Drug Abuse among Young People: A Ticking Time Bomb

Abstract

Drug abuse has continued to be a source of problems in our society. This
study investigated existing literature on its people in Nigeria. It prevalence among young was evident that drug abuse is high among Nigerian youths. The prevalence was found to be highest in the South-West geopolitical zone, and in the South-South zone, it was found to be highest in Delta State. The literature identified the following drugs commonly abused among Nigerian youths: cannabis, opioids, cough syrup, tranquillizers and sedatives; ecstasy, solvents and inhalants amphetamines & prescription stimulants, and cocaine. It recommends amongst others, that Government agencies charged with the regulation of drug use such as NAFDAC and NDLEA should double their efforts in arresting and prosecuting drug peddlers and drug abusers in the country. Secondly, the social studies education curriculum should expand its scope in the problemof drug abuse in Nigerian schools.

Full text

sON
OF
THE
VILLAGE
HEADMASTER
An
Autobiography
and
Discourse
on
Social
es
DRUG
ABUSE
AMONG
YOUNG
PEOPLE
IN
NIGERIA:
A
TICKING
TIME
BOMB
By
John.
N.
Odili
(PhD)
jodili@delsu.edu.ng
Professor
of
Educational
Measurement
and
Evaluation,
Delta
State University, Abraka, Nigeria
Morrison
0.
Jessa
(Snr)
jessa.morrison@delsu.edu,ng
Doctoral
Student
of
Educational
Measurement
and
Evaluation,
Delta
State
University,
Abraka,
Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Drug
abuse
has
continued
to
be a
source
of
problems
in
our
society.
This
study
investigated
existing
literature
on
its
prevalence
among
young
people
in
Nigeria.
It
was
evident that
drug
abuse is
high
among
Nigerian
youths.
The
prevalence
was
found
to
be
highest
in the
South-West
geopolitical
zone,
and in the
South-South
zone,
it
was
found
to
be
highest
in
Delta State. The literature
identified
the
following
drugs
commonly
abused
among
Nigerian
youths:
cannabis,
opioids,
cough
syrup,
tranquillizers
and
sedatives;
ecstasy,
solvents
and
inhalants
amphetamines
&
prescription
stimulants,
and
cocaine.
It
recommends
amongst
others,
that
Government
agencies
charged
with the
regulation
of
drug
use
such
as
NAFDAC
and
NDLEA
should
double
their
efforts
in
arresting
and
prosecuting
drug
peddlers
and
drug
abusers
in the
country.
Secondly,
the
social
studies
education
curriculum
should
expand
its
scope
in the
problemof
drug
abuse
in
Nigerian
schools.
Introduction
The
rate
at
which
youths
in
Nigeria
indulge
in
drug
abuse
is
becoming
alarming.
Drug
abuse
remains
a
public
health
concern. Not
only
the
mental
health
crisis
it
is
likely
to
result
to,
but the
fact
that most
youths
now
depend
on
it
for
almost
everything
they
want to
do.
From
studying,
having
sexual
intercourse,
to
indulging
in
other
physical
activities,
youths
hardly
do
anything
these
days
without
taking
one
form
of
drug
or
the
other.
The
social
studies
education
curriculum
is
supposed
to
address
the
problem
of
drug
abuse.
How
well
this
is
done
in
Nigeria
remains
an
issue
for
practitioners
of
social
studies
education.
-127-

sON
OF
THE
VILLAGE
HEADMASTER
At
Autobiography
and
Discourse
on
Social
Issues
It is
sad
to
note
that
drugs
that
are
meant
for
medical
purposes
are
now
being
used
as
energy
boosters
by
youths.
What
constitutes
drug
abuse,
what
form of
drugs
are
mostly
abused
by
Nigerian
youths,
who
are
those
most
likely
to
abuse
drugs,
what
are
the
motivation
for
abusing
drugs
and
what may
likely
result
from
abusing
drugs.
These
are
the
areas
that
this
paper
will
address.
Meaning
of
Drug
Abuse
The
word
drug
abuse
simply
refers
to
the
use
of
drugs
for a purpose other
than
its
original
purpose.
It
can
also be referred
to
as
the
use
of
psychoactive drugs for purposes other than medical purposes.
These
drugs
may
include
alcohol, tobacco,
hallucinogens
(alpha
methyltryptamine,
ketamine,
phencyclidine,
D-lysergic
acid)
and
illicit
drugs
(cocaine, heroin, marijuana,
Rohypnol)
(Idowu,
et
al.,
2018).
They
may
also
include
alcohol,
amphetamines,
barbiturates,
benzodiazepine, cocaine, methaqualone
and
opium
alkaloids.
Generally,
drugs are abused
when
they
are taken continuously without prescription
by
a medical doctor. Onoyase (2019) defined drug abuse
as
the
"arbitrary" over-dependence or misuse
of
one particular drug with or
without a
medical
prescription.
Prevalence
and
Global
Projection
The
most
current
global
drug
report (The United Nations Office
on
Drugs
and
Crime,
UNODC,
2019)
projected a 5.5% (271 million)
population
drug
usage
in
the
previous
year.
Another
projection
is
that
35
million
people
are
likely
to
experience
drug
use
disorders.
According
to
the
2018
UNODC
report,
1
in
7
persons
(aged
15-64
years)
had
used
a
drug
in
the
past
year (UNODC, 2018).
ACCording
to
the
National
Institute
on
Alcohol
Abuse
and
Alcoholism
021),
about
4
out
of
5 college
students
drink
alcohol.
Figure
1
shows
e
data
obtained
from
the
website
of
the
National
Agency
for
Food
and
Drug
Administration
and
Control
(NAFDAC)
on
the
prevalence
of
drug
se
by
geopolitical
zones
and
states.
-128-

sON
OF
THE
VILLAGE
HEADMASTER
An
Autobiography
and
Discourse
on
Social
Issue
lssues
Prevalenea
(%)
15
Fig
1:
Prevalence
of
drug
use
by
geopolitical
zones
and
state
(Source: https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp
-content/uploads/Publications/Narcotics/Drug_Use_Survey
Nigeria 2
019
BOOK.pdf)
As
shown
in
figure
1,
the
prevalence
of
drug
abuse
by
geopolitical
zones
includes South-West (22.4%), South-South (16.6%), South-East
(13.8%), North-East (13.6%), North-West (12.0%) and North-Central
(10.0%). The result implies that
drug
abuse
is
more
prevalent
in
South
West
and South-South
geopolitical
zones.
Table 1 shows the
prevalence
of
drug
abuse
by
states
in
the
South-South
geopolitical zone.
Table
1:Prevalence
of
drug
use
by
states
in the
South-South
geopolitical
zone
Estimated
tate
Low
Estimate
(%)
High
Estimate
(%)
Estimated
Prevalence
(%)
Delta
18.0
Numbers
17.0 18.0
Rivers
15.0
513,000
15.0
15.0
ido
15.0 580,000
15.0 15.0
Bayelsa
14.0 330,000
14.0 14.0
Akwa
lbom
12.5
163,000
12.2
Cross River 11.8 12.5
352,000
10.4
Source: https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp- 11.8
233,000
content/uploads/Publications/Narcotics/Drug
Use
Survey
Nigeria
_2019
B0OK.pdf
129

sON
OF
THE
VILLAGE
HEADMASTER
An
Autobiogrophy
and
Discourse
on
Social
issues
Asshown
in
Table,
the
prevalence
of
drug
abuse
by
states
in
the
South-
South
geopolitical
zone
inciudes
Delta
(18.0%),
Rivers
(15.0%).
Edo
15.0%).
Bayelsa
(14.0%).
Akwa
lbom
(12.5%)
and Cross
River
d18%).
The
resuit
implies
that
drug
abuse
is
more
prevalent
in
Delta,
Rivers
and
Edo
states.
An
empirical
study
was
carried
out
to
show
the
prevalence
of
drug
abuse
over
a
period
of
three years. The
study
found
that
the
lowest estimated
prevalence
was
17.0 while the
highest
was
18.0.
The
range
was
low
for all the states,
which
shows
that the
estimated
prevalence
has
a
high
degree
of
validity
and
reliability.
Drugs
Mostly
Abused
by
Nigerian
Youths
In
a
review
of
epidemiological
studies and
drug
laws in
Nigeria,
Jatau,
Sha'aban,
Gulma,
Shitu,
Khalid,
Isa,
Wada
and
Mustapha
(2021)
found
that the
most
commonly
abused
drugs
by
Nigerian
youths
include
cannabis,
cocaine,
amphetamine,
heroin,
diazepam,
codeine,
cough
syrup
and
tramadol. These
drugs
are
mostly
found in
pharmacies
or
medicine
shops,
open
drug
markets,
drug
peddlers,
friends,
and
drug
pushers.
Lawal and
Aliyu
(2020)
established in their
study
on
the
assessment
of
causes
and
effects
of
drugs
and
drug
abuse among
youths
in
Katsina,
found
out
that
the
most
commonly
abused
drugs
by
the
respondents
include
Tobacco,
Codeine,
Marijuana,
and cola
nut.
Furthermore,
Alhassan,
et
al.
(2019)
in their
study
found
out
that there
was
a
significant
prevalence
rate
of
alcohol,
cigarettes
and
marijuana
consumption
among
students.
Onofa,
et
al.
(2016)
found
out
that
alcohol
was
the
most
prevalent
drug
abused with 34 per
cent.
This
was
followed
by
Tobacco
with 14.4
per
cent,
Hypnosedatives
with 8.8
per
cent, cannabis
with
6.2
per
cent,
inhalants with 2.5
per
cent
and
opiates
with
2.0
per
cent.
Others
are
cocaine
with
1.9
per
cent,
heroin
0.5
per
cent
and
amphetamine
0.1
per
cent. Figure I shows the data obtained from the website
of
the National
Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) on
the
most
abused
drugs.
10.6m
4.6
2.4
481
cowgh
$yrap
cannabis
340
m
300
238
92m
tecaiie
eestasy
am
inalamts
130
-

An
Autobiography
and
Discourse
on
Social
lssues
SON
OF
THE
LAGE
MASTER
Fig
2:
Number
of
past-year
users
in
Nigeria,
2017
(Source:
https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp-content
/uploads/P
/Narcotics/Drug_Use_Survey_Nigeria_2019_BOOK.pd
cations
ations
As
shown
in
figure 2,
the
most
abused
drugs
include
cannabis
oids,
cough
syrup,
tranquillizers
and
sedatives;
ecstasy,
solvents
and
Oids,
vents
and inhalar
This
resul
amphetamines
&
prescription
stimulants,
and
cocaine,
Thia
ch
was
estimated
implies
that
the
most
abused
drug
is
cannabis,
which
was
estimated
have
been
abused
by
10.6
million
people
in
Nigeria,
opioids
(4.6
mil
million
people)
and
cough
syrup
(2.4
million
people)
in
the
year
covered.
Those
more
likely
to
Indulge
in
DrugAbuse
According
to
the
UNODC
(2019),
the
age
group
more
likely
to
indulpe
in
drug
abuse
include
individuals
between
the
age
of
15
to
64.
Jatau,
et
al
(2021),
in
their
study,
found
that
undergraduates, secondary
school
students,
youths
and
commercial
bus
drivers
are
most
likely
to
indulge
in
drug
abuse.
According
to
Vincent,
et
al. (2019),
over
815,000
students
have
been
observed
to
abuse
drugs
out
of
which
367,050
(representing
45%)
were
girls. A baseline survey on drug
and
drug
abuse
in the years
2009
and
2010
revealed that more than a fifth
of
school
students
in
Nigeria
have
taken
alcohol
and
the
figure
is
still rising (Sampou,
2013).
Figure
3 shows the data obtained from the
website
of
the National
Agency
for
Food and Drug Administration
and
Control
(NAFDAC)
on
drug
use
by
gender.
30
20
10
Any
drug
user
Cannabis
Opioids
Women
Men
Cough
syrups
Fig
3:
Drug
useby
gender(Source:
https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp
contentuploads/Publications/Narcotics/Drug
Use
Survey_Nigeria_2017
Tranquilizers
_Survey_Nigeria_2019
BOOK.pdi)
131-

As
shown
in
figure
3,
men
abuse
drugs
more
than
women.
The
result
Aurther
shows
that
men
are
times
more
likely
than
women
to
use
cannabis.
Men
are
also
more
likely
than
women
to
be
high-risk
drug
1Isers,
including
those
who
inject
drugs.
Figure
4 shows the data
obtained
from
the website
of
the National
Agency
for
Food
and
Drug
Administration
and Control
(NAFDAC)
on
drug
use
by
age
group
and
drug type.
30
Cannabis
Cough
syrups
Methamphetamine
aHerola
Tranquliters
8Pharmaceutical
opiods
Cocaine
Ecstacy
Solvents/inhalants
Amphetamines
20
5
10
19.3
14.3 10.6
8.1
.5
8.4
15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64
Fig4:
Drug
useby
age
group
and
drug
type
(Source:
https://www.nafdac.gov.ng/wp-content
uploads/
Publications/
Narcotics/
Drug_Use_Survey_Nigeria_2019_BOOK.pdf)
As
shown in figure 4, the age
group
most likely to abuse drugs are those
within age 25
and
39,
with
cannabis mostly abused
by
these age groups.
In
giving
a detailed
description
of
typical
high-risk
drug
users,
th
NAFDAC
document
stated
thus:
A
typical
high-risk
drug
user
is a male,
aged
29
years
and
single
(who
has
never
married).
He
had
lived
in
a house,
either
with
family
or
friends,
in
the
past
six
months.
He
had either done
casual
work
or
was
unemployed in
the
past
six
months
(before
the
interview).
In
the
same
period, a
typical high-risk
drug
user
had financially
supported
himself
through
wages
or
casual
work
and
was
partly supported
by
his
family
and
friends
as
well
as
through begging, selling drugs
or
through
petty
crimes
(p. 31).
-132-

,ON
OF
THE
VITAGE
HEA
An
Aulobiograjty
inird
iyjrtaurse
STE
Motivation
for
Abusing
Drugs
Several
factors
can
influcnce
an
mdividual
to
induige
in
dr
Some
of
these
factors
includlc:
in
drug
abuse
Peer
Influence:
Peer
group
plays
a
key
role
in
individuals'
mi
move
in
OT
pairs.
This
means
that
they
usually
stay
or
move
in
groups,
most
of
u
a high
level
be
whor
abuse
of
drugs.
Individuals
betwcen
the
age
of
15
and
39
mostlvr
of
influence
on
non-drug
abusers.
Over
time,
the
non-drug
abusers
m
pushed
into
drug
abuse.
People
who
are
Susceptibie
to
peer
pressure
easily
influenced
by
their
peers
to
abuse
arugs.
In
a
recent
study
carried
out
by
Eremie
and
Okwulehi
(2021),
peerpressure
was
identified
as
aka.
determinant
of
drug
abuse
among
young
people
in
NIgeria.
Jatau,
et
ai
(2021)
also
identified
peer
groups
as
a
lactor
in
the
abuse
of
drugs
among
young
people.
In
another
study,
Mase,
et
al.
(2021)
found
that
Deer
pressure
correlated
very
well
with
drug
abuse
among
Nigerian
youths
The finding from these studies
implies
that
the
higher
susceptibility
to
may
be
drug
abusers.
Such
drug
abusers
could
exert
a
high
l n
y
are
peer
pressure, the more Iikely an
individual
will
indulge
in
drug
abuse.
Self-Esteem: Another factor that may
influence
individuals
into
indulging
in
drug abuse
is
self-esteem.
This
is
the
way
individuals
evaluate themselves. People tend to rate
themselves
high
or
low. Self-
esteem can determine whether
individuals
will
be
successful
or
not.
It
can
also be
responsible
for
individuals' actualisation
of
their
full
potential,
which may lead to other
more
serious issues like
depression
and
drug
dependence.
Those who rate
themselves
highly
may
likely
not
indulge
in
drug
abuse.
This may
not
be
true
for individuals with low self-
esteem.
For
instance,
Muomah,
et
al.
(2020)
found
in their
study
tna
individuals
with
low
self-esteem
are
more
likely
to
indulge
in
drug
aousc
than
those with
high
esteem.
This
finding
confirms
the
earlier
finaing
Okafor
(2019),
which
showed
that
low
self-esteem
1s
a i
determinant
of
drug
abuse
and
that
drug
abusers
are
mostly
indiviaua
with
low
self-esteem.
A
more
recent
study
(Mase,
et
al.,
2021)alhir
a
connection
between
self-esteem
and
drug
abuse.
According
n
their
Nigerian
youths.
These
empirical
findings
confirm
that
self-estec
o found
finding,
self-esteem
is
a
significant
predictor
of
drug
abus
is
significant
determinant
of
drug
abuse
among
individuals.
Apart
from
peer
pressure
and
self-esteem,
other
numerous
herous
factors
can
determine
whether
an
individual
will
indulge
in
drug
abus
younE
For
stance,
in
a
study
of
factors
affecting
entry
into
drug
abuse
oy
drug
abuse
or
no
into
drug
abuse
byyo
Oung
-133-

AR
abus.
e
to
include
unemployment,
suspension/dismissal
from
work,
people
in
Lafia.
Nigeria,
Ikoh, et
tal.
(2019)
found
the
responsible
for
drug
to
include
police,
medical
lice,
medical
problems
and
family
crisis
This
finding
confirms
that
the
Yrs
that
determine
drug
abuse
is
inexhaustible.
Another
study
(Bawa,
loseness
to
people
abusing
drugs,
oneliness,
trouble
in
school
and
with
motivating
factors
for
drug
abuse.
This
means
that
the recent
et
2019)
identified
availability
and
unavailability
of
drugs
as
pro
nroliferation
ot
different
drugs
in
the
community
may
be
another
reason
why
drug
abuse
is
now
on
the
increase
more
than
ever
before.
The
Likely
Result
of
Drug
Abuse
The
impact
of
drug
abuse
on
the
physical
and
mental health
of
these
students is
enormous,
some
of
which
include
an
impaired
performance at
school;
interpersonal
problems
with
friends,
family
members,
teachers,
physical and psychological impairment. Also, UNODC (2019) estimated
that
a total
of
35
million people will
be
diagnosed
with
drug
use
disorders.
On
the
other
hand, the Global Burden
of
Disease Study (2017)
projected 585,000 deaths as a result
of
drug
use
in
2017. Drug abuse can
also
result in
organized
crime, illicit financial flows, corruption, and
terrorism/insurgency (UNODC, 2017). Drug
abuse
has
also
been
considered a
major
contributor to suicide, homicide, poisoning, sexual
assault
and
the
spread
of
infectious
disease
among
youth around the
world
(Salas-Wright
et
al.,
2017).
Concluding
Remark
Drug
abuse
remains
a public
health
concern
in
Nigeria.
It is a
global
health
crisis
that
calls
for
desperate
intervention.
The
prevalence
is
recently
on
the
increase
and
the
rate
at
which
young
people
consume
it
these
days,
and
this
calls
for
a
serious
concern
of
all
concerned
stakeholders.
The
majority
of
the
youth population
now
depend
on
drugs
O
the
extent
of
not
being
able
to
do
anything
without
taking
at
least
one
TOTm
of
illegal drugs
or
another.
These
drugs
were
originally
meant
for
Cdical
use
and
can
only
be
obtained
by
medical
personnel
or
with
Ctors
prescriptions.
However,
these
days, it
can
be
found
in
any
dmaceutical
or
medicine
store.
They
are
noW
easily
accessible
to
anybody,
no
matter
their
age
and
social
status.
Drok
urg
Steps
are
not
taken
to
put
a
check
on
this
obvious
sOCial
m,there
is
no
way
of
guaranteeing
the
mental
health
of
the
entire
h
population
in
the
country.
There
is,
therefore,
the
need
for a
Iders
to
jointly
come
to
the
drawing
board
and
find
a
lasting
If
134

SON
OF
THE
VIL
HEAD
DMASTER
ing straiegies
can
be
used
to
Discourse
on
Saclal
i
An
Autobiography
ond
solution
to
the
social
menace.
The
following
strategies
salvage
the
situation:
Government
agencies
charged
with
the
ion
of
drug
efforts
in
arresting
and
prosecuting drug
peddlers
and
.
use
such
as
NAFDAC
and
NDLEA
should
double
g
their
drug
abusers
in
the
country.
Social studies
education
curriculum
should
evnaa
scope
in
the
problem
of
drug
abuse
in
Nigerian
schoole
its
2
A
concerted
effort
should
be
made
by
relevant
agencies
to
3 ensure that these
drugs
are
used
only
by medical
professionals and for the purpose for which they
were
produced in the first place
Medical
pharmaceutical
institutions should
find
a
wav
to
.
evaluate
the
attitude
of
some
of
their students
towards
the
use
of
these
drugs
in such a
manner
as
those with
proved
integrity
of
drug
use
are
licensed
to
practice
the
noble
medical
professions
Parents
should
ensure
that
their
children
are
educated
on
the
need
to
choose
their
friends
properly
and
ensure
that
only
they
are
associated
with
people
who
will
not
influence
them
negatively
5.
6
Guidance
counsellors
in
our
institutions
of
higher
learning
should
ensure that
drug
abusers
are
identifiea
and
a
rehabilitation
programme
organised
for
them.
Individuals
should
find
ways
of
improving
their
se
elf-
esteem
and
ensure
that
they
find
other
proper
ways
o
dealing
with
depression
and
other
associated
mena
problems.
1.
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