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Breeding bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower
crops at the Subtropical Scientific Centre of RAS
To cite this article: A V Ryndin
et al
2023
IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.
1212 012027
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ESDCA-III-2023
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1212 (2023) 012027
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1212/1/012027
1
Breeding bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower crops at the
Subtropical Scientific Centre of RAS
A V Ryndin, O I Pashchenko and N A Slepchenko
Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of
Sciences (FRC SSC of RAS), 2/28, Yana Fabritsiusa str., Sochi, 354002, Russia
E-mail: pashenko-o@rambler.ru
Abstract. Bulbous and bulbotuberiferous plants are the most popular flower crops among
amateur flower growers, florists, landscape designers, introducers and breeders. These crops
collected by the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific Centre of the Russian
Academy of Sciences include both foreign and domestic cultivars. Breeding work within these
collections has been carried out for more than 50 years, for many – for the first time in the
country. The obtained cultivars are not inferior in decorative qualities to foreign ones, and they
are superior in resistance. Currently, due to the limited import of foreign planting material, the
demand for domestic products has significantly increased. This paper presents the results of
research conducted over the last 15 years. During this period, researchers have created more
than 90 cultivars of freesia, hippeastrum and tulip; an extensive hybrid fund has been collected;
sources of economically valuable traits have been allocated. Currently, xiphium and crocus are
included in the breeding process. In the course of the research, bulbous and bulbotuberiferous
flower crops collected by FRC SSC of RAS have been replenished with 26 domestic highly
decorative cultivar samples, productive and resistant to abiotic and biotic factors, including 22
freesias, 2 hippeastrums and tulips. New cultivars are different in flowering terms: 7 of them
have an early flowering term, 11 – with an average, 8 – with a late one. There are six groups
according to the main colour of the perianth lobes: white – 4 cultivars, yellow – 5, red – 3,
medium blue – 4, pink-purple – 8, black – 2.
1. Introduction
The issues of import substitution on flower crops are becoming more and more relevant in our country
every year [1]. In this regard, the demand for planting material and cut flowers is increasing,
especially for cultivars of domestic breeding. Many scientific organizations of the Russian Federation
are working to create new cultivars [2-7]. The objects of research are various flower crops, including
bulbous and bulbotuberiferous [8-9]. Every year the State Register of Protected Breeding Achievements
is updated with new cultivars.
Breeding research has been conducted at the Federal Research Centre the Subtropical Scientific
Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC SSC of RAS) since 1971. In 1992, the first
practical results of the work were domestic cultivars of hippeastrum: ‘Breeze’, ‘Zvezda Octyabrya’,
‘Raduga’ and ‘Sedoy Cavkaz’ (author Bolgov V.I.). Then in 1997, the first tulip ‘Pamyati Kazina’
(author Mokhno V.S.) and freesia ‘Georgiy Pobedonosets’ were registered (authors Mokhno V.S.,
Smeyanov A.B.). In addition to the work with new cultivars, research was conducted on the following:
development of theoretical aspects in creating new forms according to certain characteristics –
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IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1212 (2023) 012027
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1212/1/012027
2
polyploid and interspecific tulip hybrids, sufficiently resistant to gray rot, mottling, suitable for cutting
in open and protected ground and for landscape architecture; creation of constant seed races for hybrid
freesia; identification of correlative relationships for selecting plants at earlier stages of ontogenesis in
order to accelerate the breeding process. Work has been carried out to establish the chromosomal
numbers of the studied cultivars and hybrids by luminescent microscopy, the mechanisms of pollen
tubes growth in pistils of different genotypes have been revealed in distant and diverse crosses, the
possibility of selecting resistant freesia forms according to the parameters of slow chlorophyll
fluorescence induction has been established [10].
2. Materials and methods
Breeding studies were carried out on bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower collections grown in the
open ground (tulips, xyphiums and crocuses) and glass greenhouses with unregulated microclimate
(freesias, hippeastrums). Cultivar study and selection of promising hybrid forms were carried out
according to classical methodological developments and, when submitted to State Commission of the
Russian Federation for Selection Achievements Test and Protection, according to the methods for the
distinctiveness, uniformity and stability of the corresponding crops.
3. Results
The main results of breeding work conducted by the Subtropical Scientific Centre of RAS are new
domestic bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower cultivars. The bred cultivars surpass the original parent
forms by economically valuable traits; moreover, they are highly decorative and resistant to biotic and
abiotic factors. Thus, over the years of breeding work, 38 freesia cultivars have been bred; 44 –
hippeastrum; 9 – tulip, including 22, 2, 2 cultivars, respectively, over the last 15 years (table 1). It
should be noted that breeding studies, and, as a consequence, the production of new freesia and
hippeastrum cultivars, were carried out on in the Russian Federation, and freesia is currently being
researched only by FRC SSC of RAS.
Table 1. Results of the breeding research conducted by FRC SSC of RAS.
Crop
Created cultivars, pcs.
Promising
hybrids, pcs.
Sources of valuable
traits in number, pcs.
total
for the last 15 years
Freesia
38
22
113
13
Hippeastrum
44
2
2
1
Tulip
9
2
3
6
Xyphium
5
Сrocus
5
Another result of the work carried out is the accumulated extensive hybrid fund, from which
promising hybrids have been allocated. The largest number of elite forms have been allocated from
freesia. Work on this crop has been carried out since the 1980s to the present. Breeding research on
xiphium and crocus crops has been started relatively recently, despite the fact that collections of these
plants have been formed and maintained for many years. As for hippeastrum and tulip, the work on
breeding new cultivars is temporarily not carried out, the hybrid fund is supported.
Another direction related to the ongoing breeding work is the allocation of economically valuable
traits. Thus, 13 sources of freesia, 6 – tulip, 1 – hippeastrum have been recorded, including 10, 1, 1
sources, respectively, bred by the Centre. The proposed sources are used in solving a number of
breeding tasks, they participate in programs for providing efficient breeding work and for allocating
genotypes with the required traits. Thanks to the allocated sources, the breeding process is being
significantly accelerated.
The analysis of information about the bred cultivars and sources has made it possible to group them
according to a number of main traits used in breeding research. Therefore, for obtaining highly
ornamental cultivars, flowering terms play an important role. This is connected not only with the
ESDCA-III-2023
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1212 (2023) 012027
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1212/1/012027
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increase in the flowering period, but also with the selection of parent pairs during hybridization (figure
1).
Figure 1. Distribution of cultivars bred by the Centre according to flowering terms.
The largest number of bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower cultivars bred by FRC SSC of RAS
have an average flowering term. For example, freesia has the following cultivars: ‘Valeria’, ‘Angel’,
‘Svetlana’, ‘Breeze’, ‘Sonet’, ‘Vega’, ‘Melange’, ‘Olenka’ and ‘Cavkas’; hippeastrum – ‘Knyaz
Mikhail’, ‘Printsessa Anastasia’. The early flowering term is recorded in the next freesia cultivars:
‘Zolushka’, ‘Zoloto Ampsalidy’, ‘Tatiana’, ‘Vesna’, ‘Iney’, ‘Yuzhnoye Siyaniye’, ‘Natalia’. Late
flowering terms are recorded for freesia cultivars: ‘Palmyra’, ‘Jubileynaya’, ‘Lada’, ‘Ritsa’,
‘Romantica’, ‘Cardinal’ and for tulip cultivars: ‘Cherny Prints’, ‘Yuzhnaya Noch’.
The creation of cultivars with different flowering terms contributes to the production of freesia
flower products from early March and extends until mid–May, tulip – from late March to early May,
hippeastrum – from late April to mid-June, xifium – from late April to late May.
The next important feature is the colour of the perianth lobes. For convenience in work, our
cultivars have been grouped according to the main colour (figure 2). A number of cultivars have
various stripes, spots, borders and shifting colours, which were not emphasized.
As the main one, freesia cultivars ‘Angel’, ‘Iney’ and ‘Cavkas’ as well as hippeastrum cultivar
‘Knyaz Mikhail’ have a white colour. Freesia cultivars ‘Zoloto Ampsalidy’, ‘Tatiana’, ‘Zolushka’,
‘Yuzhnoye siyaniye’ and ‘Melange’ have a yellow colour. Red colour is in freesia: ‘Cardinal’, ‘Vega’
and ‘Sonet’. Medium blue – in freesia: ‘Svetlana’, ‘Breeze’, ‘Olenka’ and ‘Ritsa’. Pink-purple – in
freesia: ‘Valeria’, ‘Vesna’, ‘Natalia’, ‘Palmyra’, ‘Jubileynaya’, ‘Lada’ and ‘Romantica’ and in
hippeastrum ‘Princessa Anastasia’. Black – in tulip: ‘Cherny Prints’ and ‘Yuzhnaya Noch’.
Both direct and back crosses were carried out in order to create new cultivars and hybrids. The
obtained material was used to analyze the inheritance of the traits.
ESDCA-III-2023
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1212 (2023) 012027
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1212/1/012027
4
Figure 2. Distribution of cultivars bred by the Centre according to colour.
4. Discussion
Collections of bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower crops at FRC SSC of RAS include both foreign
and domestic cultivars, as well as those bred by the Centre. Breeding work on these crops has been
carried out for more than 50 years, for many – for the first time in the country. During this period,
more than 90 freesia, hippeastrum and tulip cultivars have been created, and an extensive hybrid fund
has been collected. Xifium and crocus crops have been included in the breeding process.
Based on the collections, works are being carried out to identify the sources of economically
valuable traits that are later used in controlled breeding. The main indicators for allocating the sources
are their resistance in humid subtropical conditions to the main diseases specific for the crop, as well
as high yield and decorativeness.
Cultivars and hybrids bred by FRC SSC of RAS are not inferior to foreign ones in decorative
qualities; moreover, they surpass these cultivars in resistance. Currently, due to the limited import of
foreign planting material, the demand for domestic products has significantly increased.
5. Conclusion
Thus, the collection of bulbous and bulbotuberiferous flower crops of FRC SSC of RAS, thanks to the
breeding work carried out over the last 15 years, has been replenished with 26 domestic highly
decorative cultivar samples, resistant to abiotic and biotic factors, including 22 freesias, 2
hippeastrums and tulips. New cultivars have been grouped according to flowering terms and main
colour of the perianth lobes. Of these, 27 % of the cultivars have early flowering terms, 42 % – have
average flowering terms, 31 % – late ones. According to the main colour, six groups have been
recorded. Cultivars with white and medium blue colour – 15 % each, yellow – 19 %, red – 12 %, pink-
purple – 31 % and black – 8 %.
Acknowledgments
The study was funded by the state assignment research of FRC SSC RAS FGRW-2021-0009, project
No. 122032300354-1.
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