... There seems to be a continuum as to the extent that learners took responsibilities in their learning. On the low end of the continuum, learners generally took limited responsibility or had few activities (Chang, 1993;Ciaburri, 1975;Katz, 1981;Kuehnle, 1988;Rada, 1975;Semmar, 2000); on the high end of the continuum, students had engaged in multiple self-managed activities, and were largely on their own in their learning process (Deretchin, 1997;Luke, 2004;Ogawa, 2001;Passman, 2000;Seidenstricker, 1999;Stout, 2004;Watford, 1981;Wilkinson, Treagust, Leggett & Glasson, 1988). With respect to its impact on learners' psychosocial behaviors and academic learning results, the majority of the studies showed positive effects on students' behavior, attitude, interest and self-confidence (Deretchin, 1997;Harper, 1997;Haruta & Stevenson, 1999;Means & Olson, 1995;Nicolo, 1993;Njoroge, 1998;Rada, 1975;Rowe, 1996;Spurlock, 2001;Stout, 2004;Wallhead, 2004;Wilkinson, Treagust, Leggett & Glasson, 1988;Wood, 1990). ...