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THE USE OF NFT AS A PAYMENT METHOD IN HEALTH TOURİSM
Abstract
Health tourism is a rapidly growing health service model in the world. Today, its use by health service demanders has become widespread. The health tourism sector is a sector that combines health and tourism, where individuals who demand health services can receive treatment services by traveling. In the health sector, where technology is used intensively, innovative approaches are emerging in the provision of health services. NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens), a new digital asset that has emerged in recent years with the development of blockchain, offers different usage areas in health tourism with its features. NFTs are defined as unique digital assets and are supported by blockchain technology. This new approach offers innovative opportunities for health tourists and health tourism organizations, data security, and payment methods. This innovative technology can make the health tourism experience more transparent and secure. This study is expected to contribute to the sector with an innovative alternative payment method for practitioners in health tourism, which is an international service model.
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Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are digital certificates of ownership that can be attached to any virtual or physical asset. Recently, they have become increasingly popular, especially with the advent of metaverses, virtual spaces shared and accessible online. Many organizations are launching NFT initiatives for a variety of reasons including retaining customers, developing new revenue streams, or demonstrating that they are keeping up with the latest technological advances. When organizations launch NFT initiatives, they attempt to provide value to NFT users in various ways, depending on the NFT and broader characteristics of the initiatives. This paper is a preliminary study to understand the value that organizations can attempt to provide through NFT initiatives. We examine 46 NFT initiatives from 42 companies by adopting an interpretive approach to provide a first overview. Based on our analysis, we discuss various elements on the design of NFT initiatives, and propose a research agenda.
Çalışma, NFT (Non-FungibleToken) kavramı ile bu kavramın üzerine kurulu olduğu teknoloji ve kullanım alanlarını araştırmaktadır. Bu araştırmada ilk olarak NFT’nin dayandığı blokzincir teknolojisi incelenmekte ve çalışma biçimi açıklanmaktadır. Ardından bu teknolojinin özellikleri ve popüler kripto paralar dışındaki kullanım alanları irdelenmiştir. Daha sonra NFT’yi bir standart olarak tanımlayan Ethereum platformu araştırılmış ve yine bu platform üzerinde tanımlanan akıllı sözleşmeler açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca NFT kategorileri incelenmiş, dijital sanat alanı ve diğer kategorilerde önerilen uygulamalar için bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Ek olarak, oluşturulan sözlük yardımıyla bu alanda kullanılan kavramların Türkçe karşılıklarına dair önerilerde bulunulmuştur. Başta sanat, koleksiyon ve oyun kategorisinde olmak üzere birçok alanda NFT uygulamaları mevcuttur. NFT’lerin özellikle tedarik zincirleri ve nesnelerin interneti alanlarında yaygın olarak kullanım alanı bulacağı öngörülmektedir. Bu çalışma, NFT kavramını, teknolojisini ve kullanım alanlarını bir bütün olarak ele almakta ve açıklamaktadır.
Investments made and resources owned in the field of health in Turkey have increased the interest in health tourism, which is one of the types of tourism with the highest added value. In consequence of factors such as globalization, international collaborations, the expansion of people’s travel opportunities, the increase in the elderly population, the rising awareness of people who want to live healthy and long, and the fact that people can have instant information about new treatment methods thanks to the effect of digitization, health tourism is of critical importance for countries to promote themselves and raise their reputations. Health tourism, which can be served throughout the year regardless of a season, differs from other types of tourism both in this respect and due to the diversity of its target audience. This study aims to examine the place of health tourism in general country promotion strategies by discussing the promotional activities in health tourism at the national and international levels. This study, which is based on literature analysis, aims to determine the potential of the country, to discuss different promotion strategies and methods that can be created in accordance with the target audiences, and to deal with communication activities. In the light of the researches, if Turkey can manage its health tourism well, it has the potential to be increasingly preferred over the years by international patients, especially in some branches (plastic surgery, ophthalmology, dentistry, gynecology, otolaryngology, physiotherapy, and rehabilitation, etc.), due to its thermal resources, trained manpower, and treatment methods adapted to the latest technologies. Travel restrictions due to the Covid-19 epidemic, the changing priorities of medical tourists, and the reports on the health policies of countries have directly affected the accelerating health tourism. In this context, it is predicted that countries that manage this crisis well will increase their reputation and credibility in health tourism. It is believed that assessing medical tourism within the country branding and presenting it with current examples will benefit all stakeholders in the field. Additionally, it is believed that the study will be a guide for marketing professionals, public relations specialists, advertisers, and researchers who will carry out promotional activities in this field.
Cyberworld is included more in people’s lives day by day.
Furthermore, it becomes a part of the life. Cyber risks arising out
of the cyber world need cyber-remedies. At the present time, numerous insurance companies begin to offer cyber-insurance
services. On the other hand, NFTs (Non-Fungible Tokens) gain
wide currency due to the development of the Blockchain’s
technology. Consequently, the products that reaching millions of
dollars are need to be insured. Nevertheless, NFT-insurances are
yet to be seen.
Keywords: NFTs, Cyber, Risk, Insurance, Blockchain.
The paper discusses the benefits of blockchain technology for medical tourism. The major focus is placed on pre-procedure and post-procedure of medical tourism. The authors argue that blockchain technology can facilitate several stages of medical tourism by enabling disintermediation, allowing cryptocurrency payments, ensuring secure data sharing and privacy, and empowering trusted review systems. With regard to COVID-19 pandemic, the paper outlines the current challenges of the medical tourism industry and prop oses the opportunities for blockchain technology use. The paper attempts to provide important insights regarding the positive implications of blockchain technology use within the medical tourism industry as well as to further advance the current knowledge about blockchain technology’s effects for medical tourism.
The reproduction of the work of art with technical possibilities has occupied the intellectual and artistic circles with the industrial revolution. The reproduction of the work of art, which started with photography, brought with it some ethical problems and caused it to be experienced in discussions. The forms of production changed by the technologies allows it to change in the social of structure and to reach new realities. In addition to developments that change production forms such as augmented reality and artificial intelligence, new approaches and realities are emerging in the production of works of art. In this article, the production system, method, platforms and value system of non-Fungible Token (NFT), in other words, unchangeable unique assets, which is called crypto art, of the reproduction of the work of art with technical possibilities are examined. At the same time, the sociological and economic aspects of the artist's new field of action, which is gained by the acceptance of the artwork or representative asset attached to the standard contract and account codes that produce unique value, such as ERC721 and ERC-1155 over the Ethereum blockchain, are examined. Details about NFT's blockchain technology, general structure and usage are examined and the concept of crypto art is explained with technical details. The basic structure, limits, usage costs are explained and the methods of being a part of NFT are explained step by step. The crypto-code relationship between smart contracts and Ethereum, which is the key feature of immutable unique assets is explained. The fundamental dependence of the concept of crypto art on motion graphics and the determinants of the production methods of the crypto art work are expressed. Considering the fact that data decentralization is realized with IPFS protocol instead of HTTP protocol and that collective production is a result of hyperreal life forms, the movement of digital art production forms is emphasized. In addition, technological innovations and production methods are examined and discussed starting from the first examples.
Medical tourism has witnessed significant growth over the last decade. By combining healthcare services with tourism and hospitality, this nascent sector creates a new tourist class with access to affordable healthcare services. Information technology is an essential factor, which can enable the growth of medical tourism. Technology enables the search process for information about the available services, costs, hospitality, tourism and post-treatment options. However, these technologies are primarily legacy systems and lack interoperability. Several questions arise, including the ability of the potential patient-tourist to verify crucial factors such as the quality of care and the credentials of the medical professionals and medical facilities. Moreover, questions arise regarding patient-doctor trust, procedure and risk transparency‚ medical record privacy and other health-related hazards in specific procedures. In this conceptual paper, we investigate the potential benefits of Blockchain technology to address some of the open questions in medical tourism. We conclude that Blockchain technology can benefit medical tourism, and we lay the foundation for future research.
Crypto-currencies, or crypto-assets, represent a new class of investment assets. The traditional portfolio analysis approach of Markowitz is not appropriate for use with portfolios containing crypto-assets, as the model requires that the investor have a quadratic utility function or that the returns be normally distributed, which isn’t the case for crypto-assets. We develop a portfolio optimization model based on the Omega measure which is more comprehensive than the Markowitz model, and apply this to four crypto-asset investment portfolios by means of a numerical application. The results indicate that these portfolios should favor traditional market assets over crypto-assets. In the case of portfolios formed only by crypto-assets, there is no clear preference in favor of any crypto-asset in particular.
The health tourism sector has different characteristics from all other sectors. It is important for health tourism that the expectations of people from health services are different, and that they have in need of different kinds of medical intervention and treatments. Medical tourism is actually a different kind of market with its specialized attributes. In tourism, all countries carry out different promotional campaigns to gain a greater market share. The activities, promotions, or groups of promotional campaigns play an important role among the factors that take action to get a particular service. The aim of the promotion of health tourism is to try to create a positive image in terms of guidance towards health care services in the country through the presentation, disclosure and announcement of values such as "medical experience, technological infrastructure and healthcare service facilities we have " to the international public. The promotion of health tourism is the publicity of the health services offered as a basis. Health tourism is less influenced by general economic conditions and individuals looks for quality firstly then price. Most patients prefer the health care facility without seeing it. Due to the intense competition environment, accurate publicity and informing are of great importance. In this study, publicity principles, tools and targets, promotion and marketing ways of health tourism for our country are examined.
As of today, there is a growing demand for health tourism services in the tourism industry; and according to the forecasts, the cooperation between high quality health service providers and international tourism has a huge potential. The trends within health tourism are affected not only by the quality of the services, but also by the increase of health awareness. Due to the different development paths within the health tourism system, a wide variety of services and destinations is available for consumers. In the past decades, specialisation has been the most important feature of health tourism development; and as a result, there are significant differences in the services, venues and destinations offered by tourism businesses. While the health tourism industry in Asia mainly focuses on high-profit surgery services, the industry within the European Union offers services that are based on the traditions and the history of the region. Health tourism has become one of the most versatile industries, and with the results of the digital revolution, we can predict the emergence of further new and innovative solutions. E-Health and other digital services are opening new horizons for the industry; and there is also a huge potential in rethinking the exploitation of the already existing resources. Creativity and innovation are just as important in health tourism as in any other industry. In the digital era, there is a huge opportunity in combining the fragments of already existing solutions, and create novel products in order to maximise their benefits.
In the Internet of Things (IoT) vision, conventional devices become smart and autonomous. This vision is turning into a reality thanks to advances in technology, but there are still challenges to address, particularly in the security domain e.g., data reliability. Taking into account the predicted evolution of the IoT in the coming years, it is necessary to provide confidence in this huge incoming information source. Blockchain has emerged as a key technology that will transform the way in which we share information. Building trust in distributed environments without the need for authorities is a technological advance that has the potential to change many industries, the IoT among them. Disruptive technologies such as big data and cloud computing have been leveraged by IoT to overcome its limitations since its conception, and we think blockchain will be one of the next ones. This paper focuses on this relationship, investigates challenges in blockchain IoT applications, and surveys the most relevant work in order to analyze how blockchain could potentially improve the IoT.
The blockchain technology is a relatively new approach in the field of information technologies. As one of its first implementations, bitcoin as a cryptocurrency has gained a lot of attention. Together with Ethereum, blockchain implementation with focus on smart contracts, they represent the very core of modern cryptocurrency development. This paper is meant to give a brief introduction to these topics.
Medical tourism is understood as travel abroad with the intention of obtaining non-emergency medical services. This practice is the subject of increasing interest, but little is known about its scope.
A comprehensive scoping review of published academic articles, media sources, and grey literature reports was performed to answer the question: what is known about the patient's experience of medical tourism? The review was accomplished in three steps: (1) identifying the question and relevant literature; (2) selecting the literature; (3) charting, collating, and summarizing the information. Overall themes were identified from this process.
291 sources were identified for review from the databases searched, the majority of which were media pieces (n = 176). A further 57 sources were included for review after hand searching reference lists. Of the 348 sources that were gathered, 216 were ultimately included in this scoping review. Only a small minority of sources reported on empirical studies that involved the collection of primary data (n = 5). The four themes identified via the review were: (1) decision-making (e.g., push and pull factors that operate to shape patients' decisions); (2) motivations (e.g., procedure-, cost-, and travel-based factors motivating patients to seek care abroad); (3) risks (e.g., health and travel risks); and (4) first-hand accounts (e.g., patients' experiential accounts of having gone abroad for medical care). These themes represent the most discussed issues about the patient's experience of medical tourism in the English-language academic, media, and grey literatures.
This review demonstrates the need for additional research on numerous issues, including: (1) understanding how multiple information sources are consulted and evaluated by patients before deciding upon medical tourism; (2) examining how patients understand the risks of care abroad; (3) gathering patients' prospective and retrospective accounts; and (4) the push and pull factors, as well as the motives of patients to participate in medical tourism. The findings from this scoping review and the knowledge gaps it uncovered also demonstrate that there is great potential for new contributions to our understanding of the patient's experience of medical tourism.
İnsanoğlu hayatını kolaylaştırabilmek ve değişen dünyanın en güncel haline uyum sağlamak için birçok alanda olduğu gibi para için kullanılan nesnelerde de bazı değişikliklere gitmiştir. Bu süreçte deniz kabuklarını, fil dişlerini, değerli madenleri para olarak kullanmışlardır. Teknolojinin gelişmesiyle beraber para olarak kullanılan nesnelerde değişmiştir. Bu bağlamda özellikle son yıllarda blokzincir teknolojisi üzerine inşa edilen kripto paralar birçok ülkenin, finansal kurumların dikkatini çekmiştir. Buna paralel olarak kripto paraların kullanım alanı oldukça artmıştır. Bu çalışmada blokzincir teknolojisinin altyapısı, finans sektöründeki yeri, sosyal hayattaki kullanım alanları, avantajları, dezavantajları ve kripto paraların merkez bankaları, finans piyasaları üzerindeki öngörülen etkileri incelenmiştir. Yapılan birçok çalışmada blokzincir teknolojisinin henüz çok yeni bir teknoloji olduğu ve gün geçtikçe hayatı kolaylaştırıcı farklı bir kullanım alanı ortaya çıktığı tespit edilmiştir. Genel olarak Blokzincir teknolojisinin maliyet, hız, güvenlik gibi alanlarda kurum/kuruluşlara fayda sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Kripto paraların ise aşırı riskli olduğu, özellikle terör örgütlerine finansman sağlama, vergi kaçırma kara para aklama gibi faaliyetlerle devletleri zarara uğratabileceği öngörülmektedir. Kripto paralar ile ilgili yasal düzenlemelerin yapılmasının zorunlu olduğu, ilerleyen zamanlarda kripto para kullanımının daha da artacağı fakat buna rağmen ülkelerin merkez bankalarının yerini almasının zor olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Blockchain, the distributed ledger underlying bitcoin, has attracted much attention and stimulated rich discussions. However, extant discussions are mostly conceptual expositions, and empirical evidence of how to use the technology is limited. This case analysis fills this gap by conducting a study on Hainan Airlines (HNA) group, a large conglomerate, which has successfully implemented a blockchain-enabled E-commerce platform to offer employees flexible benefits. The case study unveils that blockchain of value in three ways: 1) issuing crypto-currency, 2) protecting sensitive information, and 3) eliminating institutional intermediaries. These findings provide a reference point for IT and general managers who intend to use blockchain to digitally enable their organizations further.
Blockchain offers an innovative approach to storing information, executing transactions, performing functions, and establishing trust in an open environment. Many consider blockchain as a technology breakthrough for cryptography and cybersecurity, with use cases ranging from globally deployed cryptocurrency systems like Bitcoin, to smart contracts, smart grids over the Internet of Things, and so forth. Although blockchain has received growing interests in both academia and industry in the recent years, the security and privacy of blockchains continue to be at the center of the debate when deploying blockchain in different applications. This article presents a comprehensive overview of the security and privacy of blockchain. To facilitate the discussion, we first introduce the notion of blockchains and its utility in the context of Bitcoin-like online transactions. Then, we describe the basic security properties that are supported as the essential requirements and building blocks for Bitcoin-like cryptocurrency systems, followed by presenting the additional security and privacy properties that are desired in many blockchain applications. Finally, we review the security and privacy techniques for achieving these security properties in blockchain-based systems, including representative consensus algorithms, hash chained storage, mixing protocols, anonymous signatures, non-interactive zero-knowledge proof, and so forth. We conjecture that this survey can help readers to gain an in-depth understanding of the security and privacy of blockchain with respect to concept, attributes, techniques, and systems.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationships between the health tourists’ perceptions on decisive factors (i.e. experience, technological infrastructure, flight distance, legal and moral restrictions, touristic attractions, religious similarity, waiting time and price of health tourism) and Turkey as their choice of healthcare tourism destination.
Design/methodology/approach
The data for this empirical study were collected from 288 patients in Turkey, all of whom being health tourists from various countries. Descriptive statistics and Kruskal–Wallis difference tests were utilized for analyses.
Findings
Statistically significant differences were found among health tourists in regards to the geographical regions of their residence. These finding suggest that differences among health tourists in regards to the geographical regions of their residence contributed to the healthcare tourists’ behaviors and health tourism market segmentations in Turkey.
Research limitations/implications
Among the constraints of the study are the time and funding limitations coupled with the limitations on the scale development attempts in the health tourism literature and limitation and biases related to primary data collection. Despite all these limitations, by being the first study exploring the health tourism market segmentations in Turkey, this study contributes to the literature about the perceptions of health tourists and their reasons in choosing Turkey as a health tourism destination.
Practical implications
Determining the Turkey’s health tourism market segmentations will generate the positive effect on the target market which is currently heterogeneous for health tourism operators and intermediary institutions. Moreover, this knowledge would allow the target market to be divided into homogeneous groups, with different marketing mixes for each group. Homogenized groups exhibit unified purchasing behaviors for their needs. Therefore, it is very important for health tourism operators and intermediary institutions to know how the preferences of health tourists from different geographical regions vary.
Originality/value
The paper fulfills a need for advancing the knowledge on the decisive factors in determining Turkey as the health tourism destination by revealing perceptions of health tourists from various geographical regions. This information is very valuable for the Turkey’s healthcare tourism marketing managers who desire to implement the strategies to achieve competitive advantage in the global health tourism market.
Arrival of blockchain is set to transform supply chain activities. Scholars have barely begun to systematically assess the effects of blockchain on various organizational activities. This paper examines how blockchain is likely to affect key supply chain management objectives such as cost, quality, speed, dependability, risk reduction, sustainability and flexibility. We present early evidence linking the use of blockchain in supply chain activities to increase transparency and accountability. Case studies of blockchain projects at various phases of development for diverse purposes are discussed. This study illustrates the various mechanisms by which blockchain help achieve the above supply chain objectives. Special emphasis has been placed on the roles of the incorporation of the IoT in blockchain-based solutions and the degree of deployment of blockchain to validate individuals’ and assets’ identities.
Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to delineate a clear definition of health tourism, and to explain it in two sub-categories, namely, medical tourism, and wellness tourism.
Design/methodology/approach
– Grounded theory approach through an in-depth literature review and practical data from three different cities were researched to support the study.
Findings
– Determinants of travelers’ decision making for the destination of health tourism, such as distance, cost, language, economy, competency of medical technology, and culture, in each classification of health tourism, were identified.
Originality/value
– This study suggests an inductive research model to synthesize and structure a logical relationship of determinants that affect health tourists’ decision to visit specific health tourism destinations. The results of this study are quite revealing to governments, industrial practitioners, and potential customers of health tourism in terms of the context of health tourism and the behavior of health tourists.
A purely peer-to-peer version of electronic cash would allow online payments to be sent directly from one party to another without going through a financial institution. Digital signatures provide part of the solution, but the main benefits are lost if a trusted third party is still required to prevent double-spending. We propose a solution to the double-spending problem using a peer-to-peer network. The network timestamps transactions by hashing them into an ongoing chain of hash-based proof-of-work, forming a record that cannot be changed without redoing the proof-of-work. The longest chain not only serves as proof of the sequence of events witnessed, but proof that it came from the largest pool of CPU power. As long as a majority of CPU power is controlled by nodes that are not cooperating to attack the network, they'll generate the longest chain and outpace attackers. The network itself requires minimal structure. Messages are broadcast on a best effort basis, and nodes can leave and rejoin the network at will, accepting the longest proof-of-work chain as proof of what happened while they were gone.
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