IJMPR Tinospora Cordifolia: Medicinal Plant: A Review

Abstract

Wild Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi/Amrita, native name; English: Indian Tinospora, also known as Giloya/Gulancha in Hindi, belongs to the Menispermaceae family and is abundant in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China. The plant is a spreading and climbing shrub with many twisting branches. T. cordifolia is utilised in Ayurvedic medicine and has a variety of therapeutic characteristics. This page summarises the plant's chemical ingredients and pharmacological characteristics. The review will offer future researchers with a scientific basis for its usage in Ayurveda as well as an instructive database on an ethno-pharmacologically valuable medicinal plant. INTRODUCTION Tinospora cordifolia in the wild Guduchi/Amrita, native name; English: Indian Tinospora, also known as Giloya/Gulancha in Hindi, is a Menispermaceae family member that is common in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China. The plant is a climbing and spreading shrub with several twisted branches. T. cordifolia is used in Ayurvedic medicine and has several medicinal properties. This page highlights the chemical components and pharmacological properties of the plant. The review will provide future scholars with a scientific foundation for its use in Ayurveda, as well as a useful database on an ethno-pharmacologically beneficial medicinal plant. Medicinal plants are those plants which exhibit medicinal and therapeutic properties in the form of biologically active compounds in the form of secondary metabolites and these metabolites are found either incorporated in the plant parts like leaves or flowers, seed or bark or sometimes found in the form of exopolysaccharides, resins and gums. The recent discovery has pointed that the rhizosphere surrounding the plant roots have therapeutic properties that can be used and exploited by the mankind for his betterment. The medicinal plants have always been the hub and center for cultural and medicinal prosperity in various cultures and of all the cultures, the central and south Asian cultures and spirituality has been deeply rooted and supported by medicinal plants and their products. Various sages and ancient physicians like Susruta, who wrote the "Susruta Samhita" which praises the various medicinal and therapeutic properties of many plants. The ayurvedic scriptures depicts the transfer of the medicinal knowledge from godly sources to sages and thereby passed to human society via physicians in written form and orally transmitted knowledge from gurus(teachers) to their pupils. The practices usually uses well designed concentrations of substances like minerals, metals along with the herbal compounds in set manner for protective and curative effects.1

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Prashant Singh et al.: Tinospora Cordifolia: Medicinal Plant: A Review
1
International Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Research
Website: https://ijmpr.in/ | Print ISSN: 2958-3675 | Online ISSN: 2958-3683
Review Article
NLM ID: 9918523075206676
Volume: 4, Special Issue:3 (May-June 2023); Page No: 00-00
IJMPR
Copyright@IJMPR
Tinospora Cordifolia: Medicinal Plant: A Review
Prashant Singh1, Sushil Kumar Tiwari2, Shiwani Jaiswal2, Karunakar Prasad Dwivedi2,
Shreya Maddhesiya3, Navneet Kumar Verma*2
1 Professor, Buddha Institute of Pharmacy, GIDA, Gorakhpur, UP, India-273209
2 Associate Professor, Buddha Institute of Pharmacy, GIDA, Gorakhpur, UP, India-273209
3 Assistant Professor, Buddha Institute of Pharmacy, GIDA, Gorakhpur, UP, India-273209
ABSTRACT
Wild Tinospora cordifolia Guduchi/Amrita, native name; English: Indian Tinospora, also known as Giloya/Gulancha in
Hindi, belongs to the Menispermaceae family and is abundant in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and China. The plant
is a spreading and climbing shrub with many twisting branches. T. cordifolia is utilised in Ayurvedic medicine and has a
variety of therapeutic characteristics. This page summarises the plant's chemical ingredients and pharmacological
characteristics. The review will offer future researchers with a scientific basis for its usage in Ayurveda as well as an
instructive database on an ethno-pharmacologically valuable medicinal plant.
Key Words: Tinospora cordifolia, Ethnopharmacology, Chemical Constituents, Biological Activities.
*Corresponding Author
Navneet Kumar Verma
Associate Professor, Buddha Institute of Pharmacy, GIDA, Gorakhpur, UP, India-273209
INTRODUCTION
Tinospora cordifolia in the wild Guduchi/Amrita, native name; English: Indian Tinospora, also known as
Giloya/Gulancha in Hindi, is a Menispermaceae family member that is common in Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, and
China. The plant is a climbing and spreading shrub with several twisted branches. T. cordifolia is used in Ayurvedic
medicine and has several medicinal properties. This page highlights the chemical components and pharmacological
properties of the plant. The review will provide future scholars with a scientific foundation for its use in Ayurveda, as well
as a useful database on an ethno-pharmacologically beneficial medicinal plant. Medicinal plants are those plants which
exhibit medicinal and therapeutic properties in the form of biologically active compounds in the form of secondary
metabolites and these metabolites are found either incorporated in the plant parts like leaves or flowers, seed or bark or
sometimes found in the form of exopolysaccharides, resins and gums. The recent discovery has pointed that the rhizosphere
surrounding the plant roots have therapeutic properties that can be used and exploited by the mankind for his betterment.
The medicinal plants have always been the hub and center for cultural and medicinal prosperity in various cultures and of
all the cultures, the central and south Asian cultures and spirituality has been deeply rooted and supported by medicinal
plants and their products. Various sages and ancient physicians like Susruta, who wrote the “Susruta Samhita” which
praises the various medicinal and therapeutic properties of many plants. The ayurvedic scriptures depicts the transfer of
the medicinal knowledge from godly sources to sages and thereby passed to human society via physicians in written form
and orally transmitted knowledge from gurus(teachers) to their pupils. The practices usually uses well designed
concentrations of substances like minerals, metals along with the herbal compounds in set manner for protective and
curative effects.1
The scientific bodies have always been inquisitive and amazed by the medicinal plants for their beyond scientific
explanation behavior and have always tried to replicate their effects in the laboratory conditions. Like seen, they have not
been able to infuse and bind the ocean similar effects of the medicinal plants in the synthetic and semi–synthetic form. So
the other concept of clubbing this age old medicinal form in the advanced technology methods is now widely followed.
This method requires the well informed knowledge of the nature and working of the medicinal plants in their native and in
combinational form. The know–hows and the in–depth working principles are important to justify the substantial medicinal
and therapeutic value that has been tagged to the plants.2–4
Out of the many medicinal plants that have been seen throughout the globe, they have geographically found in strong
numbers and multiple varieties in the tropical and sub–tropical regions of the Earth. Out of these regions, the Asian and
African continents have the most quantity of medicinal plants and the extent of the medicinal properties that these medicinal
plants bear are of very high extent. This is evidently seen in the dominant presence of medicinal plants and their compounds
in the daily life and cultural practices of the respective places. India has always been known for her rich cultural and
spiritual practices and the extent of the effect that the medicinal plants have on the culture, history and in the lives of the
people dwelling in India is clearly visible. So the well–known and in– depth knowledge of both the medicinal plants and

Prashant Singh et al.: Tinospora Cordifolia: Medicinal Plant: A Review
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their interactions with the advanced technology and how these in native and in combined form react with the biological
system and bring about the desired medicinal and therapeutic properties.
Tinospora cordifolia is a medicinal plant whose status in the field of natural medicine and Ayurvedic is of the highest
order. Vernacularly speaking, Tinospora cordifolia is known “Guduchi” whose origin is rooted to Sanskrit; and is known
as “Amruthaballi” in Kannada and is an important drug of the Indian System of Medicine (ISM). T. cordifolia is an
esteemed medicinal plant whose uses and application with reference to human benefits have been praised to indescribable
heights in various ayurvedic and Vedic scriptures and the practices. The medicinal plant of interest in this paper, Tinospora
cordifolia, a climber plant of great medicinal property which is widely and popularly used in the ayurvedic and local forms
of medicine is studied in the phytochemical and different components that exhibit the properties that have been celebrated
and upheld in the age old traditions and medicinal practices.
Fig;1; Tinospora cordifolia
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES OF TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA
A myriad of biologically active compounds have been isolated from different parts of the plant body. These compounds
have been reported to have different biological roles in disease conditions.
Anti-Diabetic Activity
Pharmacological studies have proven in vivo antidiabetic potential of various extracts of T. cordifolia. It has been
reported to mediate its Antidiabetic potential through myriad of biologically active phytoconstituents isolated from
different parts of plant, including alkaloids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, flavanoids, saponins and steroids [5]. These
compounds have been reported to encompass different target activities in diabetic conditions, thus enabling the potential
application in experimental and clinical research. Kannadhasan R and Venkataraman S study reported that 30 days
treatment of Sedimental extract of Tinospora cordifolia (SETc) (1000mg/kg/p.o) on diabetic subjects was proven for its
efficacy and clearly establishes the antidiabetic activity with antiobese body built [6]. The Ethanolic extract of Tinospora
cordifolia leaves in different dosages (200 and 400 mg/kg b.w.) administered orally for 10 days and 30 days in
streptozotocin diabetic albino rats. It is clearly showed that TC has significant antidiabetic activity in diabetic animals and
has an efficacy of 50% to 70% compared to insulin [7]. Borapetoside C isolated from Tinospora crispa (5 mg/kg, i.p.)
attenuated the elevated plasma glucose in diabetic mice, increased glucose utilization, delayed the development of insulin
resistance and then enhanced insulin sensitivity. The activation of insulininduced IR-Akt-GLUT2 expression in liver and
the enhancement of insulin sensitivity may have contributed to the hypoglycemic action of borapetoside C [8]. The
isoquinoline alkaloid rich fraction from stem, including, palmatine, jatrorrhizine, and magnoflorine have been reported for
insulin-mimicking and insulin releasing effect both in vitro and in vivo [9]. In Ehrlich ascites tumor cells model, water,
ethanol and methanolextracts of the herb showed glucose uptake-stimulatory activity [10]. The protective effects of
Tinospora cordifolia root extract were reported in presence of higher levels of anti-oxidant molecules and enzymes.
Tinospora cordifolia root extract has been shown to significantly counterbalance the diabetes-associated oxidative stress
in the maternal liver by lowering the levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species and the increased levels of
glutathione and total thiols[11]. Oral treatment of Tinospora cordifolia (100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) for 14 days
mediates its Antidiabetic potential through mitigating oxidative stress, promoting insulin secretion and also by inhibiting
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis [12].
Anti-Cancer Activity
Tinospora cordifolia shows anti-cancer activity, this activity is mostly shown in animal models.
The extraction of alkaloid palmatine from Tinospora cordifolia by using response surface methodology (RSM) clearly
indicate the anticancer potential in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene DMBA induced skin cancer model in mice [13]. A
single application of Tinospora cordifolia extract at a dose of 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg dry weight, 24 hrs prior the i.p.
administration of cyclophosphamide (at the 50 mg/kg), significantly prevented the micronucleus formation in bone marrow
of mice, in a dose dependent manner. C57 Bl mice when received 50% methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia at a dose
750 mg/kg body weight for 30 days showed increase in life span and tumor size was significantly reduced as compared to

Prashant Singh et al.: Tinospora Cordifolia: Medicinal Plant: A Review
3
control [14]. Mishra R et al study investigated the anti-brain cancer potential of 50% ethanolic extract of Tinospora
cordifolia (TCE) using C6 glioma cells. TCE significantly reduced cell proliferation in dosedependent manner and induced
differentiation in C6 glioma cells [15]. Manju Bala et al study evaluated eight secondary metabolites from Tinospora
cordifolia against four different human cancer cell lines, KB (human oral squamous carcinoma), CHOK-1 (hamster ovary),
HT-29 (human colon cancer) and SiHa (human cervical cancer) and murine primary cells respectively. All extracts and
fractions were active against KB and CHOK-1 cells whereas among the pure molecules palmatine was found to be active
against KB and HT-29; tinocordiside against KB and CHOK-1; yangambin against KB cells [16]. Two molecules from
hexane and methanol fractions (T1 and T2) from the plant Tinospora cordifolia show that inMCF-7 cells, T1 treatment
significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of MCF-7cells when compared to that of T2. Epithelial–
mesenchymal transition related genes, Twist and Snail, were downregulated by T1 with increased transcription of E-
cadherin [17].
Immunomodulatory Activity
Tinospora cordifolia is well known for its immunomodulatory response. Active compounds 11-hydroxymustakone,
N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, Nformylannonain, cordifolioside A, magnoflorine, tinocordiside and syringin has been reported
to have potential immunomodulatory and cytotoxic effects [18]. Vaibhav Aher et al study confirms the immunomodulatory
activity of Tinospora cordifolia ethanolic extract (100 mg/Kg/p.o.) stem through altering the concentration of antioxidant
enzymes, increasing T and B cells and antibody which play an important role in immunity, enhancing the concentration of
melatonin in pineal gland and increasing the level of cytokines like IL-2, IL-10 and TNF-α which plays an important role
in immunity [19]. Aqueous Tinospora extracts has been also reported to influence the cytokine production, mitogenicity,
stimulation and activation of immune effector cells [20]. Polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) cells are an important
component of the host defence system. Extracts of Tinospora cordifolia were able to stimulate the PMN cells for
phagocytosis of added Candida cells through an in vitro slide method of phagocytosis [21]. Orally administration of T
cordifolia alcoholic extract (100 mg/kg, p. o) was found distinct increase in foot pad thickness and also significant increase
in the WBC counts and bone marrow cells significantly indicating stimulatory effect on haeomopoetic system, it shows
potent immunomodulatory action [22]. Bharti Umretia et al study Results suggest that Guduchi Ghana (concentrated form
of aqueous extract of Guduchi) prepared by classically was found to possess significant immunostimulatory action on
immune system [23]. A randomized, controlled, parallel, pilot clinical study demonstrate effect of the formulated Tinospora
lotion for Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 using blood serum samples. Down regulation of Interleukin 1, 6,
and 8 levels in scabies infestation inhibits hyperkeratosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells into scabietic lesion. The
modulation effect of the Tinospora lotion on interleukin levels reinforces its anti-scabies activity [24].
Anti-Oxidant Activity
The Tinospora cordifolia has potential application in food systems as an antioxidant and probably in biological systems
as a nutraceutical. Methanolic, ethanolic and water extracts of Tinospora cordifolia showed significant antioxidant potential
compared to other solvents and also possess metal chelation and reducing power activity [25]. V Sivakumar et al study
Results suggest that Tinospora cordifolia stem methanol extracts administered orally increased the erythrocytes membrane
lipid peroxide and catalase activity. It also decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase in
alloxan-induced diabetic rats [26]. Tinospora cordifolia has the ability to scavenge free radicals generated during
aflatoxicosis. Tinospora cordifolia showed protection against aflatoxin-induced nephrotoxicity due to the presence of
alkaloids such as a choline, tinosporin, isocolumbin, palmatine, tetrahydropalmatine, and magnoflorine [27]. Neha
Upadhyay et al study results suggest that Tinospora cordifolia bark ethanol extracts showed the highest free radical
scavenging activity compared to the methanol extracts and also ethanol extracts had the highest phenolic content [28]. The
administration of Ethanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia (EETC) in Nnitrosodiethylamine (DEN) induced liver cancer
in male Wister albino rats reverted the lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels, enzymic and nonenzymic antioxidants to near
normal [29]. Essential oil isolated from leaf of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) was shown strong 2,2- diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging
activity (IC50= 25±0.3 μg/mL). It also showed dose dependent reducing power activity [30]. The leaves of Tinospora
cordifolia was extracted with methanol and partitioned in water with ethyl acetate and butanol At 250 mg/ml concentration,
the antioxidant activity of the free radical scavenging activities of the extracts assayed through DPPH, reducing power,
phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating activity were found to be highest with methanol, followed by ethyl acetate,
butanol and water extract. The antioxidant activity of BHT was higher than the extracts at each concentration points [31].
Anti-Microbial Activity
The anti-bacterial activity of Tinospora cordifolia extracts has been assayed against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella paratyphi, Salmonella
typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogene, and Serratia marcesenses (Gram-positive bacteria) [32].
Aqueous, ethanol and acetone extracts of leaves and stem of Tinospora cordifolia Hook. F. Thoms showed maximum
inhibitory activity against on clinical isolates of urinary pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
[33]. Silver Nanoparticles synthesized from stem of Tinospora cordifolia possess very good antibacterial activity against
multi drug resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients [34]. The active compound [(5R,10R)-
4R, 8R-Dihydroxy-2S, 3R:15, 16-diepoxycleroda-13(16), 17, 12S, 18, 1S-dilactone] was isolated from ethanol extract of
Tinospora cordifolia stem showed activity against bacteria and fungi. The lowest MIC values were observed against

Prashant Singh et al.: Tinospora Cordifolia: Medicinal Plant: A Review
4
Enterococcus faecalis (125 μg/ml) and Bacillus subtilis (200 μg/ml). The compound also showed activity against fungi;
the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration values were seen against Trichophyton simii (31.25 μg/ml), Trichophyton
rubrum 57 (62.5 μg/ml), Trichophyton rubrum 296 (62.5 μg/ml) [35]. Francesca Bonvicinia et al study results indicate that
constituents from Tinospora cordifolia exhibited a higher inhibitory activity against reference microbial strains and clinical
isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and carbapenemaseproducing Klebsiella pneumoniae [36].
Constituents from Tinospora cordifolia may be a potential source of new therapeutic strategies for infectious diseases.
Anti-Toxic Activity
The gold standard drug for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is L-DOPA, but various studies have proved that the
treatment with L-DOPA leads to the death of surviving dopaminergic neurons in the CNS. The coadministration of
Tinospora cordifolia crude powder protected the dopaminergic neurons when compared with Sham operated control group.
The treatment with Tinospora cordifolia crude powder couldreduce the toxicities of L-DOPA therapy for Parkinson’s
disease [37]. Tinospora cordifolia alkaloids such as choline, tinosporine, isocolumbin, palmetine, tetrahydropalmatine and
magnoflorine showed protection against aflatoxin induced nephrotoxicity. Tinospora cordifolia extracts have been reported
to scavenge free radicals generated during aflatoxicosis. It exhibited protective effects by lowering thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances (TBARS) levels and enhancing the GSH, ascorbic acid, protein, and the activities of anti-oxidant
enzymes viz., SOD, CAT, GPx, Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in kidney [38].
Cyclophosphamide an anti-cancer drug has been reported to reduce the glutathione content in both bladder and liver and
lowered levels of cytokines Inerferon-γ and IL-2 an increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α. This effect
could be reversed on Tinospora cordifolia treatment indicating the role of Tinospora cordifolia in overcoming
Cyclophosphamide induced toxicities in cancer treatment [39]. Leaf and stem extract of T. cordifolia has been reported to
show hepatoprotective effect in male albino mice against lead nitrate induced toxicity. Similarly, oral dose of plant extract
prohibited the lead nitrate induced liver damage [40].
CONCLUSION
This review has covered the numerous chemicals found in T. cordifolia. Antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-HIV, analgesic,
anti-fungal, anti proliferative, and anti-epileptic properties are among them. Its characteristics have been proven to be
useful in the treatment of a variety of disorders. Isolating pure lead compounds from plant components as well as
endophytic fungi isolated from various parts could pave the way for future treatments of many pathological disorders. As
a result, this study can be used for further research as well as therapeutic purposes in the creation of novel medications.
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