly, in a tele-interview by phone or
some other digital means. Questionnaire administration
was selected as a method because it allows for the
collection of considerable amounts of data in a relatively
short time and at relatively little expense while at the
same time enhancing respondent anonymity [21]. A set
of questions was prepared, printed, and distributed to
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the respondents who answered the questions before the
researcher collected the filled questionnaires.
iii. Document Review Analysis
Document’s review was used to collect
secondary data during the study to support and validate
facts. Documents such as the e-waste management
policy, strategy and guidelines for e-waste, articles,
journals, and reports on e-waste management were
reviewed. These helped the researcher get an internal
view of the e-waste management.
iv. Data Collection Instruments
Data collection was carried out using the following tools;
v. Interview Guide
In-depth interviews were conducted using the
interview guide. The interview guide was semi-
structured. The method enabled the researcher to
collect accurate information from the officials who were
selected to participate as key informants; because, they
had a wealth of experience and knowledge on e-waste
management. The instrument well ensured that reliable
information is gathered, because it facilitates a deeper
investigation into the topic under study. It helped the
researcher to explain or clarify questions thereby
increasing likelihood of useful responses.
vi. Documentary Analysis Checklist
The researcher developed a checklist to guide
the reading and contained possible reading and
sources of information. This included documents
pertaining to the policy frameworks, strategies,
guidelines, and e-waste management practices.
vii. Questionnaires
Self-administered, structured questionnaires
were used to collect quantitative data. The questionnaire
was close-ended and based on the five-point Likert
scale. Although a structured questionnaire has the
intrinsic disadvantage of preventing respondents from
expressing themselves more authentically in their own
words, this type of questionnaire was preferred because
it can limit inconsistency and it saves time. The
researcher distributed the questionnaires to the
respondents for completion, after which they were
collected at a later time on the same day. The use of the
questionnaire was motivated by the fact that the
targeted respondents were literate and, therefore,
capable of completing the questionnaires on their own,
thereby saving the researcher time and money.
Moreover, self-administered questionnaires were known
to have the potential to generate reliable and unbiased
information on account of the fact that the respondent
completes the questionnaire in the absence of the
researcher [21].
III. Results
a) Response Rate
The study applied questionnaires and interview
guide to collect data from the respondents. The
instrument yielded and overall response rate as
presented in Table 2.
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It was of paramount importance to compute the
response rate to establish whether it was adequate for
the generation of the required data. Out of a sample of
69, 60 (87%) responded while 13% were not in position.
The response rate of 87% was adequate to facilitate this
study which implies that the data can be relied on and
that the study findings were representative of the
population.
Table 2: Response rate of the various respondents
Respondents/
categoriesMethodTargtet Actual Response
rate
Officers Interview 4 4 100%
System
administ
rators
1 1 100
Lab
technicia
5 3 60%
ns
Institutional
Users
Questi
onnaire
59 60
88%
Total 69 60
87%
Interview
Interview

Table 3: Thematic framework
Interview Themes Coding framework/ Comments on main
themes
Policy and
Regulatory
framework
Policy
Regulatory
framework.
National E-waste
management policy
Institutional policy
Contextual
Applicability
Implementation
Enforcement
Awareness
Policy and
regulatory
framework too
weak to handle the
e waste problem.
Practices and
effectiveness of
the E waste
management
practices
Practices
Effectiveness of
practices
Sustainability
Goal oriented
Only a single
practice is
employed at the
disposal stage and
not effective
Critical
challenges
Critical challenges
Generation challenges
Treatment challenges
Disposal challenges
Properly
addressing the
mentioned
Challenges is
critical to e waste
management.
b) Length of Service
The responses were sought from the respondents on the length of service in the organisations and the
findings are provided in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Length of service of the respondents
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62% had worked for 5-10 years, 22% for less
than 5 years and 16% for more than 10 years. Since
most of the respondents had worked for more than 5
years they have gained relevant experience and
knowledge on issues of e-waste. It also depicts work
experience representativeness of the respondents.
c) Qualitative Findings
A thematic framework as shown in Table 3 was
developed to analyze the data qualitatively and identify
the common theme.
d) Findings on Policy and Regulatory Framework
Qualitatively, the interviews revealed that the
college has no policy that comprehensively covers e-
waste problem as a whole that is to say from generation
to disposal but they rather follow the University disposal
policy for ICT equipment.
They are required by law to implement a
sustainable environmentally friendly electronic waste
disposal which they have designed. However, findings
from the research shows that little have been done to
implement this policy and one can comfortably state
that there has been no implementation.
Interviews revealed that the disposal policy
advocates for salvaging and reassembling of e-waste,
donations or sale of obsolete hardware through auction.
This however is not followed; the institute e-waste hardly
ever disposes of e-waste in the above ways but rather
as revealed by one of the interviewees as highlighted
below.
“We keep the e-waste in the stores and the
university estate department picks it up for auctioning
however this takes long due to limited funding”
Another one revealed that.
“Currently all government bodies keep the e-
waste in their offices and await the review of the PPDA
act to include e-waste as a category”.
Responses are shown in the figure 2.
Figure 2: Efficiency of National Policies in Addressing E-
waste Management in Uganda
From Figure 2, 77% of the respondent thought
that the national policies do not efficiently address the
problem of e-waste, while 23% thought the policies fully
address the problem of e-waste. Many of the 77% level
claimed that the national policies do not directly address
the problem of e-waste but address waste a whole, they
also claimed that enforcement of the regulation has
proved to be a problem by NEMA and there is no
control in the sector. They also thought that the
government does not provide enough financial support
to bodies that are involved in environmental
management such as NEMA hence such bodies cannot
efficiently carry out their mandate. Yet actually the
government offers support through the guidelines for e-
waste management in Uganda.
e) Quantitative Findings on Policy and Regulatory
Framework
Quantitative findings are as per Table 3. Details
of questions asked on policy and regulatory framework
(frequencies and percentages) for interpretation
purposes both agree and strongly agree show agreed
scores; not sure are not combined while strongly
disagreed and disagreed represent disagreed scores.
Key quantified findings reveal that 50% (n=49)
respondents are not aware of the e-waste management
policy while 46.6% of the respondents were aware of the
policy, 3.3% were undecided. Similarly, 45% of the
respondents were aware of the existing legal and
regulatory framework on e-waste management while
50% were not aware and 5% were not sure. On whether
the existing e-waste management policy is sufficient to
manage e-waste, 78.3% of the respondents disagreed
while 16.7% agreed and 5% were not sure. 80% of the
respondents don’t believe the available laws for e-waste
management are enforced while 16.7% agreed that they
are enforced and 3.3% are not sure. 13.3% of the
respondents agreed that CEDAT follows the e-waste
management regulatory framework while majority of the
respondents (83.6%) disagreed and 3.3% were not sure.
Regarding the framework’s applicability 21.7%
agreed that it was easy to apply while 75% disagreed.
On whether it is appropriate 73.4% don’t think it is while
23.4% think it is appropriate and 3.3% were undecided.
Regarding the effectiveness of the framework, 20% of
the respondents believe it is while 76.7% do not believe
the framework is effective.
These results suggest that there is limited
awareness of the policy and regulatory framework at
CEDAT and even amongst the respondents who may be
aware of the policy and regulatory framework, many
don’t believe it is applicable, appropriate, and effective.
The findings can be supported by a key respondent who
said that.
“The management of e-waste at CEDAT is
mainly impacted by limited awareness of policies and
regulatory framework on e-waste and there is need for
sensitization, even with the presence of the institutional
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policy, the institute is limited by the PPDA act which is
mostly silent on major issues of e-waste”.
f) Findings on Practices and Effectiveness of E-waste
Management
With the objective of determining the
effectiveness of existing e-waste practices in Uganda,
the researcher looked at the current practices used in
the management of e-waste that is looking at how it is
created, how it can be reduced to methods of disposal.
The study examined the effectiveness of these practices
in terms of their ability to achieve the ultimate objectives
of reducing e-waste, proper disposal, safeguarding both
human life and the environment from the harmful effects
of improper e-waste management. Below is a
presentation of study findings:
E-waste is mainly generated through purchase
and use of ICT equipment since the university is one of
highest consumer organizations of ICT equipment.
Regarding disposal, CEDAT policy advocates
for salvaging and reassembling, sale of hardware,
hardware donations and hardware destruction, however
there are not clearly defined, or proper hardware
destruction procedures followed, and the most common
way is storing it in a designated store as they await the
opening of the e-waste disposal center. The college
does not keep track of these e-waste.
The PPDA act is silent on e-waste disposal in
government institutions therefore e-waste cannot be
disposed of until changes are enacted. Findings reveal
that the practices employed by the institute are not
effective as stated by one the interviewees. The
probable solution to diminish e-waste is through
recycling and reusing.
“There is need for better guidelines and
practices to address e-waste as the ones we are
presently following are not helping”. On whether the
practices reduced the impact on the environment and
human life. Most of the interview respondents did not
believe so; one opined that.
“By keeping away the waste in a store may not
directly bring harm to the environment and humans now
but we know that we can’t have waste lying in a store
somewhere, that doesn’t really solve the problem but
just delays solution, so I don’t think we are reducing the
impact of e-waste on the environment or human life, we
are simply not doing anything about it”.
While another said that.
“As long as we are still purchasing EEE and not
properly disposing it off well, we are not managing it
effectively. What we are doing is not sustainable”.
The findings suggest that the practices
employed at CEDAT to manage e-waste are not
effective since they are not sustainable solutions to the
problem as per the respondents and the figure 3 is a
representation of their overall responses.
Figure 3: Effectiveness of Practices in Addressing e-
waste
6% of the respondents accredited especially the
practice of putting away the e-waste in a designated
store until an e-waste collection center is allocated as
one of the ways the institute has contributed to the
overall management of e-waste as unplanned dumping
would cause more harm than good to the population.
94% of the respondents thought this practice does not
fully address the issue of e-waste. They also attributed
ineffectiveness of the practices to poor enforcement and
thought that the institute should introduce of practices
that effectively manage e-waste that is right from
generation to disposal. The ineffectiveness of the
practices employed to address key issues regarding e-
waste has raised many challenges regarding e-waste
handling which has escalated the problem.
The results reveal that though some
respondents agreed that there are e-waste management
practices at CEDAT many of the respondents did not
think that the practices are effectiveness to manage the
problem. These results suggest that there is little
adherence to e-waste management practices at CEDAT
and that the practices may not be effective in combating
the ultimate impact of e-waste on the environment and
human life. The findings can be supported by a key
respondent who said that the only practice we employ to
manage e-waste is storing the waste which ideally is just
putting off the problem but not solving it”. Key quantified
findings reveal that 41.7%% (n=25) respondents believe
that the institute has practices used to manage e-waste
while 51.7% don’t believe there are practices and 6.7 are
not sure.
On whether the practices are adhered to only
10% agreed while 86.6% don’t believe the practices are
adhered to. Regarding the effectiveness of the applied
practices in e-waste management 71.6% of the
respondents do not believe they are effective while
21.6% believe that the practices are effective in
managing e-waste at CEDAT. 80% of the respondents
believe that the practices used to manage e-waste do
not reduce the impact of e-waste on the environment
while 16.7% agreed that they reduce the impact of e-
waste on the environment. 3.3% were not sure, similarly
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78.4% of the respondents disagreed to the statement
that the practices used help reduce the impact of e-
waste on human life while 18.4% agreed to the
statement and 3.3% were not sure. This indicates that
the applied practices in e-waste management are not
effective.
g) Findings on Critical Challenges of E-waste
The interviews demonstrated that there exist
challenges in management of e-waste at CEDAT.
Among the many challenges put forward by the
interviews were lack of awareness of e-waste and
magnitude of the e-waste problem, lack of sensitization,
limited funding, lack of stakeholder/employee
engagement, Political interference, weak policies and
regulatory framework, informal disposal methods, lack
of disposal facilities no enforcement among others. The
major challenges put forward were mainly lack of
awareness of e-waste and poor disposal of the waste.
The study established that e-waste is never
completely disposed but put away in a store. This
means that the waste stays at the premises for an
unprecedented amount of time as one of the
interviewees revealed that.
”The waste stays here for a very long time and
most times ends up in wrong hands or stolen”.
“Waste is relative, the obligation of disposal is
not put in consideration since it is not sensitive and due
to cost.”On the issue of awareness, it was established
that most of the respondents had limited knowledge
about e-waste and the e-waste problem. Though they
admitted having heard about e-waste through media,
they did not view it as a major issue. Equipment is used
past obsolesce and not properly disposed due to lack of
awareness. The impact of e-waste on human life and the
environment is not thought about due to the limited
knowledge of what e-waste is and potential impact.
The general knowledge on e-waste is very
important as it is the very first critical stage in fighting e-
waste at any level therefore training and capacity
building should be undertaken to enlighten people on
the matter.
One of the interviewees stated that.
”Many people here don’t know so much about
e-waste all they know is whether the machines they use
is working or not and if it is functional then all is well, but
if it is not then all they care for is how to get a new one,
proper disposal of the old one is the least of their
concerns”.
On whether there any measures put in place to
minimize the challenges interviews revealed that there is
none as the PPDA act limits what they can and can’t do
about e-waste. One of the interviewees opined that.
“We are guided by the government under the
PPDA Act and that limits us as the Act is silent on
important issues like disposal of e-waste”.
Figure 4 is a graphical representation of the
respondents’ views on the critical challenges of e-waste
management.
Figure 4: Findings on Critical Challenges of E-waste
Overall, the respondents revealed that weak
policies and regulatory framework is the biggest
challenge to e-waste management followed by improper
disposal, lack of awareness about e-waste and its
implications as well as poor infrastructure,
stakeholder/employee engagement and lack of
enforcement. Failure to address these challenges will
only worsen the problem.
The results reveal e-waste was not prioritized at
CEDAT, and even with the presence of ICT policies,
enforcement is lacking. These results suggest that e-
waste is not properly managed at the institute and the e-
waste problem has not been given the necessary
attention it deserves; the findings can be supported by a
key respondent who said that.
“It’s not something people pay attention to here.
The policies are not enforced due to constraints in
funding”.
Key quantified findings reveal that 81.6%
(n=49) respondents don’t believe the institute has
guidelines for e-waste treatment, however 15% (n=9)
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agreed that there are guidelines on e-waste treatment
and 3.3% n=2 were undecided.
On whether e-waste management is prioritized
at the institution 88.4% of the respondents disagreed
while 10% think it is prioritized and 1.7% are not sure.
Regarding policies on waste disposal 76.6%
agreed that the institution has e-waste disposal policy
however 18.3% disagreed and 5% were not sure. This
suggests that regarding e-waste disposal, the institute
has a policy in place however one of the key informants
stated that.
“The ICT disposal policy that we have doesn’t
effectively manage the problem, we put e-waste in
stores which doesn’t solve the problem. We need a
better disposal policy”.
On whether the policies are followed and
enforced 80% of the respondents disagreed while 16.7%
believe they are followed and 3.3% were not sure.
IV. Discussion and Finding
a) Discussion of the Findings
b) Existing E-waste Management Policy and its
Implementation
The study findings revealed a gap in the policy
and regulatory framework at CEDAT. e-waste
management requires that it is managed from
generation (ecofriendly devices) till it is disposed of and
this should be in a way that does not harm human life
and the environment. The institute has a disposal policy
but lacks a comprehensive e-waste management policy.
Even within the disposal policy the study revealed a
number of gaps. The absence of a comprehensive e-
waste management framework coupled with
ineffective/lax implementation of the existing disposal
policy is one of the major reasons of the low-end
management of e-waste.
The study also revealed limited awareness and
knowledge about the e-waste policy and regulatory
framework of the country which one would expect most
of them to be aware of since this is a government
institution, for those that were aware about it, they did
not think it is applicable, appropriate, and effective and
the same goes for the university ICT disposal policy that
is followed by the institute. This finding is in concurrence
with [22] who in their study revealed that all the five East
African countries lack concrete regulations for e-waste,
yet the number of ICT users is continuously growing and
that in all these countries governments are well aware of
the seriousness of this problem. Also, in agreement was
a study carried out by [5], who found that e-waste
legislation is absent in large parts of Africa.
The laxity in implementation and enforcement is
partially attributed to lack of a specific department to
address e-waste at the institute, therefore there is need
to formulate an independent department to ensure
wholesome accountability in matters of e-waste.
The importance of a strong policy and
regulatory framework is key in e-waste management.
The legislation should be enforceable and
implementable. This is line with the study findings by
[23] who stated that legal regulation is very essential in
designing WEEE management system.
c) Practices and Effectiveness of the Existing E-waste
Management Practices
Study findings revealed that the practices
employed to manage e-waste at CEDAT were
ineffective, inefficient, and not sustainable. The college
has ignored practices that can help combat the problem
regarding generation and treatment. It has concentrated
on disposal which basically looks at salvaging,
reassembling, sale and donations of hardware. EEE was
found to be used past obsolesce and if functional, it is
still useful.
Study findings by [24] suggested that
prevention of creating waste material is an important
method of waste reduction and though this can be
cheaper in the long run however, this has not been
considered by the institute. Practices such as adapting
acircular economy and purchase of durable, original,
and quality EEE products will also reduce on the degree
and rate of e-waste generation while other practices
recommended in the next chapter are sought to help
effectively manage the problem.
Further findings of this study reveal that CEDAT
has very weak measures for addressing the problem of
e-waste and general environmental health and safety
guidelines; this includes policies on e-waste, e-waste
handling procedures and environmental health and
safety measures. Therefore, e-waste is characterized by
ineffective generation, treatment, and disposal methods.
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E-waste is thus proving to be a serious
emerging environmental challenge, which requires
urgent attention at all levels. According to [25], there is a
need for more developing countries to enact policies
that guide the management of e-waste in order to
prevent environmental degradation and adverse effects
on human health. There is no quantifiable data to
determine the exact amount of e-waste there is at
CEDAT, therefore estimation of future trends of e-waste
is hard. The study further revealed that a lot of e-waste
has been stored in the offices awaiting legislation on
disposal, this is in line with [26] findings that assert that
in Africa e-waste is disposed of inappropriately; the
majority of obsolete EEE being stored in offices awaiting
future solutions. According to [27], most outdated
electronic equipment is typically stored for some time
due to a perceived worth (physical or emotional) before
being disposed of. The author went on to say that these
artifacts are typically kept in storage in both public and
private facilities until orders are given for their disposal.
In terms of e-waste disposal techniques, CEDAT stores
e-waste as opposed to using other techniques. This

implies that other e-waste disposal strategies, like reuse,
renovation, and recycling initiatives, were weak. The
above findings suggest that practices employed at the
institute are not good practices and are ineffective in
managing the problem. This means that the problem is
not sufficiently managed and better and demonstrates
an urgent need to put in place good practices to ensure
smarter and more sustainable e-waste management.
d) Findings on Critical Challenges of E-waste
The study revealed that weak policies and
regulatory framework is the biggest challenge to e-waste
management at CEDAT, this coupled with near absence
or ineffective implementation of the existing regulations
worsens the problem. As a government agency, CEDAT
is constrained by the government in what it can do to
address the issue and is negatively impacted by the
national e-waste management policy's uneven
implementation and enforcement. In agreement is a
study by [28] who found that the absence of e-waste
specific policies presents a challenge in coordinating e-
waste management roles and responsibilities. [29]
found that the absence of e-waste legislations or
absence of frameworks, in Ethiopia limited the actions
and reactions of the stakeholders towards e-waste
management in the country.
This reveals the importance of a contextually
applicable policy and regulatory framework both at
national and institutional level in addressing the e-waste
problem. This however should not come short of all the
resources that facilitate its implementation and
enforcement to achieve results. [30] asserts that
development of firm policies and the use of efficient
technologies have been described as critical in e-waste
management.
Another challenge established by the study was
improper disposal of the e-waste at the institute which is
sought to be one of the main reasons why the e-waste
levels are going up. This is coupled with the absence of
infrastructure for the recycling, and appropriate
management/disposal of e-waste following the
principles of sustainable consumption/development.
There are no proper disposal facilities, and the operating
disposal policy has numerous limitations. This reveals
inefficiency, and ineffectiveness of the disposal
practices as applied by the institute, a study by [31]
reveals that one of the key factors to consider in
successful management of e-waste is disposal of e-
waste by suitable techniques. It is therefore wise to
consider options like recycling and other good practices
of e-waste management to combat the problem.
Findings revealed limited awareness of e-waste
and magnitude of the e-waste problem. There is limited
awareness of the potential hazards of e-waste to human
health and the environment and the problem is thereby
not given the urgent attention it desires. This finding
concurs with [32] that one of the major challenges of e-
waste management in developing countries is ignorance
of the toxicity or hazardous nature of e-waste in
government and public circles. Also, in agreement is
[33], who found that most e-waste consumers had poor
knowledge on its management specifically on handling
and disposal which they attributed to lack of
sensitization and system to manage e-waste. This
suggests that awareness is a very crucial factor in
dealing with e-waste and therefore awareness
campaigns should be intensified by the relevant
stakeholders to address the current gap.
Other challenges established by the study were
lack of sensitization, lack of proper infrastructure, lack of
stakeholder/employee engagement, political
interference. All these need to be addressed for proper
management of the problem, in agreement with [23].
[23] revealed that some of the reasons behind the
present low-end management of WEEE in the
developing countries is the absence of infrastructure
and lack of awareness among consumers, collectors
and recyclers of the potential hazards of WEEE.
V. Framework Development
a) Proposed Framework for Improved E-waste
Management
Regarding the study findings and lessons learnt
from countries that have managed to effectively deal
with the e-waste problem, the researcher believes that
the proposed framework presents a unique and ideal
solution to the e-waste problem at CEDAT and can also
be adopted by the country at large. The framework looks
at the material flow of e-waste from generation to
collection, illustrates a clearly defined e-waste collection
system and key inputs. For effective management of e-
waste, the framework proposes mandatory
implementation of EPR spear headed by government,
the establishment of product reuse through
remanufacturing and the introduction of efficient
recycling facilities. It should offer financial incentives
based on weight to individuals that collect e-waste from
the community and bring it to the collection centers for
recycling to motivate people to use the facilities.
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Figure 5: Proposed Framework for Improved E-waste Management
VI. Discussion of Results
a) Existing E-waste Management Policy and its
Implementation
The study findings revealed a gap in the policy
and regulatory framework at CEDAT. e-waste
management requires that it is managed from
generation (eco-friendly devices) till it is disposed of and
this should be in a way that does not harm human life
and the environment. The institute has a disposal policy
but lacks a comprehensive e-waste management policy.
The absence of a comprehensive e-waste management
framework coupled with ineffective/lax implementation of
the existing disposal policy is one of the major reasons
of the low-end management of e-waste.
The study also revealed limited awareness and
knowledge about the e-waste policy and regulatory
framework of the country which one would expect most
of them to be aware of since this is a government
institution, for those that were aware about it, they did
not think it is applicable, appropriate, and effective and
the same goes for the university ICT disposal policy that
is followed by the institute. This finding is in concurrence
with [39] who in their study revealed that all the five East
African countries lack concrete regulations for e-waste,
yet the number of ICT users is continuously growing and
that in all these countries governments are well aware of
the seriousness of this problem. Also, in agreement was
a study carried out by [5] who found that e-waste
legislation is absent in large parts of Africa.
The laxity in implementation and enforcement is
partially attributed to lack of a specific department to
address e-waste at the institute, therefore there is need
to formulate an independent department to ensure
wholesome accountability in matters of e-waste.
The importance of a strong policy and
regulatory framework is key in e-waste management.
The legislation should be enforceable and
implementable. This is line with the study findings by
Nnorom & Osibanjo, (2008) who stated that legal
regulation is very essential in designing WEEE
management system.
VII. Conclusion
The study draws the following conclusions;
The policy and procedures being used in e-
waste management at CEDAT suffer limited awareness
and appreciation from the policy implementers. This
makes e-waste management ineffective and slows the
process of enforcement and implementation of the
policy. Policy sensitization and amendments are
required, and various stakeholders should be trained on
its purpose and the importance of constantly reviewing it
for guidance on e-waste management.
The study also realized a limited awareness
among the policy implementers and other stakeholders,
which also weakens the implementation of the policy.
The practices employed at the college were inefficient
and unsustainable to solve the e-waste problems at the
college. The policy employed at the college ignores key
practices of e-waste management that could help
combat the problems of e-waste. The weak policy and
its poor procedures worsen the problem.
According to the framework, transportation of e-
waste is a priority issue in e-waste management. It is
The proposed framework for improved e-waste
management implores the various e-waste management
approaches like; Takeback system & Collection plant
which were studied by [27]; [34]; [35]; [36], as well a
study on Refurbishment & Recycling and-Repurpose by
[37]; [38].
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important that this waste is safely handled, and this can
only be achieved through provision of necessary
infrastructure to help in management of e-waste. As per
the framework, collection centers play a great role in
enabling proper handling of e-waste therefore setting
them up at points that are easily accessible to the
communities. The framework advocates for partnerships
between the government and private firms through
Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) to build robust and
sustainable infrastructure to facilitate an environmentally
friendly e-waste management system and provide
incentives for consumers to dispose their e-waste.
However, the framework identifies a sound policy and a
regulatory framework that tackles all components of e-
waste management. Which should be implemented to
reduce on the e-waste dumped and also push part of
the responsibility to the producer organizations. The
regulations should be applicable to all processes that
involves e-waste.
a) Recommendations
Based on the conclusions, the following
recommendations are proposed:
•The Government should bring to public awareness
the existing policy and legislations in place,
implement e-waste policy, formulate and enforce
legislation that is specific to e-waste management.
•The college should adopt practices that
comprehensively manage e-waste from generation
to disposal. Designingmodified EPR strategies
based on the local economy and capacity to
implement such schemes could come in handy. In
addition, adopt modified EPR schemes that include
regulatory approaches on electronic equipment to
procure green products using less hazardous
materials (i.e., implement DfE criterion or eco-
design/cleaner production) and then, subsequent e-
waste management processes will be cheap and
easy.
•Consider adopting recycling as a strategy for
managing e-waste, this can be through
engagement in PrivatePublic Partnerships, together
they can create a solution for developing recycling
infrastructure in e-waste, however they need to be
designed carefully regarding Legislations and
Regulations, Financial and Organizational Risks,
Local Community Involvementand Financial
Incentives.
•Invest in awareness and education campaigns,
capacity building, training and knowledge sharing
on e-waste management and carry out extensive
research to establish the volumes, nature and
potential environmental and human impact to bridge
the knowledge gap about e-waste.
The adoption of a model where consumers in
this case institutional users take e-waste to certified e-
waste collectors who pay them (incentives). Then the
collectors could sell to recyclers or refurbishers. This
could drive e-waste collection, transportation, and its
treatment, as is the case in Sweden.
b) Limitations of the Study
The rampart lockdowns due to Covid-19 in the
country greatly affected the institute and hence the data
collection process.
Another limitation to this research was
inadequate time and money available to the researcher
to conduct the study. Secondly, the tendency of many
employees to paint a rosy picture of their organization,
especially when they are communicating to strangers,
and the resultant reluctance to disclose unfavorable
information, lest they be construed as inefficient, must
also have limited the scope of the data collected.
c) Future Perspectives
Researchers in e-waste should consider areas
related to.
i. Reduction of e-waste generation
ii. Recycling of e-waste: cost vs benefit
iii. Applicability of EPR schemes in the least developed
countries
iv. Understanding e-waste disposal techniques:
Determinants, policy implications, challenges, and
prospects.
v. The impact of policy and Regulatory framework on
e-waste management.
Acknowledgment
I am grateful to God for the good health and
well-being that allowed me to finish this study.
I am also thankful to my family and friends
whose constant encouragement and support kept me
motivated and confident. Special thanks to my co-
authors for always keeping their words and making sure
that all that was required is availed in time. This
achievement would not have been possible without your
assistance. Thank you very much.
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